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PUTNAM’S  HANDBOOK 

OF 

UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


A  SERIES  OF  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLES  PRESENTING,  IN  PARALLEL 
COLUMNS,  A  RECORD  OF  THE  MORE  NOTEWORTHY  EVENTS 
IN  THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  FROM  THE  EARLIEST 
TIMES  DOWN  TO  THE  PRESENT  DAY,  TOGETHER 
WITH  AN  ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS 


COMPILED  BY 

GEORGE  PALMER  PUTNAM,  A.M. 


AND  CONTINUED  TO  DATE  UNDER  THE  EDITORIAL  SUPERVISION  OF 

GEORGE  HAVEN  PUTNAM 


Reissue,  Continued  to  January,  1916 
With  Historical  Chart,  Maps,  and  Genealogical  Tables 


G.  P.  PUTNAM’S  SONS 

NEW  YORK  AND  LONDON 

Gbe  IRnicfcerbocfter  press 


Copyright,  1890, 1907,  by 
G.  P.  PUTNAM’S  SONS 

Under  the  title  Tabular  Views  0/  Universal  History 


Copyright,  1914,  by 
G.  P.  PUTNAM’S  SONS 

Copyright  (for  additional  material),  1916,  by 

G.  P.  PUTNAM’S  SONS 


Ube  Iftnfcfterbocfeet  ipress,  Iftew  HJorfe 


PUBLISHERS’  NOTE 


/  v 


A 


P  Cl 


■f 


! 

I  j 


In  1832,  the  late  George  P.  Putnam  published,  under  the 
title  of  The  World's  Progress ,  a  cyclopaedia  of  facts  and  events 
that  had  been  compiled  by  himself,  and  that  had  originated  in 
notes  taken  as  a  guide  for  his  own  historical  reading.  The 
work  was  reprinted  in  successive  editions  during  the  ensuing 
forty  years  (that  is  to  say  up  to  the  year  of  the  author’s  death) 
and  the  entries  were  added  to  and  expanded  until  the  300 
pages  of  the  original  issue  had  developed  into  a  portly  volume 
of  1200  pages.  A  demand  continuing  through  more  than  a 
third  of  a  century  may  be  accepted  as  evidence  that  the  plan 
of  The  World's  Progress  and  the  material  presented  in  it  had 
been  found  of  service  by  students  of  history  and  by  readers 
generally.  The  cyclopaedia  portion  of  the  compilation  came, 
necessarily,  to  be  superseded  by  works  of  reference  of  later 
origin,  and  The  World's  Progress  was,  therefore,  allowed  to  go 
out  of  print.  There  continued,  however,  to  be  demand  for 
the  historical  tables,  the  plan  of  which  was  original  with  Mr. 
Putnam,  and  since  1870  this  division  of  the  work  has  been 
issued  with  material  corrections  and  additions  in  successive 
editions  compiled  under  the  editorial  supervision  of  the  son  of 
the  original  editor. 

In  the  edition  now  presented,  while  the  scheme  and  arrange¬ 
ment  of  the  original  editor  has  been  left  unchanged,  the  entries 
have  been  carefully  revised  and  in  part  rewritten,  and  the 
record  has  been  brought  down  to  date.  The  editors  of  this 
new  edition  have  found  it  desirable  to  include  a  comprehensive 
alphabetical  index  of  subjects,  by  means  of  which  can  be 

located  promptly  any  event  referred  to  in  the  body  of  the  book. 

•  •  • 

i  ! 796  I  5 


IV 


publishers’  note 


The  edition  also  includes  a  number  of  tables  presenting  the 
genealogies  of  the  more  important  of  the  historic  families  of 
Europe,  genealogies  which  make  clear  their  family  and  dynas¬ 
tic  relations  to  each  other. 

Under  the  scheme  devised  by  Mr.  Putnam  (a  scheme  which 
made  his  volume  practically  unique),  the  events  occurring 
throughout  the  world  at  the  same  period  of  time  are  recorded 
in  parallel  columns.  This  arrangement  calls  in  the  powerful 
assistance  of  visual  association  by  showing  at  a  glance  simul¬ 
taneous  occurrences  in  different  countries,  which  enables  the 
memory  to  grasp  and  to  retain  a  hold  of  the  dates  and  the 
relations  with  each  other  of  important  events.  It  also  helps 
to  emphasize  the  lesson  that  the  history  of  any  one  nation  is 
only  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  world,  and  that  the  proper  way 
to  study  history  is  to  trace  the  relations  with  each  other  of  the 
peoples  scattered  over  the  face  of  the  globe. 

As  the  wiser  historians  and  instructors  do  not  fail  to  empha¬ 
size,  the  precise  date  of  an  event  is  in  itself  a  detail  of  minor 
importance,  which  has  value  chiefly  in  serving  to  trace  its 
relations  to  other  events  and  in  undertaking  the  influence  of 
one  upon  the  other.  The  reader,  for  instance,  who  learns 
that  in  1492,  under  the  patronage  of  Queen  Isabella  of  Spain, 
Columbus  accomplished  his  historic  voyage  to  the  Western 
Hemisphere,  may  properly  be  interested  in  noting,  by  carrying 
his  eye  across  the  columns  of  two  pages,  what  rulers  were  at 
that  time  in  control  of  other  European  States,  some  one  of 
whom  might  possibly  have  secured  for  his  own  realm  the 
prestige  of  the  great  discovery.  In  like  manner,  it  is  essential 
for  a  right  understanding  of  the  Protestant  Reformation  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  for  the  thoughtful  reader  to  keep  before 
him  the  personalities  of  the  monarchs  and  of  other  leaders  of 
men  who  were  contemporary  with  Luther,  with  Leo  X,  and 
with  the  Emperor  Charles  V. 

These  Tabular  Views,  while  invaluable  in  the  practical  work 
of  historical  instruction,  will  be  found  extremely  useful  by  the 
general  reader.  The  writer  of  these  lines  has  for  many  years 


publishers’  note 


V 


kept  the  volume  at  his  elbow  as  an  indispensable  reference 
in  connection  either  with  reading  or  with  writing.  The  work 
was  designed  particularly  for  the  many  who  appreciate  the 
importance  of  having  trustworthy  historical  information 
conveniently  at  hand  but  who  have  not  within  reach  compre¬ 
hensive  histories  or  the  time  to  go  through  these  for  the  facts 
desired. 

It  has  been  the  intention  of  the  editor  in  the  several  instances 
in  which  events  and  dates  have  become  a  matter  of  con¬ 
troversy,  to  follow  the  authorities  most  generally  accepted. 
It  may  easily,  however,  be  the  case  that  an  occasional  date  or 
statement  has  been  retained  which  some  scholarly  reader  may 
find  ground  to  question ;  such  a  critic  can  only  be  referred  back 
to  the  latest  investigators  for  the  authoritative  decision  that 
seems  to  him  to  be  important  and  that  it  is  not  practicable  to 
attempt  in  a  condensed  summary  of  the  world’s  history  such 
as  is  presented  in  the  present  volume.  The  study  of  history 
and  the  intelligent  reading  of  history  should  be,  as  stated,  a 
study  of  the  relations  of  events  to  each  other  made  with  the 
view  of  securing  as  far  as  practicable  an  understanding  of  the 
causation  of  these  events  and  of  the  influence  exercised  upon 
them  by  historic  characters,  by  the  leaders  of  men.  This 
is  the  information  which  the  publishers  are  undertaking  to 
present  to  the  public,  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  in  The 
Handbook  of  Universal  History. 


G.  H.  P. 


• 

MAPS 


PAGE 

Sketch  Map  of  the  Roman  Empire  in  the  Time  of 

Hadrian,  A.D.  98-117  .....  52 

Sketch  Map  of  Europe,  476  A.D.  .  .  .64 

Sketch  Map  of  Europe,  800  A.D.  .  .  .76 

Sketch  Map  of  Europe,  1200  A.D.  .  .  .  100 

Sketch  Map  of  Europe,  1429  A.D.  .  .  .  120 

Sketch  Map  of  Europe,  1648  A.D.  .  .  .  150 

Sketch  Map  of  Europe,  1815  A.D.  .  .  .  184 

Sketch  Map  of  Europe,  1876  A.D.  .  .  .  240 

Sketch  Map  of  Europe,  1914  A.D.  .  .  .  364 

< 

Historical  Chart . At  End 


\ 

CONTENTS 

/ 

PAGE 

Ancient  History . 2 

Mediaeval  History  0  .  .  .  •  .  64 

Modern  History  .  120 

Genealogical  Tables  ......  369 

Historical  Index  . 391 


2 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


5000  B.C.— 


B.C. 


Asia. 


5000 


{about).  At  this  date 
flourishing  city  states 
appear  in  the  Mesopo¬ 
tamian  region,  indicat¬ 
ing  an  antiquity  for 
Babylonian  civilization 
that  may  be  carried 
back  approximately  to 
the  eighth  or  ninth 
millennium  B.  c. —  In 
Egypt  the  latest  re¬ 
search  has  brought  the 
sixth  millennium  b.c. 
within  the  scope  of  his¬ 
tory. 


4500  {about). 
among  the 
Kengi,  Kish, 
and  Gishban, 
Ionia. 


Africa. 


5000  {about).  The  rule  of 
pre-dynastic  kingswhose 
tombs  at  Abydos  reveal 
an  advanced  state  of 
civilization  (De  Morgan, 
Am^lineau,  Flinders-  Pe¬ 
trie). 


Struggle 
kings  of 
Shirpurla, 
in  Baby- 


3700 


The  Great  Pyramid  at  Gi- 
zeh,  erected  by  Khufu 
(Cheops). 


3800  {about).  Sargon  I.  of 
Akkad  extends  his  power 
over  the  Mediterranean 
coast  and  Elam. 


4400  {about).  Menes,  the 
first  king  of  united 
Egypt  (Brugsch;  Budge, 
1902). 


3733.  Reign  of  Khufu 
(Cheops),  pyramid 
builder. 


3000  {about).  The  kings  of 
Ur  extend  their  sway 
over  Akkad  and  Shu- 
mer. 


3666.  Reign  of  Khafra 
(Chephren)  pyramid 
builder. 

3633.  Reign  of  Menkaura 
(Mycerinus),  pyramid 
builder. 


2500  Reign  of  Seankh- 
kara,  who  despatches  an 
expedition  to  the  land 
of  Punt  for  spices. 


2300 


The  Code  of  Khammurabi, 
in  Babylon,  one  of  the 
most  important  bodies 
of  ancient  legislation. 


2450  {about).  Beginning 
of  Arabian  and  Elam- 
itic  irruptions  into  Baby¬ 
lonia. 

2400  {about).  Babylon  first 
appears  as  a  city  of 
prominence. 

2300-2250  {about).  Kham¬ 
murabi,  ruler  of  Baby¬ 
lon,  unites  Babylonia 
under  his  sway  and  en¬ 
acts  a  code  of  laws. 


2300.  Amenemhat  III.  re¬ 
claims  the  province  of 
Fayyum  by  diking  off 
Lake  Moeris,  and  builds 
the  celebrateu  Laby¬ 
rinth. 


IIOO  B.C. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


3 


4000 


2000 


1400 


1330 


-2000.  Babylonian  lan¬ 
guage,  commerce,  and  in¬ 
stitutions  predominant 
in  the  Mediterranean  re¬ 
gions  of  Asia. 

Industry  .  flourishes  in 
Babylonia  under  the 
Kassite  kings ;  manu¬ 
factures  largely  in  the 
hands  of  Phoenicians. 


The  Tell-el-Amama  Let¬ 
ters  reveal  the  close  con 
nection  between  Egyp¬ 
tian  and  Babylonian 
civilization,  and  show 
the  latter  language  to 
have  been  the  common 
medium  of  commerce 
and  diplomacy  in  the 
lands  of  the  Mediter¬ 
ranean. 


The  epic  poem  of  Pentaur 
celebrates  the  exploits 
of  Rameses  II.  in  Asia. 
— Erection  of  the  Ra- 
messeum  and  the  temple 
at  Luxor  (in  part). 


2000-1700  {about).  Baby¬ 
lonia  conquered  by  the 
Kassites;  Assyria  ap¬ 
pears  under  its  priest- 
kings. 


1450-1300.  Height  of  the 
Hittite  power  in  Asia 
Minor  and  Syria. 


1300  {about).  Shalmaneser 
I.  reigns  in  Assvria,with 
Calan  as  the  capital. 

1250.  The  Phoenicians  ap¬ 
pear  as  a  race  of  colo¬ 
nizers. 

1140  {about).  The  Kass¬ 
ites  expelled  from  Baby¬ 
lonia. 

1100  {about).  Tiglathpil- 
eser  I.  of  Assyria  wages 
war  successfully  against 
Babylonia,  Elam,  and  in 
Syria.. 

Tyre  rises  to  primacy 
among  the  Phoenician 
cities. 


2200-1700.  Egypt  ruled 
by  the  Hyksos,  or 
“  shepherd  ”  kings. 


1700.  Aahmes  I.  expels 
the  Hyksos  and  begins 
series  of  conquests  in 
Asia. 

1600.  Queen  Hatshepset 
(Hatasu)  despatches  an 
expedition  to  Punt. — 
Thothmes  III.  conquers 
Palestine,  Phoenicia,  and 
part  of  Asia  Minor. 

1466.  Amenhotep  IV. 
(Amenophis)  attempts 
to  substitute  the  worship 
of  the  sun  for  the  old  re¬ 
ligion  of  the  country; 
he  fails. 


1333.  Rameses  II.  carries 
on  war  against  the  Hit- 
tites;  greatest  of  royal 
monument  builders. 


4 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1582  B.C.- 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society, etc. 


The  Jews. 


Western  Asia. 


1270  {about).  The  Exodus 
(Budge). 


1100 


{about).  The  Mycenean 
art  flourishes  in  Greece 
and  the  ASgean. 


1055  1  (1080  3).  Saul  be¬ 
comes  king. 

1033  1  (1047  2).  Accession 
of  David. 

993  1  (1017s).  Accession  of 
Solomon. 


993 


{about).  The  temple  of 
Solomon  built  _  with  the 
aid  of  Phoenician  work¬ 
men. 


930 


953  1  (978  3,  930  3).  Sepa¬ 
ration  of  Judah  and 
Israel. 


{about) .  The  beginning  of 
the  Homeric  poems. 


949  1  (973  s).  Shashank  I. 
of  Egypt  plunders  Je¬ 
rusalem. 


929  1  (958  s),  Asa  be¬ 

comes  king  in  Judah. 
899 1  (931  s).  Omri  be¬ 
comes  king  in  Israel. 


950  {about).  Tiglathpileser 
II.,  beginning  of  Assyr¬ 
ian  greatness. 


880 


{about).  _  The  Lycurgan 
legislation  in  Sparta. 


885.  Accession  of  Asshur- 
nasirpal,  who  wages  suc¬ 
cessful  campaigns  in  the 
north  and  the  east  and 
advances  to  the  Medi¬ 
terranean. 


1  Duncker,  History  of  Antiquity.  3  J.  Oppert,  “  Chronology  ”  in  the  Jewish  Encyclo¬ 

paedia.  3  Karl  Marti,  “  Chronology  ”  in  Cheyne’s  Encyclopaedia  Biblica. 


88o  B.c 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY, 


5 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece  and  Rome. 


The  World  Elsewhere. 


1582.  The  earliest  date  in 
the  Parian  chronicle 
preserved  in  the  Arun- 
delian  marbles. 


1250 


Egypt:  reign  of  Meneph- 
thah  the  supposed  Pha¬ 
raoh  of  the  Exodus. — 
The  country  is  invaded 
by  pirates  from  the 
north  _  whose  names 
would  indicate  a  possible 
Grecian  origin. 


1 123.  The  beginning  of  the 
Chow  dynasty  in  China, 
which  retained  the 
throne  for  nearly  nine 
hundred  years. 


1100.  Age  of  the  Dorian 
migration  into  the  Pelo¬ 
ponnesus,  and  the  plant¬ 
ing  of  Dorian  and  Aiolian 
colonies  in  Asia  Minor. 


1100.  Cadiz  (Gadir)  found¬ 
ed  by  the  Phoenicians. 


966 


Accession  of  Shashank  I. 
(Sheshonk,  Shishak), 
who  invades  Palestine 
in  the  time  of  Reho- 
boam. 


880.  The  age  of  Lycurgus. 


6 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


873  B.C.— 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society, etc. 


The  Jews. 


Western  Asia. 


873  1  (917  2).  Jehoshaphat 
becomes  king  in  Judah. 


853  1  (900  2).  Death  of 
Ahab  of  Israel. 


860.  Accession  of  Shal¬ 
maneser  II.,  who  con¬ 
tinues  the  process  of 
conquest. 


843  1  (887, 2  841  3).  Jehu 
seizes  power  in  Israel. 

792  1  (811, 2  7893).  Uzziah 
begins  rule  in  Judah. 

790  1  (825, 2  782  3).  Jero¬ 
boam  II.  succeeds  in 
Israel. 


747 


Beginning  of  the  Babylon¬ 
ian  Chronicle  and  the 
Canon  of  Ptolemy. 


747.  Nabonassar  ruler  in 
Babylon. 

745.  Accession  of  Tiglath- 
pileser  III.  of  Assyria, 
who  wages  war  against 
Chaldaea,  Syria,  and  the 
kingdom  of  Israel. 


728  1  (727, 2  720  s).  Heze- 
kiah  succeeds  in  Judah. 


727.  Accession  of  Shal¬ 
maneser  IV.,  who  be¬ 
sieges  Samaria  (722). 


700 


(about).  In  Greece  lyric 
poetry  flourishes :  Kal- 
linus,  Archilochus,  Si¬ 
monides  of  Samos. — 
Nineveh  beautified  and 
strengthened  by  Sen¬ 
nacherib;  it  becomes  the 
most  celebrated  capital 
of  Assyria. 


722  1  (721  2-  3).  Samaria 
taken  by  Sargon  II.  of 
Assyria;  end  of  king¬ 
dom  of  Israel. 


701  *■  3  (700  2).  Sennach¬ 
erib’s  failure  in  Pales¬ 
tine. 


722.  Assyria  attains  its 
highest  development 
under  Sargon  II. 

705.  Accession  of  Sen¬ 
nacherib,  who  makes 
his  capital  at  Nineveh. 


1  Duncker,  History  of  Antiquity.  2  J.  Oppert,  “Chronology”  in  the  Jewish  Encyclo 

paedia.  3  Karl  Marti,  “Chronology”  in  Cheyne’s  Encyclopaedia  Biblica. 


700  B.C 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


7 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece  and  Rome.  The  World  Elsewhere. 


850  (about).  Foundation  of 


Carthage  by  the  Phoeni¬ 
cians. 


776.  The  First  Olympiad, 
accepted  starting  point 
for  the  period  of  au¬ 
thentic  history. 

770.  Sinope  on  the  Black 
Sea  founded. 

753  (754).  Foundation  of 
Rome  (legendary). 


743-724.  First  Messenian 
War;  Sparta  triumph¬ 
ant. 

734.  Foundation  of  Syra¬ 
cuse. 


8 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


693  B.C.— 


B.C. 


Progress  op  Society, etc. 


The  Jews. 


Western  Asia. 


681.  Accession  of  Essar- 
haddon;  who  conquers 
Egypt  in  670. 


668.  Assyrian  Empire  di¬ 
vided  between  sons  of 
Essarhaddon ;  Asshur- 
banipal  rules  in  Assyria; 
Shamashshumukin,  in 
Babylonia. 


648.  Assyrian  Empire  re¬ 
united, 

645.  Elam  conquered  by 
Assyria. 

626.  Babylon  independ¬ 
ent  under  Nabopolassar, 
founder  of  the  Chaldcean 
dynasty. 


622. 1  Reformation  of  Jo- 
siah  in  Judah. 


610 


Alcaeus,  Sappho,  Stesicho- 
rus,  Greek  poets. — Necho 
II.  of  Egypt  attempts  to 
connect  the  Nile  and  the 
Red  Sea  by  a  canal;  his 
sailors  circumnavigate 
Africa. 


606  (607).  Nineveh  de¬ 

stroyed  by  Nabopol¬ 
assar  and  Cyaxares,  king 
of  the  Medes. 

605.  Nebuchadrezzar  II., 
king  of  Babylonia;  he 
overthrows  the  Egyp¬ 
tians  at  Carchemish. 


600 


Thales,  first  of  Ionian 
philosophers. 


1  Duncker.  History  of  Antiquity. 


6oo  B.C. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


9 


B.C. 


693 


Africa. 


Greece  and  Rome. 


The  World  Elsewhere. 


Taharka  _  (Tirhaka)  en¬ 
gages  in  conflict  with 
Assyria. 

685.  Outbreak  of  Second 
Messenian  War. 


670 


Essarhaddon  of  Assyria 
conquers  Egypt. 


663 


650 


(666).  Psammetichus  I. 
liberates  Egypt  from 
the  Assyrians  and  unites 
the  country  under  his 
sway. 


Naucratis  founded. 


660.  Foundation  of  By¬ 
zantium. 

655.  Cypselus,  tyrant  of 
Corinth. 


660.  Jimmu  Tenno,  first 
Mikado  of  Japan,  leader 
of  the  invading  forces 
that  conquered  the  isl¬ 
ands. 


625.  Periander,  tyrant  of 
Corinth. 


610 


(612).  Necho  II.;  invades 
Syria  and  defeats  Josiah, 
king  of  Judah,  at  Me- 
giddo  (609). 


620.  {about).  Traditional 
legislation  of  Draco  in 
Athens. 


600.  Foundation  of  Mas- 
salia  (Marseilles)  by  the 
Phocaeans. 


10 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


597  B.C.- 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


594 


Solon  noted  as  a  writer  o 
political  elegies  and  gno 
mic  poetry. 


The  Jews. 


Western  Asia. 


597  1  (598  2).  First  taking 
of  Jerusalem  by  Nebu¬ 
chadrezzar  II. 


586.  Nebuchadrezzar  sup¬ 
presses  the  Palestinian 
uprising  and  destroys 
Jerusalem. 


586  1>  3  (587  2).  Final  de¬ 
struction  of  Jerusalem 
by  Nebuchadrezzar  II. 
and  end  of  kingdom  of 
Judah. 


580 


The  philosophers  Anaxi¬ 
mander,  Anaximenes, 
and  the  sage  Cleobulus. 


570 


{about).  First  comedy 
acted  at  Athens  on  a 
cart,  by  Susarion  and 
Dolon  (traditional). 


573.  Tyre  taken  by  Nebu¬ 
chadrezzar  after  a  siege 
that  is  said  to  have 
lasted  thirteen  years. 


561.  Evil-Merodach,  king 
of  Babylon. 


560 


{about).  Birth  of  Gau¬ 
tama  (Buddha),  founder 
of  Buddhism. 


560.  Croesus,  king  of  Ly¬ 
dia.  Solon  at  his  court. 


556.  Neriglissar  succeeded 
by  Labashi  Marduk  at 
Babylon. 

Asia  Minor  subjected  to 
Croesus. 

555.  Nabonidus  overthrows 
Chaldaean  dynasty  in 
Babylon. 


1  Duncker,  History  of  Antiquity.  3  J.  Oppert,  “  Chronology  ”  in  the  Jewish  Encyclo¬ 

pedia.  9  Karl  Marti,  “  Chronology  ”  in  Cheyne’s  Encyclopedia  Biblica. 


5  55  b.c. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY, 


II 


B.C 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome,  etc. 


589 


(591).  Apries  (Hophra) 
joins  with  the  king  of 
Judah  against  Nebuch¬ 
adrezzar,  but  he  does 
not  succeed  in  prevent¬ 
ing  the  destruction  of 
Je  'usalem. 


Legislation  of  Solon 
Athens. 


585.  Death  of  Per  inder, 
tyrant  of  Corinth. 

584.  Corinth  overthrows 
tyranny  of  the  Cypsel- 
idae. 


578.  Servius  Tullius,  king 
of  Rome  (legendary). 
To  him  is  ascribed  the 
introduction  of  the  cen¬ 
sus  and  the  division  of 
the  citizens  into  cen¬ 
turies. 


570 


(572).  Amasis  II.  over¬ 
throws  Apries. 


570 


-530  {about).  Amasis  es¬ 
tablishes  close  connec¬ 
tion  between  Greece  and 
Egypt,  and  grants  the 
Greeks  living  in  Egypt 
extensive  privileges. 


568 


Egypt  invaded  by  Nebu¬ 
chadrezzar. 


560.  Pisistratus,  tyrant  of 
Athens. 


12 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


55°  B.C. 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


The  Jews. 


Western  Asia. 


550 


{about).  Thespis  performs 
the  first  tragedy  at 
Athens,  (traditional) 
Pythagoras,  his  travels 
and  emigration  to  Mag¬ 
na  Graecia. 


530 


Learning  encouraged  at 
Athens  by  Pisistratus, 
who  makes  a  large  col¬ 
lection  of  Greek  authors. 


546.  Sardis  taken  by  Cy¬ 
rus. — Croesus  made  pris¬ 
oner.  —  The  Lydian 
Kingdom  ended. 


538.  Edict  of  Cyrus  for 
the  Return  of  the 
Jews. 

Joshua,  Zerubbabel. 


538.  BABYLON  TAKEN 
by  Cyrus.  PERSIAN 
EMPIRE  founded. 


529.  Cambyses,  king  of 
Persia. 

525  (527).  Cambyses  in¬ 
vades  Egypt. 


520 


515 


Simonides, 

poets. 


Anacreon, 


Confucius,  the  Chinese 
philosopher. 


520  (519).  Rebuilding  of 
the  temple  begins. 
Zechariah,  Haggai. 

516  (515).  Dedication  of 
the  second  temple. 


521.  Darius  Hystaspes, 
king  of  Persia. 


510 


(509).  Abolition  of  the 
Regal  Government,  and 
establishment  of  Repub¬ 
lic  at  Rome. 


505  Heraclitus  of  Ephesus  and 
Parmenides  of  Elea,  phi¬ 
losophers. 

500  {about).  The  Carthagin¬ 
ians  make  voyages  of 
exploration  and  coloni¬ 
zation  down  the  western 
coast  of  Africa. 


508.  {about) .  Darius  leads  a 
vast  expedition  into 
Scythia  and  accom- 

?lishes  the  subjection  of 
brace  in  the  following 
years. 


500.  The  Ionians  revolt 
from  Persia  and  burn 
Sardis  (499). 


500  B.C. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


13 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


548.  Temple  of  Apollo  at 
Delphi  burnt. 


546.  The  Spartans  over¬ 
throw  the  _  Argives. — ■ 
The  Greeks  in  Asia  Mi¬ 
nor  are  subjected  by  the 
Persians. 


Rome  and  Italy. 


534  ( about ).  Polycrates, 

tyrant  of  Samos. 


534.  Tarquinius  Superbus, 
king  of  Rome  (legend¬ 
ary). 


525 


Psammetichus  III.,  last 
king  of  Egypt. — Inva¬ 
sion  of  Cambyses,  who 
defeats  the  Egyptians  at 
Pelusium,  and  takes 
Memphis. 

Egypt  becomes  aPersian 
Province. 


527. 


Pisistratus  dies. 


514.  Hipparchus,  son  of 
Pisistratus,  killed  by 
Harmodius  and  Aris- 
togiton. 

510.  The  Pisistratidae  ex¬ 
pelled. — Democracy  es¬ 
tablished  at  Athens. 


510  (509).  The  Tarquins 
expelled  from  Rome. 

Brutus  and  Collatinus, 
first  Consuls  of  Rome. 

508.  War  against  the  Tar¬ 
quins  and  their  ally  Por- 
senna  (legendary). 


500 


{about).  Voyage  of  Hanno 
the  Carthaginian  down 
the  western  coast  of 
Africa,  related  in  the 
“  Periplus.” 


500.  The  Athenians  and 
Eretrians  give  aid  to  the 
Greeks  of  Asia  Minor 
against  Persia,  and 
thereby  arouse  the  hos¬ 
tility  of  that  power. 


14 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


500  B.C.— 


B.C. 


500 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


The  Jews. 


Asia. 


Beginning  of  historical 
writing  in  Greece  in  the 
persons  of  Hecataeus  and 
Dionysius  of  Miletus. 


492.  Persian  army  de¬ 
spatched  against  Greece ; 
its  failure. 


490.  Darius  sends  a  second 
army  against  Greece. 


486.  Xerxes,  king  of  Per¬ 
sia. 


480 


Phrynichus,  ABschvlus. 
Pindar,  and  Bacchylides, 
dramatic  and  lyric  poets. 


481.  The  expedition  of 
Xerxes  into  Greece. 


478 


History  of  Herodotus  ends. 


478.  Death  of  Confucius. 
— China  distracted  by 
internal  wars. 


468 


Sophocles  defeats  Aeschy¬ 
lus  for  the  tragic  prize. 


466.  Persians  defeated  by 
sea  and  land  at  the 
Eurymedon. 

465.  Xerxes  assassinated; 
Artaxerxes  I.  (Longima- 
nus)  king  of  Persia. 


460  B.C. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


15 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome  and  Italy. 


494.  Miletus  reduced  by 
the  Persians. 


496.  Victory  of  Lake  Re- 

tillus  gained  over  the 
.atins  with  the  aid  of 
Castor  and  Pollux. 

494  (493).  The  secession  of 
the  Plebs  and  the  crea¬ 
tion  of  the  tribunate. 


490.  Invasion  of  the  Per¬ 
sians  under  Datis  and 
Artaphernes. 

Battle  of  MARA¬ 
THON. 

489.  Miltiades  disgraced. 


483.  Aristides  banished. 


491.  Coriolanus  banished 
(legendary). 


486.  Spurius  Cassius 
arouses  the  hostility  of 
the  Patricians  by  his 
agrarian  agitation,  and 
on  the  expiration  of  his 
consulate  is  put  to  death . 

485.  Gelo  becomes  tyrant 
of  Syracuse. 


480 


Hamilcar  Barca  invades 
Sicily  at  the  head  of  a 
Carthaginian  army;  de¬ 
feated  by  Gelo  in  battle 
of  Himera,  and  slain. 


480.  Battle  of  Thermopy¬ 
lae. 

Athens  burnt  by 
Xerxes. 

Battle  of  Salamis. 

479.  Mardonius  a  second 
time  takes  Athens. 

Defeat  of  the  Persians 
at  Platea  and  Mycale  on 
the  same  day. 

478-477.  Athens  rebuilt. 
— The  Piraeus  fortified. 

477-449.  The  campaigns 
of  Cimon,  son  of  Milti¬ 
ades. 

471.  Themistocles  ban¬ 
ished. 


480.  The  Carthaginians  de¬ 
feated  by  Gelo  at  Hi¬ 
mera  in  Sicily. 


478.  Hiero  becomes  ty¬ 
rant  of  Syracuse. 

477  {about).  The  legendary 
war  against  Veii  and  the 
fall  of  the  Fabii. 

471.  The  Publilian  Laws 
vest  the  election  of  the 
tribunes  in  the  comitia 
of  the  tribes. 


466.  The  Persians  twice 
defeated  at  the  Eury- 
medon  by  Cimon. 

465.  Democracy  in  Syra¬ 
cuse. 


460 


Egypt,  under  Inarus,  re¬ 
volts  from  Persia. 


464.  3d  Messenian  War. 
461.  Ostracism  of  Cimon. 
— Pericles  rises  to 
power. 


i6 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


458  B.C.— 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


The  Jews. 


Asia. 


4581  (3982).  Ezra  goes  to 
Jerusalem. 


450 


Callimachus,  traditional 
inventor  of  Corinthian 
order  of  architecture. 


445 


Zeno,  Anaxagoras  Prota¬ 
goras,  and  Empedocles, 
philosophers:  Phidias, 

the  finest  sculptor  of  an¬ 
tiquity;  Euripides,  tra¬ 
gic  poet;  Crates  and 
Cratinus,  comic  poets; 
Herodotus,  father  of 
Greek  history;  Polygno- 
tus,  painter. 


445.  Walls  of  Jerusalem 
built  by  Nehemiah. 

Sect  of  Samaritans. 


449.  Persians  defeated  at 
Salamis  in  Cyprus,  and 
in  the  peace  of  Callias 
recognize  the  indepen¬ 
dence  of  the  Asiatic 
Greeks. 

447.  Revolt  of  Megabyzus, 
satrap  in  Syria,  forces 
Artaxerxes  to  conces¬ 
sion. 


432 


(433).  Meton  begins  his 
lunar  cycle. 

Thucydides,  historian. 


400 


Death  of  Socrates,  the 
greatest  of  ancient  mor¬ 
alists. 


425.  Xerxes  II.,  king  of 
Persia. 

424.  Darius  II.,  king  of 
Persia. 


1  Graetz. 


2  Oppert. 


421  B.C 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


17 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Romb,  etc. 


454 


Greeks  in  Egypt  defeated 
by  Megabyzus. 


458.  War  between  Athens 
and  Corinth. 

456.  Cimon  recalled. 

Completion  of  the 
Long  Walls  of  Athens. 
454.  Achaia  joins  the 
Athenian  alliance. 


458.  Cincinnatus,  Dictator. 


451.  The  Decemvirs  and 
the  laws  of  the  12  tables. 

The  legend  of  Vir¬ 
ginia. 


449.  _  Renewal  of  war  449.  Quaestorship  estab- 
against  Persians,  who  are  lished. 
defeated  at  Salamis  in 
Cyprus. 


447.  Athenians  defeated 
at  Coroneia  by  the 
Boeotians. 


445.  Lex  Canuleia  permits 
intermarriage  between 
Patricians  and  Ple¬ 
beians. 


440.  Pericles  takes  Samos. 


437.  Amphipolis  in  the 
Thracian  Chersonesus 
founded  by  Athenians. 

435.  Corinth  at  war  with 
Corcyra. 

432.  Revolt  of  Potidaea 
from  the  Athenian  con¬ 
federacy. 


431.  The  Peloponnesian 
War. 

Invasion  of  Attica. 
430.  The  Plague  at  Athens . 
429.  Pericles  dies,  after 
enjoying  power  for  more 
than  30  years. 


424.  Exile  of  Thucydides. 

Brasidas  invades 
Thrace  with  a  Spartan 
force. 

421.  Peace  of  Nicias  be¬ 
tween  Athens  and 
Sparta. 


444.  Military  Tribunes  and 
office  of  Censor  insti¬ 
tuted. 

439.  Spurius  Maelius  killed 
because  suspected  of 

royal  ambitions. 


431.  The  ASquians  and 
Volscians  defeated  at 
Mount  ASgidus. 


426.  Fidenae  revolts,  is 
taken  and  destroyed. 


l8 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


420  B.C.— 


B.C. 


420 


Progress  of  Society, etc. 


Asia.. 


Hippocrates,  of  Cos,  the 
father  of  medicine. 
Democri  tus,  the  laughing 
philosopher. 


415 


Aristophanes,  prince 
Ancient  Comedy. 


of 


411 


Thucydides’  history  ends 
and  Xenophon’s  begins. 


408.  Medes  make  an  un¬ 
successful  attempt  to 
throw  off  Persian  yoke. 


405 


Plato,  comic  poet. 


405.  Persians  driven  out 
of  Africa  for  a  time. 


404.  Artaxerxes  II.  (Mne- 
mon),  king  of  Persia. 


399 


From  Socrates  proceed  the 
great  schools  of  Greek 
philosophy,  the  Megaric 
school  founded  by  Eu¬ 
clid,  the  Cynic  by  Antis- 
thenes,  the  Cyrenaic 
(Hedonistic  or  Epicu¬ 
rean)  by  Aristippus, 
and  the  Academic  by 
Plato. 


401.  Cyrus  the  younger 
defeated  at  Cunaxa;  re¬ 
treat  of  the  10,000  under 
Xenophon. 

399.  Outbreak  of  war 
between  Persia  and 
Sparta. 


396.  #  Agesilaus  invades 
Asia  Minor  and  repeat¬ 
edly  defeats  the  Persians. 


390 


The  influence  of  Plato,  the 
great  philosopher,  at  its 
height. 

The  historians  Xenophon, 
Ktesias  of  Knidus,  and 
Philistus  of  Syracuse. 


390  b.c. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


19 


B.C. 

! 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome,  etc. 


420.  Alcibiades  effects  a 
treaty  between  the 
Athenians  and  Argives. 


414 


Amyrtaeus,  king  of  Egypt, 
shakes  off  the  yoke  of 
Persia. 


410 


The  Carthaginians  invade 
Sicily. 


415.  .  Athenians  invade 
Sicily  and  besiege  Syra¬ 
cuse. 


413.  The  army  in  Sicily 
destroyed. 

Archelaus,  king  of 
Macedon. 

411.  Athens  governed  by 
the  400. 

Alcibiades  at  the 
court  of  Tissaphemes. 

410.  Alcibiades  defeats 
the  Spartans  at  Cyzicus. 


408.  Capture  of.  Byzan¬ 
tium  by  Athenians. 


405.  Lysander  defeats  the 
Athenians  at  ASgospota- 
mi;  404,  takes  Athens, 
and  establishes  the  30 
tyrants. 

End  of  the  Pelopon¬ 
nesian  War. 


420.  The  Campanians 
make  themselves  mas¬ 
ters  of  the  Greek  city  of 
Cumae. 


409.  Plebeians  first  hold 
the  quasstorship. 


406.  Beginning  of  a  ten 
years’  war  against  Veii; 
pay  for  the  first  time 
given  to  soldiers. 


403.  Thrasybulus  expels 
the  30  tyrants. 


399.  Death  of  Socrates. 


393 


Accession  of  Akhoris,  who 
engages  in  war  against 
Persia  as  an  ally  of 
Agesilaus  of  Sparta;  he 
also  aids  Evagoras  of 
Cyprus. 


396.  Agesilaus  invades 
Asia. 

395.  War  between  Sparta 
and  Thebes. 

394.  Battle  of  Coronea. 


396.  Camillus  takes  Veii, 
after  a  siege  of  ten  years. 


390.  The  Roman  army 
overwhelmed  on  the  Al- 
lia  and  Rome  taken  and 
burnt  by  the  Gauls, 
under  Brennus. 


20 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


387  B.C.— 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society, etc. 


Asia. 


387.  The  Greek  cities  of 
Asia  tributary  to  Persia 
by  the  peace  of  Antal- 
cidas. 


383.  BITHYNI A  becomes 
a  kingdom. 

Mithridates  I.,  king 
of  PONTUS. 


379.  Evagoras  of  Cyprus 
recognized  by  Persia  as 
sovereign  in  return  for 
the  payment  of  tribute. 


376.  Persia  makes  an  un¬ 
successful  attempt  to 
reconquer  Egypt. 


370 


Diogenes,  the  cynic;  Iso¬ 
crates  and  Isseus, orators; 
Antiphanes  and  Alexis, 
representatives  of  the 
Middle  Comedy;  Scopas 
and  Praxiteles,  sculp¬ 
tors. 


362.  Ariobarzanes,  king  of 
Pontus. — Revolt  of  the 
Persian  governor  in  Asia 
Minor. 


360.  CAPPADOCIA  be¬ 
comes  a  kingdom  under 
Ariarathes  I. 

359.  Accession  of  Arta- 
xerxes  III.  in  Persia. 

356.  Artabazus,  satrap  in 
Asia  Minor,  rises  in  re¬ 
bellion,  and  being  de¬ 
feated  seeks  refuge  with 
Philip  of  Macedon. 


356  b.c 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


21 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome  and  Italy. 


384.  M.  Manlius  Capito- 
linus  accused  of  royal 
ambitions  and.  thrown 
from  the  Tarpeian  rock. 


378 


Nectanebus  I.  repels  a 
Persian  army  command¬ 
ed  .  by  Phamabazus 
which  invaded  Egypt 
and  took  Pelusium. 


382.  Thebes  taken  by  the 
Spartans  under  Phoebi- 
das. 

379.  Thebes  delivered  by 
Pelopidas  and  Epami- 
nondas. 


376.  Spartan  fleet  de¬ 
feated  at  Naxos  by  the 
Athenians. 


371.  Battle  of  Leuctra; 
Spartans  defeated  by 
Thebans  under  Epami- 
nondas. 

Predominance  of 
Thebes. 


376.  Beginning  of  the  ten 
years’  struggle  over  the 
L  i  c  i  n  i  a  n  Rogations; 
Plebs  prevent  election  of 
curule  magistrates. 

371.  Curule  magistrates 
appointed. 


364.  Pelopidas  killed  in 
battle. 

362.  Battle  of  Mantinea, 
death  of  Epaminondas. 


367.  The  Licinian  Roga¬ 
tions  passed,  providing 
for.  agrarian  relief  and 
assigning  one  consul  to 
the  Plebeians. 


361 


Tachos,  king  of  Egypt. 

Agesilaus,  the  Spartan, 
aids  the  Egyptians  in 
their  revolt  against  Per¬ 
sia. 


361.  Renewed  invasion  of 
the  Gauls. 


357.  Philip  II.  of  Mace- 
don  takes  Amphipolis. 

356.  Philip  conquers 
Thrace  and  Illyria. 

The  Temple  of  Diana 
at  Ephesus  burnt. 

ALEXANDER  “the 
Great’'  born. 


356.  Dionysius  the  young¬ 
er  expelled  from  Syra¬ 
cuse. 

First  Plebeian  dic¬ 
tator  at  Rome. 


22 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


355  b.c. 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


The  Jews. 


Asia. 


352 


Philippics  of  Demosthenes. 
Mencius,  Chinese  sage. 


343 


Aristotle  appointed  tutor 
of  Alexander  the  Great. 


340 


Alschines,  Demosthenes, 
orators;  Theopompus 
and  Ephorus,  historians; 
Speusippus,  academic 
philosopher. 


340  (346).  Artaxerxes  in 
person  achieves  the  re¬ 
conquest  of  Egypt. 


338.  Assassination  of  Ar¬ 
taxerxes  and  accession 
of  Arses. 

336.  Assassination  of  Arses 
and  accession  of  Darius 
Codomannus. 


335 


Pyrgoteles  practises  the 
art  of  stone-engraving 
and  die-sinking. 


334.  Battle  of  the  Gran- 
icus. 


333.  Battle  of  Issus. — 
Alexander  the  Great 
overthrows  the  Persian 


332.  Jerusalem  submits  to 
Alexander  the  Great. 


330 


Apelles,  the  painter;  Cal- 
listhenes,  philosopher. 

Alexander  attempts  the 
fusion  of  Asia  and 
Europe  through  inter¬ 
marriage,  perfected  com¬ 
munications,  etc. 


army. 

332.  Tyre  subdued  after 
seven  months’  siege. 

331.  Battle  of  Arbela. — 
The  Persian  army  to¬ 
tally  defeated. 

330-328.  CONQUEST  of 
the  PERSIAN  EM¬ 
PIRE. 


327.  Alexander  invades 
India. 


327  B.C. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


23 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece — Macedon. 

_ 


Rome,  etc. 


355.  The  2d  Sacred  War. 


352.  Philip  II.  takes  the 
Athenian  port  of  Me- 
thone  in  Macedonia. 
The  Phocians  defeated  by 
Philip  at  Pagasae  in 
Thessaly. 


348.  Philip  takes  Olyn- 
thus. 

346.  Philip  admitted  to 
the  Amphictyonic  Coun¬ 
cil. 


340 


The  Carthaginians  de¬ 
feated  by  Timoleon  on 
the  Crimesus  in  Sicily. 

Artaxerxes  III.  invades 
Egypt  with  an  immense 
army,  overruns  the 
country  and  plunders 
the  temples;  Egypt  is 
once  more  a  province  of 
Persia. 


341.  Philip  makes  war 
upon  Athens. 

340. — lays  siege  to  Byzan¬ 
tium. 


338.  Philip  defeats  the 
Greeks  at  Chaeronea. 


353.  Dion  put  to  death, 
and  Syracuse  ruled  by 
tyrants. 


351.  First  Plebeian  censor. 


343y341.  The  first  Sam- 
nite  War. 


340.  The  Latins  defeated 
at  Mount  Vesuvius  and 
reduced  to  virtual  sub¬ 
jection  by  Rome. 


336.  Philip  is  murdered  by 
Pausanias. 

ALEXANDER  III., 
surnamed  the  Great. — 
He  pacifies  Greece,  de¬ 
stroys  Thebes,  sparing 
the  house  of  Pindar. 

335. — is  chosen  generalis¬ 
simo  of  Greece  against 
Persia. 

334. — invades  Persia,  and 
after  several  great  bat¬ 
tles  (see  “Asia")  sub¬ 
dues  the  Persian  empire 
and  Egypt,  and  marches 
into  India. 


337.  First  Plebeian  praetor. 


332 


Egypt  conquered  by  Alex¬ 
ander. 


332.  Treaty  between  Rome 
and  Alexander  of  Epirus. 


330.  Spartans  under  Agis 
defeated  by  Antipater 
of  Macedon. 


24 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


326  B.C.— 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society.etc. 


The  Jews. 


Asia. 


325 


The  voyage  of  Nearchus 
from  the  Indus  to  the 
Euphrates. 


323.  Alexander  dies  at 
Babylon;  his  empire 
partitioned  among  his 
generals. 


321.  War  among  the  suc¬ 
cessors  of  Alexander. 


320.  Ptolemy  carries  away  320.  Eumenes  defeated  by 
a  large  number  of  pris-  Antigonus. 
oners  into  Egypt. 

Onias  I. 


315 


Menander,  founder  of  New 
Comedy. 


317  {about).  The  empire  of 
Magadha  in  northern 
India  founded  by  Chan- 
dragupta(Sandrocottus) . 

316.  Eumenes  put  to  death 
by  Antigonus. 

315.  Formation  of  a  league 
against  Antigonus  by 
Ptolemy,  Cassander,  Se- 
leucus,  and  Lysimachus. 


312 


Appius  Claudius  Caecus, 
Censor,  completes  con¬ 
struction  of  the  Appian 
aqueduct  and  begins 
Appian  Way. 


311.  Judea  subject  to  An¬ 
tigonus. 


312.  SYRIA  ruled  by  Se- 
leucus  Nicator;  he  takes 
Babylon. 

Era  of  the  Seleucidse. 


307 


Museum  and  Library  at 
Alexandria  begun  under 
Ptolemy  Soter. 


305.  Seleucus  Nicator  in¬ 
vades  India  and  wages 
war  against  Chandra- 
gupta. 


304  b.c 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


25 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome,  etc. 


326.  Outbreak  of  second 
Samnite  War. 


323 


320 


Ptolemy  I.  (Soter,  son  of 
Lagus) ;  becomes  ruler  of 
Egypt  after  the  death 
of  Alexander  the  Great 
and  the  partition  of  his 
empire;  assumes  regal 
title  in  305. 


Ptolemy  makes  himself 
master  of  Cyprus  and 
Syria. 


324.  Demosthenes  ban¬ 
ished. 

323.  Death  of  Alexander. — 
The  Grecian  cities  revolt 
from  Macedon. — Demos¬ 
thenes  recalled. 

322.  The.  Greeks  defeated 
by  Antipater  at  Crannon 
in  Thessaly. 

Death  of  Demosthenes. 

321.  Antipater,  regent  of 
the  empire. 


319.  Polysperchon  suc¬ 
ceeds  Antipater,  and 
proclaims  liberty  to  the 
Grecian  cities. 

317.  Phocion  put  to  death 
by  the  Athenians. 

Demetrius  Phalereus 
governs  Athens. 


315.  Cassander  rebuilds 
Thebes. 


321.  The  Samnites  defeat 
the  Romans  at  the  Cau- 
dine  Forks  and  send 
them  under  the  yoke. 

320.  The  Samnites  de¬ 
feated  at  Luceria. 


317.  Syracuse  seized  by 
Agathocles. 


314.  Insurrection  of  the 
Campanians  suppressed. 


308 

307 

306 


Ptolemy  .  establishes  his 
power  in  Gyrene. 

Agathocles  is  defeated  by 
the  Carthaginians  at 
Tunes  in  Africa.. 

-305.  Antigonus  invades 
Egypt,  but  meets  with 
no  success. 


307.  Demetrius  Phalereus 
expelled  from  Athens  by 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes. 


305-304.  Demetrius  Poli¬ 
orcetes  besieges  Rhodes 
in  vain. 

303.  Demetrius  Poliorcetes, 
general  of  the  Grecian 
states. 


309.  Fabius  Maximus  de¬ 
feats  the  Etrurians  at 
the  Vadimonian  lake. 


307.  The  Carthaginians 
defeat  Agathocles,  and 
besiege  Syracuse. 


304.  End  of  the  second 
Samnite  War. 


26 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


301  B.C.— 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society, etc. 


The  Jews. 


Asia. 


300 


Euclid,  of  Alexandria,  the 
celebrated  mathemati¬ 
cian. — Zeno,  founder  of 
the  Stoics;  Pyrrho,  of 
the  Skeptics:  Epicurus 
of  the  Epicureans. 


1 


301.  Judea  again  under 
the  dominion  of  the 
Ptolemies. 


301  Battleof  Ipsus. — An* 
tigonus  killed. 

A  LEXANDER’S 
EMPIRE  DIVIDED  in 
four  parts. — Ptolemy, 
Seleucus,  Cassander,  Ly- 
simachus. 


299.  Seleucus  begins  the 
building  of  Antioch. 


293 


The  first  sun-dial  erected 
at  Rome  by  Papirius 
Cursor,  and  the  time 
first  divided  into  hours. 


286  At  Rome  full  equality 
between  the  Plebeians 
and  Patricians  finally 
established 

285  Theocritus,  the  father  of 
pastoral  poetry;  Bion, 
bucolic  poet. 


287.  Seleucus  defeats  De¬ 
metrius  Poliorcetes  and 
keeps  him  prisoner. 


284  The  Septuagint  translation 
of  the  Old  Testament, 
begun  at  Alexandria,  by 
order  of  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphus. 

283  The  Pharos  built  at  Alex¬ 
andria,  the  most  famous 
of  lighthouses. 


280 


{about).  Philetaerus,  of 
Pergamus,  patron  of  the 
arts. 

Alexandria,  the  resort  of 
the  learned,  and  centre 
of  trade. 

The  Colossus  of  Rhodes, 
the  work  of  Chares  of 
Lindus,  erected. 

Manetho,  Egyptian  priest 
and  chronologist. 


281.  Lysimachus  defeated 
and  killed  by  Seleucus  in 
the  battle  of  Korupedion . 
— The  kingdom  of  PER¬ 
GAMUS  founded  by 
Philetaerus. 

280.  Antiochus  I.  succeeds 
Seleucus. 


279  B-c- 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


27 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome,  etc. 


300.  Plebeians  admitted 
to  the  priestly  colleges. 


297.  Death  of  Cassander. 
295.  Siege  of  Athens,  by 
Demetrius. 

294.  Demetrius  seizes  the 
throne  of  Macedon. 


298.  Outbreak  of  third 
Samnite  War;  Samnites 
defeated  at  Bovianum. 

295.  Samnites  and  Etrus¬ 
cans  defeated  at  Sen- 
tinum. 


287.  Athens  revolts  from 
Demetrius. 


290.  End  of  third  Samnite 
War. 


285 


Ptolemy  Soter  practically 
abdicates,  and  is  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  his  son, 
Ptolemy  II.  Philadel- 
phus. 


286.  Law  of  Hortensius, 
by  which  the  decrees  of 
the  Plebs  are  made  abso¬ 
lute  in  the  state.  The 
end  of  the  long  struggle 
between  Patricians  and 
Plebeians. 


283 


Death  of  Ptolemy  Soter. 


281.  The  Achaean  League 
created. 

Lysimachus  defeated  and 
slain  by  Seleucus  in  the 
battle  of  Korupedion. 


282.  Outbreak  of  hostili¬ 
ties  between  Rome  and 
Tarentum  ;  the  latter 
seeks  the  aid  of  Pyrrhus, 
king  of  Epirus. 

281.  Pyrrhus  lands  in  It¬ 
aly. 


280.  Irruption  of  the  Gauls 
into  Macedonia;  Ptol¬ 
emy  Ceraunus  slain. 


280.  Pyrrhus  defeats  the 
Romans  at  Pandosia 
(Heraclea)  and  at 
279  — Asculum. 


28 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


279  B.C.— 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society. etc. 


Asia. 


275.  Antiochus  I.  defeats 
the  Gauls,  gaining  the 
surname  of  Soter  (Sa¬ 
vior). 


269 


Silver  money  first  coined 
at  Rome. 


270  ( about ).  Asoka,  de¬ 
scendant  of  Chandra- 
gupta,  reigns  in  Magad- 
ha;  he.  is  a  friend  of 
Buddhism. 


264 


260 


The  Parian  Chronicle  com¬ 
posed. 

Gladiators  first  exhibited 
at  Rome. 


{about).  Berosus,  the  his' 
torian  of  Babylon. 


266.  Ariobarzanes linking 
of  Pontus. 


262.  Antiochus  Soter  de¬ 
feated  at  Sardis  by  Eu- 
menes. 

261.  Antiochus  defeated 
and  slain  by  the  Gauls 
in  a  battle  near  Ephesus; 
he  is  succeeded  by  An¬ 
tiochus  II.  Theos. 


255.  Kingdom  of  PAR- 
THIA  founded  by  Arsa- 
ces.  The  Tsin  dynasty  in 
China  commences,  under 
whom  the  construction 
of  the  Chinese  Wall  is 
begun. 


255  B.c. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


29 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


279.  Irruption  of  the  Gauls 
under  Brennus  into 
Greece. 

278.  — they  are  defeated 
near  Delphi. 

277.  Antigonus  Gonatus, 
king  of  Macedon. 


Rome,  etc. 


278.  Pyrrhus  invades  Sic¬ 
ily. 


275.  Pyrrhus  defeated  at 
Beneventum,  and  leaves 
Italy. 


273 


Ptolemy  sends  an  embassy 
to  Rome  and  enters  into 
friendly  relations  with 
the  Senate ;  grain  trade 
between  Egypt  and 
Rome  developed;  .  re- 
fuses  the  Carthaginians 
aid  against  the  Romans. 


274.  Pyrrhus  invades  Ma¬ 
cedon,  defeats  Antigo¬ 
nus,  and  is  proclaimed 
king. 


272.  Pyrrhus  besieges 
Sparta  and  Argos — is 
slain,  and  Antigonus  is 
restored. 


272.  Fall  of  Tarentum. 


271.  Fall  of  Rhegium. 


264 


Outbreak  of  the  first  war 
between  Carthage  and 
Rome. 


268.  Athens  taken  by  An¬ 
tigonus  Gonatus. 

Second  incursion  of 
the  Gauls  into  Macedon. 


266.  With  the  conquest 
of  the  Sallentines  the 
Roman  subjugation  of 
Italy  is  completed. 

264.  The  first  PUNIC 
WAR. — Appius  Claud¬ 
ius  defeats  Hiero  of 
Syracuse  at  Messana. 


256 


Regulus  invades  Africa, 
and  is  defeated  by 
Xanthippus,  a  Spartan 
general. 


255.  Antigonus  liberates 
Athens. 

Athens  joins  the 
Achaean  League. 


260.  Duilius  gains  a  vic¬ 
tory  over  the  Carthagin¬ 
ian  fleet  at  Mylae. 

256.  Regulus  gains  a  vic¬ 
tory  over  the  Carthagin¬ 
ian  fleet  at  Ecnomus. 

255.  The  Lacedemonians 
assist  Carthage. — Xan¬ 
thippus  defeats  Regulus, 
and  takes  him  prisoner. 


30 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


254  B.C 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society, etc. 


Asia. 


253 


The  Alexandrian  schol¬ 
ars  and  poets,  Aratus, 
Kallimachus,  Lyco- 
phron,  and  Apollonius. 


253.  Arsaces  II.  (Tiridates 
I.)  succeeds  to  the 
throne  in  Parthia. 


245 


{about).  Eratosthenes, 

celebrated  geometer  and 
geographer,  head  of  the 
Alexandrian  Library, 
makes  first  measurement 
of  circumference  of  the 
earth.  Chrysippus, 

Stoic  philosopher. 


246.  Antiochus  II.  Theos 
killed  by  his  wife;  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  his  son  Seleu- 
cus  II.  Callinicus. 

245.  War  breaks  out  be¬ 
tween  Seleucus  II.  and 
Ptolemy  Euergetes,  in 
which  the  latter  for  a 
time  is  master  of  almost 
the  entire  Seleucian 
kingdom. 


241.  Attalus  I.,  king  of 
Pergamus. 


240 


Comedies  of  Livius  An- 
dronicus,  first  acted  at 
Rome.  —  Archimedes, 
the  mathematician. 


235 


Naevius,  Roman 
flourishes. 


poet, 


237.  Seleucus  defeated  by 
the  Parthian  s. 


225 


Fabius  Pictor,  the  first 
Roman  historian. 


226.  Seleucus  II.  (Cerau- 
nus),  king  of  Syria. 


223.  Antiochus  III.  the 
Great,  king  of  Syria. 


222  B.C. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


31 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome,  etc. 


254.  Panormus  (Palermo) 
taken  by  the  Romans. 


251 


247 


245 


Metellus  defeats  Hasdru- 
bal  at  Panormus  in 
Sicily. 


Hamilcar  Barca  takes 
command  of  Carthagin¬ 
ian  forces  in  Sicily. — 
Accession  of  Ptolemy 
III.  Euergetes  in  Egypt. 

PtolemyEuergetes  subdues 
Syria. 


251.  Prosperity  of  Achaean 
League  under  Aratus, 
who  liberates  Sicyon 
and  joins  it  to  the 
League. 


249.  Romans  defeated  in 
naval  battle  of  Drepana. 
247.  Hamilcar  holds  Herc- 
te  against  the  Romans. 


241 


-238.  War  with  the  Mer¬ 
cenaries  in  Carthage. 


243.  Corinth  taken  by 
Aratus  and  united  to 
Achaean  League. 

241.  Agis  IV.,  king  of 
Sparta,  put  to  death  for 
attempting  to  establish 
agrarian  reform  and  re¬ 
introduce  the  Lycurgan 
constitution. 


241.  The  Roman  fleet 
under  Catulus  defeats 
the  Carthaginians  off 
the  .Egatian  Islands.— 
End  of  the  first  Punic 
War;  resulting  in  the 
acquisition  of  Sicily,  the 
first  Roman  province. 


238 


Hamilcar  begins  establish¬ 
ment  of  Carthaginian 
power  in  Spain. 


238.  Sardinia  seized  by 
Rome. 


228 


Carthagena  in  Spain, 
founded  by  Hasdrubal. 


222 


Ptolemy  IV.  Philopater, 
king  of  Egypt. 


228.  Roman  ambassadors 
first  appear  at  Athens 
and  Corinth. 

226.  Cleomenes,  king  of 
Sparta,  defeats  the 
Achasans. 

225.  Cleomenes  re-estab¬ 
lishes  the  constitution 
of  Lycurgus  at  Sparta. 

224.  Cleomenes  conquers 
Argos  and  is  joined  by 
Corinth. 


225.  The .  Gauls  defeated 
near  Telamon  in  Etru¬ 
ria. 

224.  The  Romans  first 
cross  the  Po. 

223.  The  Insubres  de¬ 
feated. 


32 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


221  B.C.— 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society.etc. 


The  Jews. 


Asia. 


220 


Plautus,  Roman  comic 
poet. 

The  Alexandrian  gram¬ 
marians  and  editors, 
Zenodotus  and  Aristo¬ 
phanes. 


217.  Antiochus  III  de¬ 
feated  by  Ptolemy  Phil- 
opater  in  the  battle  of 
Raphia. 

216.  Arsaces  III.,  king  of 
Parthia. 


213.  Antiochus  defeats  the 
Parthians  and  takes 
their  capital,  Hecatom- 
pylos. 


210 


204 


{about).  The  Great  Chinese 
Wall  begun. 


Ennius,  Roman  poet, 
comes  to  Rome. 


203.  Judea  submits  to 
Antiochus  the  Great. 


206.  The  dynasty  of  Han 
in  China  founded;  it 
lasts  until  221  a.d.,  and 
forms  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  periods  in  the 
history  of  China. 


200 


Moschus,  bucolic  poet. 


198.  The  Jews  assist  Anti¬ 
ochus  in  expelling  Sco- 
pas  and  the  Egyptian 
troops  from  Jerusalem; 
final  establishment  of 
the  Syrian  power  in 
Palestine. 


198  Antiochus  defeats  the 
Egyptians  under  Scopas 
in  a  great  battle  in  Pal¬ 
estine,  which  now  defi¬ 
nitely  comes  under  the 
Syrian  rule. 

197  Eumenes  II.,  king  of 
Pergamus. 


196.  Arsaces  IV.,  king  of 
Parthia. 

195.  Hannibal  flees  to 
Antiochus  IIL 


195  b.c 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


33 


221 


213? 


209 


Beginning  of  conquests  of 
Hannibal  in  Spain. 


War  between  Egypt  and 
Syria  resulting  in  the 
loss  of  Palestine  by  the 
Ptolemies. 


205 


203 


202 


198 


Rebellion  of  the  Egyptian 
peasantry  against  the 
Macedonian  oppression. 


Ptolemy  V.  associated  in 
the  crown. 


Ptolemy  V.  Epiphanes, 
king  of  Egypt. 


Scipio  Africanus  besieges 
Utica  and  burns  the 
camps  of  Hasdrubal  and 
Syphax. 

Hannibal  recalled  from 
Italy. 

Hannibal  defeated  at  Za- 
ma. — End  of  the  2d 
Punic  War. 


Egypt  loses  her  Syrian  pos¬ 
sessions. 


221.  Cleomenes  of  Sparta 
defeated  by  Antigonus 
Doson  at  Sellasia. 

220.  The  Social  War  be¬ 
tween  Achaeans  and 
AStolians. — Philip  V.  of 
Macedonia  assists  the 
Achaeans. 


215.  Alliance  of  Philip  V 
with  Hannibal. 


211.  The  ^Etolians  secure 
the  alliance  of  Rome 
against  the  Achaeans  and 
the  Macedonians. 

207.  Battle  of  Mantinea: 
Philopcemen,  the  gen¬ 
eral  of  the  Achaean 
League,  defeats  the 
Spartans. 


200.  Siege  of  Abydos  by 
Philip  V.  of  Macedonia; 
outbreak  of  war  between 
Macedonia  and  Rome. 

198.  The  Achaeans  and 
Spartans  join  the  Ro¬ 
mans  against  Macedonia. 


197.  Philip  V.  defeated  at 
Cynoscephalae  by  t~ie 

Romans  under  Flamin- 
inus. 

196  Macedonian  Greece 
declared  free  by  the 
Romans. 


219.  Hannibal  takes  Sa- 
guntum  and  crosses  the 
Alps 

218.  The  2d  Punic  War. — 
The  Romans  defeated  by 
Hannibal  at  the  Ticino 
and  the  Trebbia. 

217.  Flaminius  over¬ 
whelmed  at  Trasi- 
mene. 

216.  Romans  at  Cannae 
totally  defeated  by  Han¬ 
nibal. 

Fabius  Maximus,  Dic¬ 
tator. 

212.  Syracuse  taken  by 
Marcellus.  Archimedes 
killed. 

211.  Capua  taken  by  the 
Romans. 

209.  Publius  Scipio  takes 
New  Carthage. 

207.  Nero  and  Livy  defeat 
Hasdrubal  at  the  Met- 
aurus. — Hasdrubal  killed. 

206.  The  Carthaginians  de¬ 
feated  in  the  battle  of 
Ilipa  and  driven  out  of 
Spain. 

204.  Scipio  carries  the  war 
into  Africa. 


202.  Final  victory  over 
Carthage  at  Zama. 

200.  Outbreak  of  war  with 
Macedonia. 


197.  Flamininus  victorious 
in  Macedonia. 


195.  Cato  in  Spain 


34 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I94  B.C 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc 


The  Jews. 


Asia. 


194 


Apollonius  of  Rhodes  head 
of  the  Alexandrian  li¬ 
brary. 


192.  Syria  at  war  with 
Rome. 

190.  Scipio  Asiaticus  de¬ 
feats  Antiochus  III,  at 
Magnesia  and  compels 
him  to  cede  all  of  Asia 
Minor  excepting  Cilicia; 
the  conquered  territory 
is  allotted  by  Rome  to 
Pergamus. 

189.  Armenia  revolts  from 
the  Seleucid  rule  and 
establishes  its  indepen¬ 
dence. 

187.  Antiochus  III.  killed; 
succeeded  by  Seleucus 
IV.  Philopator. 


180 

2d 

cen¬ 

tury 


Statius  Caecilius,  comic 
poet. 

>•  Paper  made  in  China. 


174.  Jason  obtains  the 
high  priesthoou  oy  cor¬ 
ruption. 


170 


Polybius,  historian 
Greece  and  Rome. 


of 


171.  Jason  supplanted  by 
Menelaus. 

170.  The  temple  plundered 
by  Antiochus  Epi- 
phanes. 

168.  Jerusalem  again  plun¬ 
dered  by  Antiochus;  the 
temple  desecrated,  the 
Law  suppressed. 


183.  Pharnaces  I.,  king  of 
Pontus,  conquers  Sin¬ 
ope. 

181.  Phraates  I.,  king  of 
Parthia. 


176.  Antiochus  IV.  Epi- 
phanes,  king  of  Syria. 

174.  Mithradates  I.,  king 
of  Parthia,  founds  the 
greatness  of  that  power. 
He  conquers  Bactria, 
Persia,  Susiana,  and 
Babylonia. 

171.  Antiochus  IV.  de¬ 
clares  war  against  Ptol¬ 
emy  Philometor. 


167 


Greek  learning  comes  to 
Rome  as  a  result  of  con¬ 
quest  of  Macedonia. 


167.  Mattathias  the  Has- 
monean,  leads  an  insur¬ 
rection  against  the  Syr¬ 
ians. 


T66 


Terence,  comic  poet. 


165.  Judas  Maccabeus  ex¬ 
pels  the  Syrians  and 
purifies  the  temple. 


164.  Antiochus  V.  Eu- 
pator,  king  of  Syria. 


161 


Philosophers  and  rhetor¬ 
icians  banished  from 
Rome. 


161.  Judas  defeats  the 
Syrians  under  Nicanor 
at  Adasa. 

First  treaty  with  the 
Romans. 


162.  Demetrius  Soter 
seizes  throne  of  Syria. 

Ariarathes  Philopator, 
king  of  Cappadocia. 


l6l  B.C 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


35 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome,  etc. 


193 


Masinissa,  king  of  Numidia, 
harasses  the  Carthagin¬ 
ians,  and  injures  their 
commerce. 


191.  Antiochus  III.  de¬ 
feated  at  Thermopylae. 
190.  Antiochus  III.  is  to¬ 
tally  defeated  by  L.  C. 
Scipio  at  Magnesia. 


189 


182 


Formidable  insurrection  in 
upper  Egypt  owing  to 
oppressive  taxation. 


Ptolemy  VI.,  Philometor, 
king  of  Egypt. 


189.  The  AStolian  League 
crushed  by  the  Romans. 


188.  Philopoemen  abro¬ 
gates  the  laws  of  Lycur- 
gus  in  Sparta. 


183.  Philopoemen  defeated 
and  killed  by  the  Mes- 
senians 


179.  Perseus,  king  of 
Macedonia. 


185.  Disgrace  and  volun¬ 
tary  exile  of  Scipio  Afri- 
canus. 

184.  Cato,  the  elder,  cen¬ 
sor. 

183.  Death  of  Scipio  Afri- 
canus. 

181.  Pseudo  writings  of 
Numa  found  in  a  stone 
coffin  at  Rome. 

179.  Celtiberians  in  Spain 
subjugated  by  Tiberius 
Gracchus. 

176.  Sardinians  subdued 
by  Gracchus. 


170 


-163.  Joint  reign  of  Phi¬ 
lometor  and  Physcon  in 
Egypt. 


171.  War  between  Mace¬ 
donia  and  Rome. 


171.  War  against  Mace* 
donia. 


168.  Perseus  defeated  at 
Pydna,  by  Emilius 
Paulus. 


167.  Achaean  hostages 
transported  to  Italy  in 
large  numbers. 


163 


Ptolemy  VI.  is  driven  out 
by  his  brother  but  is 
restored  by  the  Roman 
senate,  Physcon  being 
given  Cyrene. 


36 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


160  B.C.— 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


The  Jews. 


Asia. 


160 


(about).  Hipparchus  of 
Nicaea  makes  important 
astronomical  discoveries 
and  lays  the  foundation 
of  Trigonometry. 


160.  Death  of  Judas  Mac¬ 
cabeus 


160.  Mithradates  IV.  (V.), 
king  of  Pontus. 


159 


The  clepsydra  or  water 
clock  introduced  by 
Scipio  Nasica 


158.  Jonathan  compels  the 
Syrians  under  Bacchides 
to  withdraw. 


155 


Pacuvius,  Latin 
poet,  flourishes 


tragic 


150 


Aristarchus,  of  Alexandria, 

grammarian,  greatest  of 
rreek  scholars,  editor  of 
Homer  and  the  drama¬ 
tists. 


151.  Alexander  B alas  over¬ 
throws  Demetrius  So  ter 
and  takes  the  throne. 


149.  Prusias  II.  of  Bithy- 
nia,  killed  by  his  son, 
Nicomedes. 


146  The  fall  of  Corinth  and  the 
transplantation  of  its 
art  treasures  to  Rome 
marks  an  important 
epoch  in  the  conquest  of 
the  Roman  world  by 
Greek  thought. 

145  Hipparchus,  mathemati¬ 
cian  and  astronomer, 
flourishes. 


146.  Demetrius  II.  Nic- 
ator,  king  of  Syria. 


143  Jonathan  is  slain  by 
Trypho. 

142.  Simon,  high  priest. 
Demetrius  II.  of  Syria 
acknowledges  Jewish  in¬ 
dependence. 


135.  John  Hyrcanus,  high 
priest. 

133.  Jerusalem  taken  by 
Antiochus  VII. 


140.  Demetrius  II.  is  de¬ 
feated  by  Mithradates 
I.  of  Parthia  and  re¬ 
tained  in  captivity  for  a 
number  of  years. 


137.  Antiochus  VII.  (Si- 
detes),  king  of  Syria. 


133.  Antiochus  takes  Jer 
usalem. 


133  b.c 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


37 


B.C. 

Africa. 

Greece. 

Rome,  etc. 

157 

Cato’s  embassy  to  Car¬ 
thage. 

155.  Athenian  embassy  of 
Diogenes,  Carneades, 

and  Critolaus  to  Rome. 

155.  War  with  the  Lusi- 
tanians  and 

153.  with  the  Celtiberians. 

152 

Masinissa  defeats  the  Car¬ 
thaginians. 

152.  Andriscus  attempts 
to  raise  Macedonia 

against  Rome. 

151.  Defeat  of  Galba  in 
Spain  by  the  Celtiber- 
lans. 

150.  The  Lusitanians 
crushed. 

147 

Ptolemy  VI.  joins  with 
Demetrius  Nicator 
against  Alexander  Balas 
of  Syria  and  is  crowned 
king  at  Antioch. 

148.  He  is  defeated  by 
Metellus  and 

149.  Third  Punic  War 
begins. 

The  Lex  Calpurnia 
seeks  to  restrain  the  mal¬ 
practice  of  provincial 
governors. 

146 

Carthage  taken  and  de¬ 
stroyed. 

Ptolemy  VII.,  Physcon, 
becomes  sole  king  of 
Egypt. 

146.  Macedonia  becomes  a 
Roman  province. 

War  between  the  Achaean 
League  and  Sparta  and 
Rome;  Corinth  taken 
and  destroyed  by 
Mummius. 

146.  Conquest  of  Carthage 
and  of  Corinth. 

Roman 

Empire. 

In  the  East. 

In  Europe. 

143.  Numantine  War 
begins. 

140.  Romans  cause  assas¬ 
sination  of  Viriathus, 
leader  of  the  Lusitanians 
in  Spam. 

139.  Servile  insurrection 
in  Sicily. 

133.  Pergamus  bequeath¬ 
ed  to  the  Romans  by 
Attalus  III. 

133.  Numantia  destroyed 
by  Scipio. 

Acts  and  death  of 
Tiberius  Gracchus. 

38 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


132  B.C.- 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society, etc. 


The  Jews. 


Asia. 


130 


Lucius  Accius,  tragic  poet 


129.  John  Hyrcanus  be¬ 
gins  task  of  delivering 
Judea  from  the  Syrian 
yoke;  reduces  Samaria 
and  Idumea. 


129.  Antiochus  VII.  de¬ 
feated  and  killed  in  a 
war  with  Parthia. 

Demetrius  II.  regains 
Syria. 


125 


Lucilius  the  first  Roman 
satirist. 


126.  Demetrius  is  over¬ 
thrown  and  there  follow 
the  parallel  reigns  of 
Alexander  II.  (till  122) 
and  Antiochus  VIII. 
Grypus  (till  114). 


120.  Mithradates  V.  (VI.) 
the  Great,  king  of 
Pontus. 


109.  Hyrcanus  destroys 
Samaria. 


105.  Hyrcanus  succeeded 
by  his  son  Aristobulus. 
who  first  assumes  the 
title  of  king. 


112.  Mithradates  begins 
career  of  conquest  in  the 
kingdom  of  Bosporus 
(Crimea),  Lesser  Ar¬ 
menia,  Colchis,  and  part 
of  Scythia  to  the  Dnies¬ 
ter. 


104.  Alexander  Jannasus 
succeeds  to  the  throne; 
in  a  war  against  Ptolemy 
VIII..  Lathyrus,  the 
exiled  ruler  of  Egypt,  he 
is  assisted  by  Cleopatra, 
the  reigning  queen,  and 
expels  Ptolemy  from 
Palestine. 


100 


Lucius  Afranius, 
writer. 


comic 


IOO  B.C 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


39 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Roman  Empire. 


In  the  East. 


In  Europe. 


131.  War  with  Aristonicus , 
pretender  to  the  crown 
of  Pergamus. 


132.  Servile  War  ended. 


130 


Ptolemy  Physcon  driven 
from  his  throne  for  his 
cruelty. 


130.  Aristonicus  defeated. 

129.  Pergamus  organized 
as  the  province  of  Asia. 


127 


Physcon  restored. 


123 


Carthage  rebuilt. 


123.  Tribunate  of  Caius 
Gracchus;  he  brings  for¬ 
ward  the  Leges  Sempro- 
nial  involving  far-reach¬ 
ing  reforms. 


121.  Caius  Gracchus  slain. 


118 


Death  of  Micipsa,  king  of 
Numidia,  and  the  assas¬ 
sination  of  Hiempsal  by 
Jugurtha. 


116 


Ptolemy  VIII.,  Lathyrus, 
king  of  Egypt. 


112 


Jugurthine  War  begins. 


107 


Ptolemy  VIII.  exiled  and 
Alexander  I.  king  of 
Egypt. 


106 


Jugurtha  is  defeated  by 
Marius. 


111.  Outbreak  of  war  with 
Jugurtha  who  had  us¬ 
urped  the  royal  power 
in  Numidia. 

106.  Jugurtha  defeated 
and  taken ;  he  perishes  in 
prison  at  Rome. 


113.  War  begun  against 
the  Cimbri  and  the  Teu- 
tones. 


104.  The  Teutones  defeat 
the  Romans  onthebanks 
of  the  Rhone,  inflicting 
a  loss  of  80,000  men. 

102.  Marius  victorious 
over  the  Teutones  and 
Ambrones  at  Aquae  Sex- 
tiae. 

101.  Marius  and  Catulus 
defeat  the  Cimbri  at 
Vercellae. 

100.  Marius  attains  his 
sixth  consulate. 

Banishment  of  Metel- 
lus  Numidicus. 

Birth  of  Julius  Caesar. 


40 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


99  B.C.— 


B.C 


Progress  of  Society, etc. 


The  Jews 


Asia. 


96.  Seleucus  V.  succeeds 
Antiochus  VIII  but  is 
assassinated  in  the  fol¬ 
lowing  year. 

94.  Cappadocia  declared 
free  from  the  rule  of 
Mithradates  of  Pontus 
by  Rome. 

93.  Ariobarzanes  elected 
king. 

Tigranes,  king  of  Armenia, 
expels  Ariobarzanes, 
who  is  restored  in  the 
following  year. 


90 


86 


89.  The  Roman  franchise 
granted  to  the  Italians. 


Libraries  of  Athens  sent  to 
Rome  by  Sulla. 
Posidonius,  stoic  philoso¬ 
pher,  at  Rome. 


80  Quintus Hortensius,  orator. 


86.  Alexander  Jannaeus  re¬ 
turning  from  exile,  where 
he  has  been  driven  by 
the  Pharisees,  wreaks 
cruel  vengeance  on  that 
party. 


78.  Alexandra,  widow  of 
Jannaeus,  governs  Judea. 


69.  Hyrcanus  II.  in  con¬ 
flict  with  his  brother 
Aristobulus. 


88.  Pontus  at  war  with 
Rome;  Italians  in  Asia 
massacred. 

87.  Mithradates  sends 
army  into  Greece. 

86.  Pontic  forces  defeated 
by  Sulla  at  Chaeronea. 

84.  Peace  concluded  be¬ 
tween  Pontus  and  Rome. 

83.  Second  Mithradatic 
war  begins. 

81.  — war  terminated. 


74.  Beginning  of  third 
Mithradatic  war. 


71.  Mithradates 
at  Cabira. 


defeated 


69.  Tigranes  of  Armenia 
defeated  by  Lucullus  at 
Tigranocerta. 

66  Mithradates  defeated 
by  Pompey  at  Nicopolis. 

65.  The  race  of  the  Seleu- 
cidae  deposed. 

64.  Syria  becomes  a 
Roman  province. 


64  b.c. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


41 


B.C. 


Roman  Empire. 


96 


88 


84? 


81 


65 


By  the  death  of  Ptolemy 
Apion,  Cyrene  becomes 
Roman. 


Second  reign  of  Ptolemy 
Lathyrus.  Ptolemy  IX. 


Thebes  destroyed  by  Lath¬ 
yrus. 


Alexander  II.  (Ptolemy 
X).  king  of  Egypt. 
Ptolemy  XI.  Auletes,  king 
of  Egypt. 


In  Asia  and  Africa. 


96.  Annexation  of  Cyrene, 
bequeathed  to  the  Ro¬ 
mans  by  its  king,  Ptol¬ 
emy. 


92.  A  Parthian  embassy 
visits  Sulla  in  Asia,  the 
first  act  of  intercourse 
between  the  two  em¬ 
pires. 


88.  Mithradatic  War;  Sulla 
commands  the  Roman 
army. 

The  Athenians  seek 
assistance  from  Mithra- 
dates  against  Rome. 


86.  Athens,  . 
famine,  is 
Sulla. 


reduced 

taken 


by 

by 


Crassus,  as  censor,  pro¬ 
poses  that  Egypt  be 
made  a  Roman  province ; 
he  is  opposed  by  his 
colleague  Catulus. 


74.  Nicomedes  III.  of  Bi- 
thynia  bequeaths  his 
kingdom  to  the  Ro¬ 
mans. 


66.  Metellus  subdues  Crete. 


64.  Syria  a  Roman  pro¬ 
vince- 


In  Europe. 

99.  End  of  Second  Servile 
War  in  Sicily,  begun  in 
102. 


91.  The  tribune  M.  Livius 
proposes  the  bestowal  of 
the  Roman  franchise  on 
the  Italian  allies:  he  is 
slain. 

90.  Social  War  in  Italy. 


88.  Sulla  puts  an  end  to 
the  Social  War. 

Civil  War  between 
Marius  and  Sulla. 


82.  Sulla  defeats  Marius, 
and  is  created  perpetual 
dictator. 

79.  Sertorius  revolts  in 
Spain  and  defeats  Me¬ 
tellus  and  Pompey. 

73.  War  of  Spartacus,  the 
gladiator. 

72.  Sertorius  assassinated. 

71.  Spartacus  defeated  by 
Crassus. 

70.  Pompey  and  Crassus 
consuls. 


42 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


6 3  B.C.— 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society, etc. 


The  Jews. 


Asia. 


63.  Pompey  makes  an  end 
of  Jewish  independence, 
confirming  Hyrcanus  in 
possession  of  the  High 
Priesthood. 


63.  Pharnaces  king 
part  of  Pontus. 


of 


60 


Cicero,  statesman  and  ora¬ 
tor;  Sallust,  historian; 
Lucretius  and  Catullus, 

Soets;  Andronicus,  of 
.hodes,  peripatetic 
philosopher. 


60.  (about).  By  the  absorp¬ 
tion  of  Syria,  Rome 
comes  into  touch  with 
the  Parthian  power. 


57.  (about).  India;  war  of 
the  natives  under  Vikra- 
maditya  against  Scyth¬ 
ian  invaders. 

55.  Outbreak  of  war  be¬ 
tween  Rome  and  Par- 
thia. 


53.  The  Romans  defeated. 
— Crassus  slain  at  Car- 
rhae. 

52.  Parthians  overrun  Sy¬ 
ria  and  threaten  An¬ 
tioch. 


47.  Antipater,  the  Idu- 
mean,  is  made  procura¬ 
tor  of  Judea  by  Csesar. 


47.  Battle  of  Zela. — Phar¬ 
naces  II.  of  Pontus  con¬ 
quered  by  Caesar. 


46 


Caesar  reforms  the  Calen¬ 
dar. 

Cornelius  Nepos  and  Dio¬ 
dorus  Siculus,  histor¬ 
ians;  Vitruvius,  writer 
on  architecture;  M. 
Terentius  Varro,  writer 
on  agriculture. 


46  B.c 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


43 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Roman  Empire. 


58  Ptolemy  XI.,  Auletes,  flees 
to  Rome,  Berenice  reigns 
in  his  absence. 


55 


51 


48 


47 


46 


Ptolemy  XI.  restored  by 
a  Roman  army  under 
Gabinius  and  Marcus 
Antonius. 


Death  of  Ptolemy  XI.;  by 
will  he  appoints  Cleo¬ 
patra  and  her  brother, 
Ptolemy  XII.,  to  reign 
jointly. 


Pompey,  defeated,  arrives 
in  Egypt  and  is  slain. 


In  Asia  and  Africa 


63.  Pompey  takes  Jer¬ 
usalem. 


East. 


53.  Crassus  defeated  and 
killed  in  Parthia. 


Ptolemy  XII.  drowned. 


The  African  War. — Caesar 
gains  battle  of  Thapsus. 
— Cato  kills  himself  at 
Utica. 

Caesar  contemplates  re¬ 
building  of  Carthage. 


In  Europe. 

63.  M.  T.  Cicero,  consul, 
detects  and  suppresses 
Catiline’s  Conspiracy. 


60.  First  Triumvirate : — 
Pompey,  Crassus,  and 
Julius  Caesar. 

58.  Clodius  procures  the 
banishment  of  Cicero. — 
The  Helvetii  defeated  by 
Julius  Caesar. 

57.  Cicero  recalled. 


55.  Caesar  passes  the 
Rhine,  defeats  the  Ger¬ 
mans,  and  invades  Brit¬ 
ain. 

54.  Caesar’s  second  inva¬ 
sion  of  Britain. 


48.  Caesar  defeated  by 
Pompey  at  Dyrrhach- 
ium. — Thessaly  becomes 
the  seat  of  war. — The 
Athenians  declare  for 
Caesar  against  Pompey 
Battle  of  Pharsalia: — 
Pompey,  defeated  by 
Caesar,  flees  into  Egypt, 
and  is  slain  there. 

47.  Caesar  takes  Alexandria 
and  conquers  Egvpt. 
Caesar  victorious  at  2ela 
in  Asia  over  Pharnaces 
II.  of  Pontus. 

46.  The  Pompeians  in  Af¬ 
rica  under  Sextus  Pom- 
peius,  Cato  of  Utica,  and 
Juba  are  defeated  at 
Thapsus  by  Caesar. 


52.  Pompey  sole  consul. 

51.  Caesar  completes  the 
conquest  of  Gaul. 

50.  Sallust  expelled  from 
the  Senate. 

49.  Caesar  passes  the  Ru¬ 
bicon,  and  in  sixty  days 
makes  himself  master 
of  Italy — marches  into 
Spain  and  forces  Pom¬ 
pey ’s  troops  to  surrender. 


46.  Caesar  crushes  the 
Pompeians  at  Thapsus. 


44 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


45  B.C.- 


B.C. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


The  Jews. 


Asia. 


43.  Antipater  poisoned. 


40.  Herod  the  Great,  son 
of  Antipater,  defeats  his 
rival,  Antigonus,  and 
Parcorus,  the  Parthian — 
and  is  made  king  by  the 
Romans. 


37.  Herod  with  Roman  aid 
takes  Jerusalem  which 
upholds  the  cause  of  the 
Hasmonean  family. 


40.  Parthians  under  Par¬ 
corus  invade  Syria,  take 
Antioch  and  Sidon,  plun¬ 
der  Jerusalem,  and  ad¬ 
vance  as  far  as  the 
Mediterranean. 

39-38.  Parthians  defeated 
by  Ventidius. 

36.  Marcus  Antonius  in¬ 
vades  Parthia  but  is  com¬ 
pelled  to  retreat  with 
loss. 

34.  Antony  subdues  Ar¬ 
menia. 


30 


Direct  trade  of  Rome  with 
India. — Silk  and  linen 
manufactories  in  the 
empire. 


30.  Augustus  bestows  an 
increase  of  territory  on 
Herod. 


29 


Temple  of  Janus  at  Rome 
closed — there  being  now 
a  general  peace. 


29.  Herod  kills  his  wife. 
Mariamne. 


27 


The  Pantheon  built. 


25 


22 


Golden  age  of  Roman  lit¬ 
erature.  Horace,  Virgil, 
Tibullus,  Propertius, 

Boets;  Livy,  historian; 

[secenas,  minister  of 
Augustus,  patron  of  lit¬ 
erature;  Strabo,  geogra¬ 
pher;  ASmilius  Macer,  of 
Verona,  poet;  Dionys¬ 
ius,  of  Halicarnassus, 
historian;  Agripp  a, 
warrior,  and  patron  of 
the  arts. 

Pantomimic  dances  intro¬ 
duced  on  the  Roman 
Stage. 


25.  {about).  Herod  begins 
extensive  building  oper¬ 
ations  in  Judea,  founds 
Caesarea,  '  rebuilds  Sa¬ 
maria,  reconstructs  the 
temple  at  Jerusalem 
(20-19) 


23.  Parthian  embassy  at 
Rome. 


20.  Parthians  restore  the 
standards  captured  from 
Crassus. 


20  B.C 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


45 


B.C. 


Africa. 


Roman  Empire. 


45 


41 


Cleopatra  poisons  her  br 
ther  and  reigns  alone. 


Marcus  Antonius,  capti¬ 
vated  by  Cleopatra, 
takes  up  his  residence 
in  Alexandria,  whence 
he  administers  Eastern 
affairs. 


45.  Caesar  perpetual  dicta¬ 
tor — the  remnants  of  the 
Pompeians  crushed  at 
Munda  in  Spain. 

44.  Caesar  assassinated, 

43.  Second  Triumvirate:— 
Octavius  Caesar,  Marcus 
Antonius,  and  Lepidus. 
— Cicero  proscribed  and 
murdered. 

42.The  battle  of  Philippi: 
- — Antony  and  Octav¬ 
ius  defeat  Brutus  and 
Cassius. 


36  Cleopatra  obtains  from 
Antony  a  grant  of 
Phoenicia,  Coele-Syria, 
and  Cyprus. 

34  Marcus  Antonius  divides 
Asia  among  his  sons  by 
Cleopatra. 


31  Marcus  Antonius  and 
Cleopatra  defeated  by 
Octavius,  at  Actium. 

30  Antonius  and  Cleopatra 
destroy  themselves.  — 
Egypt  becomes  a  Roman 
province  under  the  per¬ 
sonal  rule  of  Augustus. 


36.  Sextus  Pompeius  de¬ 
feated  in  Sicily. 


33.  Antony  quarrels  with 
Octavius. 

31.  By  the  battle  of  Ac¬ 
tium  Octavius  acquires 
sole  rule  in  the  Roman 
world. 


29.  Octavius’s  3  days  tri¬ 
umph  at  Rome. 

Temple  of  J  anus  shut. 

27.  The  titles  of  Augustus 
and  Emperor  conferred 
on  Octavius  for  10  years; 
the  end  of  the  Republic. 

23.  Augustus  receives  tri- 
bunician  power  for  life. 


22.  Conspiracy  of  Murena. 

21.  Augustus  visits  Greece 
and  Asia. 


46 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


19  B.C.— 


B.C. 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

The  Jews. 

Asia. 

8. 

The  Calendar  corrected  by- 
Augustus. 

4’  (7-6 2 ).  Jesus  Christ  born. 
The  birth  of  Jesus 
Christ  was  made  a  start¬ 
ing  point  in  chronology 
by  the  monk  Dionysius 
Exiguus  who  lived  in  the 
sixth  century;  it  was 
adopted  by  the  Church 
in  Rome  soon  after,  was 
popularized  by  Bede  in 
the  eighth  century,  and 
came  into  common  use 
in  the  tenth.  Dionysius 
identified  the  birth  of 
Christ  (incarnation)  with 
the  year  754  of  the  Ro¬ 
man  era,  but  modern 
research  has  shown  that 
the  great  event  must  be 
placed  from  four  to 
seven  years  before  the 
date  assumed  by  Dio¬ 
nysius. 

Archelaus  succeeds 
Herod  with  the  title  of 
Ethnarch. 

19.  Armenia;  on  the  death 
of  Artaxias  II.  the  Ro¬ 
mans  place  on  the  throne 
Tigranes  II.;  Armenia 
becomes  a  pawn  between 
Rome  and  Parthia. 

16.  Agrippa  is  in  Asia 
where  he  regulates  the 
affairs  of  Palestine. 

14.  Polemon  of  Pontus 
conquers  Bosporus. 

1  Cheyne,  Encyclopaedia  Biblica.  2  Hastings,  Dictionary  of  the  Bible. 


4  B.C 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


4  7 


B.C. 

Africa. 

Roman  Empire. 

' 

19.  The  Cantabri  in  Spain 
subjugated;  conquest  of 
Spain  complete. 

16.  Lollius  defeated  by  the 
Germans. 

15.  Rhaetians  and  Vindeli- 
cians  subdued  by  Ti¬ 
berias  and  Drusus. 

12.  Augustus  assumes  the 
title  of  Pontifex  Maxi¬ 
mus. 

Pannonia  conquered 
by  Tiberias. 

11.  Victories  of  Drusus  in 
Germany. 

48 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


2  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Sacred. 


2 


Ovid  publishes  his  Ars  Amatoria. 


10 


Celsus,  the  physician;  Phaedrus,  the 
fabulist;  Velleius  Paterculus,  Roman 
historian. 


26.  Pontius  Pilate  becomes  procurator 
of  Judea. 

28-29 1  (26-272).  Baptism  of  Jesus  Christ 
and  beginning  of  His  public  work. 

30 1  (292).  Crucifixion  of  Jesus  Christ. 


40 


Philo,  Alexandrian  Jew,  disciple  of  Plato; 
Seneca,  moral  philosopher;  Apion  of 
Alexandria,  gram—arian,  called  the 
“  Trumpet  of  the  World.” 


35-36 2  (31  or  35 1). 
to  Christianity. 


St.  Paul  converted 


50 


Columella,  writer  on  husbandry. 


47. 2  First  missionary  journey  of  Paul. 

49. 2  Council  of  the  Apostles  at  Jeru- 
salem 

50. 2  Paul  at  Corinth. 


52. 2  Third  missionary  journey  of  Paul. 


55.  Paul  at  Ephesus. 


» 

I 


iCheyne,  Encyclopedia  Biblica. 

2 Hastings,  Dictionary  of  the  Bible. 


55  A. D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


49 


A.D. 


Roman  Empire. 


East, 


West. 


Caius  Caesar  makes  peace  with  the  Par- 
thians. 


The  subjugation  of  the  Dalmatians 
completed. 


4.  Death  of  Caius  Caesar,  son  of 
Agrippa;  Tiberius  renews  his  cam¬ 
paigns  in  Germany. 

9.  Roman  legions  under  Varus  de¬ 
stroyed  by  the  Germans  under 
Arminius  in  the  Teutoburg  Forest. 

Ovid  is  banished  to  Tomi  on  the 
Black  Sea. 


17  Germanicus  takes  command  in  the  East. 
19  Germanicus  poisoned  at  Antioch. 


24 


Uprising  of  Tacfarinas  in 
suppressed. 


Numidia 


14.  Augustus  dies  and  Tiberius  be¬ 
comes  emperor. 

The  Pannonian  and  German  legions 
revolt. 

19.  The  Jews  banished  from  Italy. 

23.  Sejanus  poisons  Drusus,  son  of 
Tiberius. 


26.  Tiberius  retires  to  Capreae  (Capri). 


31.  Sejanus  disgraced  and  put  to  death 

37.  Tiberius  dies. 

Caligula  (Caius  Caesar)  becomes 
emperor. 


41.  Caligula  assassinated. 

Claudius  becomes  emperor. 


42  Mauretania  conquered  and  divided  into 
two  provinces,  Mauretania  Tingitana 
and  Mauretania  Caesariensis. 


46  Thrace  made  a  Roman  province. 


43.  — invades  Britain  with  his  general, 
Plautius. 


51.  Caractacus,  the  chief  of  the  Trino- 
bantes  in  Britain,  defeated  and 
brought  to  Rome. 


54.  Nero  becomes  emperor. 

55.  — poisons  Britannicus,  son  of 
Claudius. 


50 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


5 6  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Sacred  and  Ecclesiastical. 


Persius,  satirist. 


56. 1  Paul  arrested  in  Jerusalem. 

59. 1  Paul  arrives  in  Rome. 

61. 1  Acts  closed. 


64 


Nero’s  golden  house  built.  The  build¬ 
ings  in  Rome  more  regular  after  the 
fire. 


64.  First  traditional  persecution  of 
Christians,  by  Nero. 

64-65. 1  Martyrdom  of  Peter  and  Paul. 

66.  Outbreak  of  Jewish  war. 

67.  Pope  Linus.2  Vespasian  despatched 
against  the  Jews. 


70 


Pliny,  the  elder,  author  of  comprehen¬ 
sive  natural  history;  Josephus,  the 
Jewish  historian. 

The  destruction  of  Jerusalem  marks 
the  end  of  the  Jews  as  a  nation;  from 
that  time  they  enter  on  their  historic 
role  of  wanderers. 


70.  The  destruction  of  Jerusalem  by 
Titus. 


72.  Conquest  of  Judea  completed. 


79.  Pope  Anacletus. 


80 


Colosseum  completed. 

Quintilian,  orator;  Valerius  Flac- 
cus,  poet;  Martial,  epigrammatist; 
Apollonius  of  Tyana,  Pythagorean 
philosopher;  Epictetus,  stoic;  Dio 
Chrysostom,  Greek  rhetorician  and 
philosopher. 


90.  Pope  Clemens. 

95.  Second  traditional  persecution  of 
the  Christians,  by  Domitian. 


1  Hastings,  Dictionary  of  the  Bible. 

2The  word  Pope  is  used  in  accordance 
with  the  Roman  Catholic  usage,  though 
the  name  was  not  adopted  by  the  Pon¬ 
tiffs  till  several  centuries  after. 


95  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


51 


A.D. 


East. 


Roman  Empire. 


West. 


60 


Corbulo  subdues  Armenia. 


63  Tiridates  placed  on  the  throne  of  Ar- 
tnenia  by  Nero. 


66  Tiridates  visits  Rome. 


59.  Nero’s  mother,  Agrippina,  put  to 
death  by  his  order. 

61.  Revolt  of  the  Britons  under  queen 
Boadicea;  they  burn  London.  The 
queen,  defeated  by  Suetonius,  poisons 
herself. 


64.  Burning  of  Rome  and  Christians 
accused  of  the  crime. 

65.  Seneca  and  Lucan  put  to  death. 


68.  Galba  proclaimed  emperor  by  the 
soldiers  in  Spain ;  he  reigns  8  months, 
and  is  put  to  death  by  the  Praetorians. 


69 


Vespasian  declared 
andria. 


emperor  at  Alex- 


69.  Otho  becomes  emperor;  acknowl¬ 
edged  by  the  Senate;  (3  months) 
defeated  by 


Vitellius,  who  becomes  emperor 
(8  months) ;  he  is  overthrown  by  the 
army  of 


70 


Jerusalem  destroyed  by  Titus. 


70.  Vespasian,  commander  in  the  East, 
who  becomes  emperor. 


78.  Agricola  assumes  command  in 
Britain. 

79.  Titus  becomes  emperor. 
Herculaneum  and  Pompeii  de¬ 
stroyed  by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius. 


81.  Domitian  becomes  emperor. 


86  War  with  the  Dacians  under  Decebalus. 


90  Roman  reverses  against  the  Quadi  and 
the  Marcomanni;  peace  with  the 
Dacians  bought. 


86.  Romans  defeated  by  the  Dacians  on 
the  Danube. 

88.  The  secular  games  celebrated. 


52 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


9 6  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


96 


Tacitus,  historian;  Juvenal,  satirist; 
Statius,  poet;  Plutarch,  moralist  and 
biographer;  the  younger  Pliny. 


100 


Jurisprudence  flourishes;  Rome  adorned 
with  the  Trajan  Forum;  Pillar  of 
Trajan,  and  baths;  stone  bridge 
built  over  the  Danube. 


99.  Pope  Evaristus. 

100.  Christian  assemblies  prohibited  by 
Trajan. 

100  {about)  Composition  of  the“Shep- 
herd”  of  Hermas. 


107.  Pope  Alexander  I. 

108.  St.  Ignatius  put  to  death. 

112-113  (100?).  Third  traditional  per¬ 
secution,  by  Trajan. 

116.  Pope  Xystus  (Sixtus  I). 


130 


The  great  buildings  of  Palmyra. — Tem¬ 
ple  of  the  Sun  at  Baalbec. 


125.  Pope  Telesphorus. 


132 


Jurisprudence  improved  by  the  pro¬ 
mulgation  of  Hadrian’s  perpetual 
code. 

Ptolemy,  the  celebrated  Egyptian 
astronomer  and  geographer;  Arrian 
and  Appian,  Greek  historians;  Paus- 
anius,  traveller. 


136.  Pope  Hyginus. 


160 


Lucian,  satirist;  Hermogenes, 
ician. 


rhetor- 


140.  Pope  Pius  I. 

Heresy  of  Valentine. 

145  {about).  Rise  of  the  Marcionites. 
154.  Pope  Anicetus. 

Canon  of  Scripture  fixed  about  this 
time. 

154  {about).  Justin  Martyr  publishes 
his  apology  for  the  Christians. 

155  {about).  Martyrdom  of  Polycarp; 
appearance  of  Montanus. 


163  {about).  Martyrdom  of  Papias. 
165.  Pope  Soter. 

Death  of  Justin  Martyr. 


W^SW/iSo*  art  10 _ LQNCITUQC  CAST  or  OR££Rtv/CH 


175  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


53 


A.D. 


Roman  Empire. 


East. 


West. 


96.  Domitian  assassinated. 
Nerva  becomes  emperor. 


98.  Trajan  becomes  emperor;  a  great 
sovereign  and  a  warrior,  under 
whom  the  Roman  Empire  attained 
its  greatest  extent. 


103-  Pliny,  propraetor  in  Bithynia,  sends 
104  Trajan  his  account  of  the  Christians. 


101.  Trajan  begins  his  Dacian  cam¬ 
paigns. 


107.  Dacia  made  a  province. 


114 

116 

117 


Traj  an  begins  war  against  the  Parthians. 
Capture  of  Ctesiphon. 

Revolt  of  the  Jews  in  Cyrene  and 
Egypt.  Trajan  dies  at  Selinus  in 
Cilicia. 


112- 

127 

130 


131 


Hadrian  in  the  East  for  five  years. 

Hadrian  rebuilds  Jerusalem,  under  the 
name  of  JElia  Capitolina,  and  erects 
there  a  temple  to  Jupiter. 

Revolt  of  the  Jews  under  Bar  Cochba. 


117.  Hadrian  becomes  emperor;  under¬ 
takes  extensive  travels  throughout 
the  provinces  of  the  empire. 

121.  Erection  of  Hadrian’s  wall  in 
Britain. 


132.  The  Edictum  Perpetuum,  compris¬ 
ing  the  edicts  of  the  Roman  praetors, 
collected  and  published. 


136 


Jewish  war  ended. 


138.  Antoninus  Pius  becomes  emperor; 
(eminent  for  his  virtues  and  love  of 
peace). 


161.  Marcus  Aurelius  (Antoninus)  be¬ 
comes  emperor. 


162 


War  with  the  Parthians,  lasts  4  years 
and  ends  in  the  confirmation  of  Ro¬ 
man  authority  in  Armenia. 


167-175.  War  with  the  Marcomanni 
and  the  Quadi. 


54 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


170  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


170 


Galen,  Greek  physician;  Diogenes 
Laertius,  Greek  historian. 


174.  Pope  Eleutherus. 

177.  Fourth  traditional  persecution,  by 
Marcus  Aurelius — Irenaeus  becomes 
bishop  of  Lyons. 


180 


The  Meditations  of  Marcus  Aurelius  em¬ 
body  some  of  the  loftiest  thoughts  of 
antiquity. 


180.  Age  of  Theophilus  and  Tatian. 
Hegesippus  writes  against  the  Gnostics. 

189.  Pope  Victor  I. 


206 


Baths  of  Caracalla  begun. 


198.  Pope  Zephyrinus;  strife  between 
Zephyrinus  and  Hippolytus  as  to  the 
restoration  of  those  who  had  fallen 
away  from  the  Church  under  perse¬ 
cution. 

202.  Fifth  persecution  of  the  Christians, 
under  Severus. — Tertullian,  an  able 
defender  of  Christianity.— Clement 
of  Alexandria,  and  Minucius  Felix. 


210 


Papinian,  jurist. 


215 


Caracalla  grants  the  right  of  Roman 
citizenship  to  all  the  provinces,  that 
they  may  become  liable  to  additional 
taxes. 


217. 


Pope  Calixtus  I. 


220 


Dio  Cassius,  historian. 


220  {.about).  Death  of  Clement  of 
Alexandria. 

221.  Julius  Africanus,  first  of  Christian 
chronologists. 


222.  Pope  Urban  I. 


230 


Ammonius  Saccas,  founder  of  the 
Neo-Platonic  school  of  philosophy  at 
Alexandria. 

Herodian,  Greek  historian. 

Censorinus,  critic  and  grammarian. 


230.  Pope 
tullian. 


Pontianus. — Death  of  Ter- 


232  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


55 


A.D. 


Roman  Empire. 


East. 


West. 


178.  Renewal  of  war  with  the  Marco- 
manni. 

180.  The  emperor  dies  at  Sirmium: 
Commodus  becomes  emperor, 
makes  peace  with  the  Germans. 


191.  Rome  nearly  destroyed  by  fire. 

192.  Commodus  assassinated. 

193.  Pertinax  proclaimed  emperor 

by  the  Praetorian  guards;  murdered 
after  a  reign  of  3  months. 

The  empire  bought  by  Didius 
Julianus,  who  reigns  for  2  months, 
and  is  put  to  death. 

Septimius  Severus  proclaimed 

emperor  by  the  Pannonian  legions. 


197 


Severus  invades  the  Parthian  empire, 
captures  Seleucia  and  Babylon,  and 
acquires  Adiabene  (northern  Assyria). 


194.  — defeats  his  competitor,  Pescen- 
nius  Niger,  at  Issus;  besieges 
Byzantium. 

197.  — defeats  rival  emperor  Albinus 
in  Gaul. 


202.  — persecutes  the  Christians. 


208.  — invades  Britain  and  makes 
war  on  the  Caledonian  tribes. 

The  wall  of  Severus  between  the 
Forth  and  the  Clyde  built. 

211.  Severus  dies  at  York,  in  Britain. 

Caracalla  and  Geta  become  em¬ 
perors. 

212.  Caracalla  slays  his  brother  Geta; 
general  proscription;  among  others, 
Papinian  put  to  death. 

214.  Wars  against  the  Alemanni. 

217.  Caracalla  is  assassinated. 

Macrinus  becomes  emperor. 

218.  Macrinus  defeated  by  the  Parth- 
ians  and  slain  by  his  soldiers. 

Heliogabalus  becomes  emperor. 


226 


Fall  of  the  Parthian  empire  and  estab¬ 
lishment  of  the  new  Persian  kingdom 
under  the  dynasty  of  the  Sassanids. 


222.  Heliogabalus  slain. 

Alexander  Severus  becomes  em¬ 
peror. 


232.  The  victory  of  Severus  over  the 
Persians  in  Mesopotamia. 


56 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


235  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Sacred  and  Ecclesiastical. 


235.  Pope  Anterus. 

Origen. 

Sixth  persecution  of  the  Christians, 
under  Maximinus. 

236.  Pope  Fabianus. 

240.  Gregory  Thaumaturgus  becomes 
bishop  of  Neo-Cassarea. 


250 


Plotinus,  Neo-Platonic  philosopher. 


247.  Dionysius  becomes  bishop  of 
Alexandria. 

248.  Cyprian  becomes  bishop  of  Car¬ 
thage. — Monastic  life  originates  about 
this  time. 

Dispute  between  the  churches  of 
Rome  and  Africa  about  baptism. 

Novatian,  opponent  of  Roman 
bishop. 

249.  Pope  Cornelius. 

251.  Seventh  persecution  of  the  Chris¬ 
tians,  under  Decius. 


260 


Longinus,  philosopher, 
statesman. 


257.  Eighth  persecution,  under  Valerian. 


259.  Pope  Dionysius. 


critic, 


and 


260.  Paul,  of  Samosata,  bishop  of 
Antioch,  denies  the  divinity  of  Jesus 
Christ. 


271 


Aurelian  begins  wall  around  Rome. 


269.  Pope  Felix  I. 

270  ( about ).  Manes  advocates  his  doc¬ 
trines  in  Persia. 


273  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


57 


A.D. 


Roman  Empire. 


East. 


West. 


235.  Severus  murdered  in  a  mutiny  of 
the  army. 

Maximinus  becomes  emperor;  is 
victorious  against  the  Germans. 


242 


Gordian  defeats  the 
Sapor. 


Persians  under 


238.  Maximinus  assassinated  by  his 
troops  near  Aquileia;  Gordian  I.  and 
II.  proclaimed  emperors  in  Africa 
and  slain;  Senate  nominates  Pupienus 
and  Balbinus  emperors;  Pupienus  and 
Balbinus  slain  by  the  Prsstorians. 

Gordian  III.  becomes  emperor. 


244.  Gordian  put  to  death  by  Philip 
(the  Arabian),  who  becomes  emperor; 
makes  peace  with  Sapor. 


248.  The  secular  games  celebrated  in 
commemoration  of  the  thousandth 
anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the 
city. 


258 


War  between  Rome  and  Persia. 


249.  Decius  becomes  emperor;  perse¬ 
cutes  the  Christians. 

251.  — slain  by  the  Goths,  who  invade 
the  empire  by  crossing  the  Danube. 

Gallus  becomes  emperor;  purchases 
a  peace  with  the  Goths. 

252.  A  great  pestilence  prevails  in  the 
empire. 

253.  ALmilianus  proclaimed  by  troops  in 
Moesia;  Valerianus  proclaimed  em¬ 
peror  in  Rhaetia. 

Gallus  and  Aimilianus  slain. 

254.  Valerian  becomes  emperor;  is 
successful  against  the  Germans  and 
Goths. 

256.  Franks  invade  Spain. 

256-69.  Great  piratical  expeditions  of 
the  Goths  into  Asia  Minor  and  Greece. 


260 

261- 

262 


Valerian  taken  prisoner  by  Sapor,  king 
of  Persia. 

Sapor  takes  Antioch,  Tarsus,  and 
Caesarea. 


260.  Gallienus  becomes  emperor. 
Period  of  the  30  tyrants. 

264.  Alliance  with  Odenatus. 


267 


Odenatus,  ruler  of  Palmyra,  dies — he  is 
succeeded  by  his  wife, 

Zenobia,  who  reigns  with  the  titles  of 
“Augusta ’’and  “Queen  of  the  East.’’ 


238.  Gallienus  killed  at  Milan. 

Claudius  II.  becomes  emperor; 
defeats  the  Alemanni. 


269 


Zenobia  attempts  to  conquer  Egypt. 


269.  — defeats  Goths  at  Nissa.in  Moesia. 

270.  Aurelian  becomes  emperor. 


273 


Zenobia  defeated  at  Emesaby  Aurelian, 
who  destroys  her  magnificent  capital, 
and  carries  her  to  Rome. 


271.  — defeats  the  Marcomanni  and 
Alemanni. 

273.  — reduces  Palmyra  after  an  heroic 
resistance,  and  takes  queen  Zenobia 
prisoner. 


58 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


274  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


274.  Ninth  persecution,  under  Aurelian. 


275 


Porphyry,  Neo-Platonic  philosopher. 


275.  Pope  Eutychianus. 


283.  Pope  Caius. 


284  Diocletian’s  Oriental  form  of  govern¬ 
ment  —  the  monarchy  considered 
hereditary — nomination  of  Caesars  as 
co-rulers. 

Diocletian’s  baths,  containing  3000 
benches  of  white  marble. 

290  The  Gregorian  code  of  civil  law. 


296.  Pope  Marcellinus. 


300 


Spartianus,  Vopiscus,  and  Trebellius 
Pollio,  historians. 


303.  Tenth  persecution  of  the  Christ¬ 
ians,  by  Diocletian. 

304.  Amobius  of  Africa  converted. 

305.  Persecution  of  the  Christians 
stopped  by  Constantius  Chlorus. 


320 


Iamblichus,  Neo-Platonic  philosopher. 


310.  Pope  Eusebius. 

311.  Pope  Miltiades. 

Constantine  issues  Edict  of  Tolera¬ 
tion. 

314.  Pope  Sylvester  I. 

320.  Strife  of  the  Donatists  in  Africa. 


330 

335 


Constantinople  becomes  the  capital  of 
the  Roman  Empire  and  the  seat  of  art 
and  literature. 

Hermogenianus,  iurist. 


325.  The  Council  of  Nice,  consisting  of 
318  bishops,  who  condemn  Arianism. 
— Eusebius,  bishop  of  Caesarea, 

ecclesiastical  historian. — Lactantius, 
Athanasius,  Arius,  flourish  in  the  reign 
of  Constantine. 

337.  Pope  Julius  I. 


337  A-D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


59 


A.D. 


Roman  Empire. 


East. 


West. 

274.  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain  reduced 
to  obedience. 

Dacia  given  up  to  the  barbarians. 

275.  Aurelian  killed. 

An  interregnum  of  6  months. 

Tacitus  (a  descendant  of  the  his¬ 
torian)  becomes  emperor;  reigns  6 
months  and  is  slain. 


276 


Flori&nus,  brother  of  Tacitus,  pro¬ 
claimed  emperor;  is  slain  at  Tarsus. 


276.  Probus  becomes  emperor;  ob¬ 
tains  several  victories  over  the  bar¬ 
barians  and  restores  borders  of  the 
empire. 

282.  Probus  slain  by  his  soldiers. 


283 


297 

298 


Carus  invades  Persia  but  dies  near 
Ctesiphon. 


Egypt  subdued. 

Galerius  defeats  Narses  of  Persia. 


Carus  becomes  emperor. 

283.  Carus  overruns  Persia  and  dies. 
Carinus  and  Numerianus  become 

emperors. 

284.  Numerianus  slain;  Diocletian  pro¬ 
claimed  emperor. 

Diocletian  makes  Maximianus  his 
colleague. 

285.  Diocletian  and  Carinus  at  war; 
Carinus  slain. 

287.  Britain  usurped  by  Carausius,  who 
reigns  7  years.  The  empire  attacked 
by  the  northern  barbarians,  and 
several  provinces  usurped  by  tyrants 
Diocletian  divides  the  administra¬ 
tion  of  the  Roman  Empire  among  the 
two  Augusti  and  the  two  Caesars. 
296.  Britain  regained  by  Constantius. 


314 

323 

325 


Constantine  defeats  Licinius  at  Adri- 
anople. 

Constantine  defeats  Licinius  a  second 
time  at  Adrianople  and  again  at 
Chalcedon. 

The  first  general  council  at  Nice. 


305.  Diocletian  and  Maximian  resign 
the  empire  to  Constantius  and 
Galerius. 

306.  Constantine  the  Great  becomes 
emperor;  Licinius,  Maximian,  Maxen- 
tius,  Galerius,  Maximinus,  his  col¬ 
leagues. 

Constantine  defeats  the  Franks. 

310.  Death  of  Maximian. 

311.  Death  of  Galerius. 

312.  Maxentius  defeated  and  killed. 

313.  Defeat  and  death  of  Maximinus. 

314.  Civil  war  with  Licinius. 

323.  Constantine  defeats  Licinius,  and 
becomes  sole  emperor. 


330 

333 

334 

337 


Constantinople  solemnly  dedicated. 
Great  famine  and  pestilence  in  Syria. 
Sarmatians  receive  settlements  in  the 
empire. 

Death  of  Constantine,  and  the  accession 
of  his  three  sons. 


6o 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


340  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


340.  Christianity  propagated  in  Ethopia 
by  Frumentius. — Gothic  version  of 
Bible  by  Wuifila  (Ulfilas). 


360 


Eutropius,  Ammianus  Marcellinus,  and 
Aurelius  Victor,  historians,  jElius 
Donatus,  grammarian. 


352.  Pope  Liberius. 

Hilary  of  Poitiers. — Cyril,  bishop  of 
Jerusalem. 


366.  Pope  Damasus. 

370.  Basil,  bishop  of  Caesarea;  Ephraim 
Syrus. 

375.  Ambrose  of  Milan;  Martin  of 
Tours. 


380  Eunapius,  historian. 

Symmachus,  orator  and  pagan  advocate. 


390 


Ausonius  and  Prudentius,  Latin  poets; 
Pappus  and  Theon,  of  Alexandria, 
mathematicians. 


381.  The  second  general  council  of 
Constantinople;—Gregory  of  Nazian- 
zus  made  patriarch  of  Constantino¬ 
ple. 

384.  Symmachus  pleads  in  the  Roman 
Senate  for  Paganism  against  St. 
Ambrose. 

Pope  Syricius. 


395 


Claudian,  Latin  poet. 


400.  Chrysostom,  patriarch  of  Con¬ 
stantinople;  Jerome;  St.  Augustine. 


400  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


6l 


A  D 


Roman  Empire. 


340 

350 

354 


361 

363 


364 

374 

378 

379 


384 


388 


East. 


West. 


Constantius,  Constans,  and  Constantine  become  emperors. 


150  Greek  and  Asiatic  cities  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake. 

Hermanric,  king  of  the  Ostrogoths, 
founds  an  extensive  empire  in  South 
Russia. 

The  Caesar  Gallus  put  to  death  by  Con¬ 
stantius. 


Constantius  dies  at  Tarsus. 

A  disadvantageous  peace  with 
Persians  concluded  by  Jovian. 


the 


EASTERN  EMPIRE 
extending  from  the  lower  Danube  to 
the  confines  of  Persia. 

Valens  becomes  emperor. 


The  Huns  advance  into  central  Europe; 
the  Visigoths,  expelled  by  the  Huns, 
are  allowed  by  Valens  to  settle  in 
Thrace. 

Valens  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Goths 
near  Adrianople. 

Theodosius  the  Great  becomes  em¬ 
peror;  named  Augustus  by  Gratian; 
a  zealous  supporter  of  Christianity. 


Armenia  partitioned  by  Rome  and 
Persia. 

Theo  osius  defeats  Maximus,  the 
usurper  of  the  Western  Empire. 


394  Theodosius  defeats  Eugenius,  the 
usurper  of  the  West,  and  Arbogastes, 
the  Gaul.  Final  division  of  the  em¬ 
pire  between  the  sons  of  Theodosius. 


395 


Arcadius  becomes  emperor. 


340.  Constantine,  the  younger,  defeated 
and  killed  by  Constans  at  Aquileia. 

350.  Constans  killed  by  emissaries  of 
Magnentius  who  maintains  himself 
in  Gaul  till  353. 

356-360-  Campaigns  of  Julian  in  Gaul 
and  Germany. 


361.  Julian,  the  Apostate,  becomes 
emperor. 

363.  — attempts  in  vain  to  rebuild  the 
temple  at  Jerusalem. — Is  slain  in  a 
war  with  the  Persians. 

Jovian  becomes  emperor. 

364.  Death  of  Jovian,  and  the  accession 
of  Valentinian  and  Valens,  under 
whom  the  EMPIRE  is  DIVIDED. 

WESTERN  EMPIRE 
extending  from  the  Caledonian 
ramparts  to.  the  foot  of  Mount  Atlas. 
364.  Valentinian  I.  becomes  emperor. 

367.  The  Piets  and  Scots  invade  Britain 
but  are  defeated  by  Theodosius. 
Gratian  made  Augustus. 

375.  Gratian  becomes  emperor;  asso¬ 
ciates  with  himself  Valentinian  II.; 
gains  a  victory  over  the  Germans. 


383.  Maximus  is  proclaimed  emperor 
in  Britain;, Gratian  is  slain;  the  West 
shared  between  Maximus  and  Valen¬ 
tinian  II. 


388.  Overthrow  of  Maximus  and  sole 
rule  of  Valentinian  II. 

392.  Valentinian  II.  slain  and  succeeded 
by  Eugenius. 


395.  Honorius  becomes  emperor. 


400.  Italy  invaded  by  Alaric. 


02 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


401  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


402.  Pope  Innocent  I. 


410  Macrobius,  grammarian. 


415  Death  of  Hypatia  of  Alexandria. 


412.  Cyril,  bishop  of  Alexandria;  Socra¬ 
tes,  ecclesiastical  historian;  Orosius, 
a  Spanish  disciple  of  St.  Augustine; 
and  Pelagius,  a  British  monk,  who 
denied  original  sin,  &c. 

416.  The  Pelagian  heresy  condemned  by 
the  African  bishops. 

417.  Pope  Zosimus. 

418.  Pope  Boniface  I. 


425  Zosimus  and  Olympiodorus,  Greek  his 
torians. 


438  The  Theodosian  code  published. 


422.  Pope  Celestine  I. 


428-  Nestorius,  bishop  of  Constantino¬ 
ple,  acknowledges  two  persons  in 
Jesus  Christ. 

431.  Third  general  council  at  Ephesus 
condemns  Nestor. 

432.  Pope  Xystus  (Sixtus)  III. 

St.  Patrick  preaches  the  Gospel  in 
Ireland. 

435.  Nestor  banished. 


440.  Pope  Leo  I.  (the  Great)  greatly 
extends  the  power  of  the  bishop  of 
Rome. 

Sozomen  and  Theodoret,  ecclesias¬ 
tical  historians. 


450 


Proclus,  Neoplatonist  philosopher. 
Sidonius  Apollinaris,  poet,  statesman, 
and  ecclesiastic. 

Legislation  of  the  Visigoths  in  Spain 
under  Euric. 


449.  Flavian,  patriarch  of  Constanti¬ 
nople  ,  and  Eusebius,  bishop  of 
Dorylseum,  deposed  by  the  “Robber 
Synod’’  at  Ephesus,  which  justifies 
the  teachings  of  Eutyches  regarding 
the  existence  of  one  nature  in 
Christ. 

451.  The  fourth  general  council  at 
Chalcedon,  at  which  Eutychianism 
and  Nestorianism  are  solemnly  con¬ 
demned. 


455  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


63 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


Western  Empire. 


408 


414 


Theodosius  II.,  a  child,  becomes  em¬ 
peror;  Anthemius,  minister. 


The  emperor’s  sister,  Pulcheria,  pro 
claimed  co-empress. 


402.  Alaric  defeated  by  Stilicho  at 
Pollentia. 

Radagaisus  invades  Italy  and  is 
defeated  by  Stilicho. 

406.  The  Vandals  invade  Gaul. 

407.  Britain  evacuated  by  the  Romans. 

409.  The  Vandals  enter  Spain. 

410.  Rome  sacked  by  the  Goths  under 
Alaric. 

412.  The  Visigoths  enter  Gaul. 


415-418.  The  Visigoths  begin  the  con¬ 
quest  of  Spain. 


421 


Persian  war. 


418.  The  Alani  defeated  and  extirpated 
by  the  Goths. 


425 


Pannonia,  Dalmatia,  and  Noricum 
gained  from  the  Western  Empire. 


425.  Valentinian  III.  becomes  emperor. 
428(429).  The  Vandals  enter  Africa. 


433.  Attila,  “The  scourge  of  God,” 
becomes  ruler  of  an  immense  empire 
from  China  to  the  Atlantic. 

439.  The  Vandals,  under  G  e  n  s  e  r  i  c, 
take  Carthage. 


443.  Burgundians  establish  themselves 
in  Sapaudia  (Savoy). 

446.  The  famous  embassy  from  Britain 
soliciting  aid  against  the  Piets  and 
Scots,  “the  groans  of  the  Britons.” 

449  (450).  The  arrival  of  the  Jutes  in 
Britain,  under  Hengist  and  Horsa. 


450 


452 


Marcian  becomes  emperor. 


Victory  over  the  Arabs  near  Damascus. 


451.  Attila  invades  Gaul  and  is  de¬ 
feated  by  A£tius  and  Theodoric  at 
Mery -sur -Seine  (near  Chalons). 

452.  The  origin  of  Venice;  founded  by 
refugees  from  the  Hunnist  invasion. 

455.  Valentinian  is  assassinated  by 
Petronius  Maximus  who  becomes 
emperor  and  is  also  assassinated 
some  months  later. —  Genseric,  the 
Vandal  king,  sacks  Rome. 

Avitus  becomes  emperor  through  in¬ 
fluence  of  the  Goths. 


64 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


456  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


461.  Pope  Hilarus. 


468.  Pope  Simplicius. 

Strife  for  supremacy  among  the 
bishops  of  Rome,  Constantinople, 
Alexandria,  _  Antioch,  and  Jeru¬ 
salem,  resulting  in  the  steady  growth 
of  the  power  of  Rome  as  the  champion 
of  Catholicity. 


476  The  accession  of  Odoacer  is  taken 
generally  as  marking  the  end  of 
ancient  history  and  the  beginning  of 
the  medieval  period,  though  in  reality 
it  brought  no  sharp  change  in  the  con¬ 
dition  of  Italy  and  the  West. 

The  conquest  of  Rome  by  the  Germanic 
tribes  and  the  subsequent  interblend¬ 
ing  of  the  Latin  and  Teutonic  spirit 
gives  rise  to  the  characteristic  Euro¬ 
pean  spirit  of  later  days. 

480  The  Salic  law  developed  among  the 
Franks  before  Clovis. 


486 

490 


The  victory  of  Clovis  marks  the  triumph 
of  the  Germanic  over  the  Roman 
civilization  in  Gaul. 

{about).  Burgundian  laws  collected  by 
Gundoband. 


477.  Hunneric,  King  of  the  Vandals,  in 
Africa,  persecutes  the  Catholics. 


482.  The  emperor  Zeno  publishes  the 
Henoticon. 

483.  Pope  Felix  III. 

— excommunicated  by  Acacius,  bishop 
of  Constantinople. 


493 


492.  Pope  Gelasius  I.;  he  advances 
Theodoric,  the  Ostrogoth,  seeks  to  en-  bold  claims  to  authority, 
graft  the  Roman  civilization  on  the 
Goths. 


496.  Christianity  introduced  among  the 
Franks,  whose  king,  Clovis,  accepts 
baptism. — Pope  Anastasius  II. 

498.  Pope  Symmachus,  opposed  by  the 
Emperor  Anastasius,  against  whom  he 
upholds  a  lofty  conception  of  the 
priestly  dignity. 


511 


Clovis’s  acceptance  of  Catholic  Chris¬ 
tianity  prepares  the  way  for  the 
historic  connection  between  the 
Frankish  empire  and  the  papacy. 


o  ^ 


512  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


65 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


Western  Empire. 


456 

457 


Successful  campaign  against  Persians 
Leo  I.  (the  Thracian),  becomes  em¬ 
peror. 


457.  Majorian  becomes  emperor. 

458.  Franks :-Childeric  I.,  father  of 
Clovis,  becomes  king  of  the  Franks. 


461 

466 


Theodoric,  the  Goth,  a  hostage  at  the 
Byzantine  court. 

Huns  defeated  at  Sardica. 


461.  Severus  becomes  emperor. 

465.  Death  of  Severus. 

466.  Euric  becomes  king  of  the  Visi¬ 
goths;  he  completes  the  conquest  of 
Spain. 

467.  Anthemius  becomes  emperor. 


472.  Olybrius  becomes  emperor. 


473.  Glycerius  becomes  emperor. 


474  Leo  II.  succeeds  Leo  I.,  and  dies  in  the 
same  year. 

Zeno  becomes  emperor. 

Theodoric  becomes  chief  of  the  Ostro¬ 
goths. 


477  Zeno  overthrows  the  rival  emperor 
Basiliscus. 


474.  Julius  Nepos  becomes  emperor. 

475.  Romulus  Augustulus  becomes  em¬ 
peror. 

476.  Romulus  Augustulus  deposed  by 
Odoacer,  leader  of  the  Mercenaries. 
END  of  the  WESTERN  EMPIRE. 

477.  Foundation  of  the  kingdom  of 
Sussex  by  AHla. 


Western  Europe. 


483 


Peace  between  Theodoric  and  Zeno. 


481.  Clovis  I.,  founder  of  the  Frankish 
power,  succeeds  his  father  Childeric 
as  king. 


488 


Zeno  induces  Theodoric  to  undertake  the 
conquest  of  Italy. 


491  Anastasius  I.  becomes  emperor. 
Appearance  of  the  Green  and  Blue 

factions. 

492  Outbreak  of  rebellion  in  Isauria. 


486.  Battle  of  Soissons — the  Roman 
power  in  Gaul  overthrown  by  Clovis. 

490.  Britain: — Capture  of  Anderida  by 
JElla.. 

491 .  Franks : — Clovis  subdues  the  Ripu* 
arian  Franks. 


493.  Italy: — Conquered  by  Theodoric, 
king  of  the  Ostrogoths. — Odoacer  put 
to  death. 


496.  Conversion  of  Clovis. — He  defeats 
the  Alamanni. 


503 


War  with  Kobad  of  Persia;  concluded 
in  505. 


500.  Franks: — Burgundians  subjected. 

507.  — Clovis  defeats  Alaric  near  Poic- 
tiers,  and  wrests  Aquitaine  from  the 
Visigoths. 

510.  — Clovis  makes  Paris  his  capital. 


512 


Long  walls  built  to  protect  Constanti¬ 
nople  from  the  Bulgarians. 


511.  — Clovis  dies.— His  kingdom  par 
titioned  among  his  four  sons. 


66 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


514  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


514.  Pope  Hormisdas. 

518.  The  accession  of  Justin  marks  the 
downfall  of  the  Monophysites ;  the 
Henoticon  withdrawn. 


525  Boethius,  the  Roman  statesman  and 
philosopher. 


529  The  schools  of  Athens  closed  by  Jus¬ 
tinian. 


523.  Pope  John  I. 

526.  Pope  Felix  IV. 

527.  Separation  of  the  Armenian  from 
the  Greek  Church. 

529.  The  Order  of  Benedictine  monks 
instituted  at  Monte  Cassino,  near 
Naples. 

530.  Pope  Boniface  II, 


533 


Completion  of  Justinian’s  Code,  Pan¬ 
dects,  and  Institutes. 


533.  Pope  John  II. 

535.  Pope  Agapetus, 

536.  Pope  Silverius. 


537 


The  church  of  St.  Sophia  dedicated  at 
Constantinople. 


537.  Pope  Vigilius. 


550 


{about).  The  Christian  era  introduced  by 
Dionysius  Exiguus. 

The  fables  of  Pilpay  translated  into 
Persian. 

Cassiodorus,  Italian  historian. 


544.  In  the  Edict  of  the  Three  Chapters. 
Justinian  largely  repudiates  the  work 
of  the  Council  of  Chalcedon  (451). 

550.  Vigilius  excommunicated  by  a 
council  at  Carthage. 

553.  The  fifth  general  council  at  Con¬ 
stantinople. 

555.  Pope  Pelagius  I. 


560 


Procopius,  a  Byzantine  historian;  Gil- 
das,  British  historian. 


563 


(565)  Christianity  introduced  in  Scot¬ 
land  by  Columba. 


560.  Pope  John  III. 

The  Tritheists  maintain  the  sepa¬ 
rate  existence  of  the  persons  of  the 
Trinity. 

The  pope  vindicates  his  authority 
against  the  Frankish  clergy  by  order¬ 
ing  the  restoration  of  bishops  deposed 
by  a  council  at  Lyons. 


568  The  old  Roman  municipal  system  in 
Italy  overthrown  by  the  invasion  of 
the  Lombards. 

570  Evagrius,  church  historian. 


571  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


67 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


Western  Europe. 


514 

518 

518- 

565 


Rebellion  of  Vitalian. 

Justin  I.,  of  Illyria  becomes  emperor. 

Brilliant  period  of  the  Byzantine  empire. 


519.  Britain: — The  Britons  defeated 
at  Charford  by  Cerdic  and  Cynric 
who  begin  the  third  Saxon  kingdom 
of  Wessex. 

520.  — West  Saxons  defeated  at  Mount 
Badon. 


527 


530 


532 

533- 

534 

535 

536 


537- 

540 

540 


542 


543 


546 


Justinian  I.  becomes  emperor;  cele¬ 
brated  for  his  code  of  laws  and  the 
victories  of  his  generals,  Belisarius 
and  Narses. 

Belisarius  defeats  the  Persians  at  Daras. 


— Suppresses  the  Nika  riot  in  the  Hippo¬ 
drome  of  Constantinople. 

— Overthrows  the  Vandals  in  Africa. 

— subdues  Sicily. 

— takes  Naples  and  Rome. 


— overruns  Italy. 

Witiges  surrenders  Ravenna  to  the 
Byzantines. — Antioch  sacked  by  the 
Persians. 

Plague  in  the  empire — during  three 
montks  from  5,000  to  10,000  die  daily 
at  Constantinople. 

Totila,  king  of  the  Ostrogoths,  begins 
the  reconquest  of  Italy. 

Totila  takes  Rome. 


530.  — Isle  of  Wight  conquered  by 
Jutes. 

531.  Spain: — Theudis  succeeds  Amal- 
aric  as  king  of  the  Visigoths. 


536.  Witiges,  king  of  the  Ostrogoths, 
surrenders  his  possessions  in  Gaul  to 
the  Franks. 

537.  Witiges  besieges  Belisarius  in 
Rome. 

540-  Byzantine  power  established  in 
Italy. 


553 

558 


562 


Narses  defeats  and  kills  Totila  and 
overthrows  Gothic  kingdom  in  Italy. 


The  Cotrigur  Huns  overrun  Thrace  and 
threaten  Constantinople  but  are  de¬ 
feated  by  Belisarius. 


Belisarius  disgraced  by  Justinian. 


554.  Franks  invade  Italy  but  are  de¬ 
stroyed  by  Narses.  Italy  is  utterly 
desolated. 

558 .  The  Frankish  power  reunited  under 
Clotaire  I.,  who  becomes  king. 

560.  Britain: — The  kingdom  of  Deira 
established. 

561.  Franks: — Death  of  Clotaire  and 
partition  of  his  dominions  among  his 
four  sons. 


563 

565 

568 


Belisarius  restored: — he  quells  a  con¬ 
spiracy. 

Death  of  Belisarius  and  Justinian. 
Justin  II.  becomes  emperor. 

The  exarchate  of  Ravenna  established. 


567.  Beginning  of  the  strife  between 
Austrasia  and  Neustria. 

568.  Italy  conquered  by  the  Lombards, 
under  Alboin.  He  later  fixes  his 
capital  at  Pavia. 


571.  Britain: — Battle  of  Bedford. — 
East  Anglia  formed  into  a  kingdom. 


68 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


574  a.d.-~ 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


575.  Pope  Benedict  I. 


580 


The  Latin  language  ceases  to  be  spoken 
in  Italy,  while  it  supersedes  the 
Gothic  in  Spain. 


579.  Pope  Pelagius  II.;  he  denies  the 
right  of  the  patriarch  of  Constanti¬ 
nople  to  assume  the  title  of  ecumen¬ 
ical  bishop. 


587  The  Roman  Catholic  faith  established 
in  Visgothic  Spain  and  the  Germanic 
influence  in  that  country  greatly 
strengthened  thereby. 

590  Gregory  of  Tours,  the  father  of  French 
history. 


600  The  Saxons  having  conquered  England, 
it  relapsed,  in  a  great  measure,  into 
the  state  of  barbarism,  from  which  it 
had  been  partially  raised  by  the 
Romans. 

Ethelbert  draws  up  the  first  code  of  laws 
in  England. 

Rites  and  superstitions  increase  in  all 
Europe. — Relics  sought  for  and 
worshipped. — Litanies  addressed  to 
the  Virgin. — The  burning  of  candles 
by  day. — Exorcisms,  etc. 

610  Isidorus,  of  Seville,  Spanish  historian. 

Mohammed  begins  the  promulgation  of 
his  teachings. 


590.  Pope  Gregory  I.,  called  The  Great; 
he  adopts  the  title  Servus  Servorum 
Dei.  He  advances  greatly  the  claims 
of  the  bishops  of  Rome  and  is  prac¬ 
tically  ruler  of  that  city. 

597.  St.  Augustine  introduces  Chris¬ 
tianity  into  Britain. 

604.  Pope  Sabinian. 

607.  Pope  Boniface  III.  made  supreme 
head  of  the  church  by  Phocas. 

Pope  Boniface  IV. 

The  Pantheon  at  Rome  dedicated 
to  God,  the  Virgin,  and  the  Saints. 


615.  Pope  Deusdedit. 


618 

622 


Beginning  of  the  Tang  dynasty  in  China, 
the  Golden  Age  of  literature. 

The  year  of  the  Hegira,  the  starting- 
point  of  the  Mohammedan  calendar. 


618. 


Pope  Boniface  V. 


625.  Boniface  V.  makes  Canterbury 
the  metropolitan  see  of  Britain. 
Pope  Honorius  I. 

Monasteries  increase. 


632 


Islamism  and  the  power  of  the  caliphs 
established  in  the  East.  In  the 
caliphs  were  united  the  highest 
spiritual  and  regal  authority. 


633.  Rise  of  the  Monothelite  heresy. 

Africa  and  Asia,  with  the  churches 
of  Jerusalem,  Alexandria,  and  Antioch, 
lost  to  the  Christian  world  by  the 
progress  of  Mohammedanism. 


634  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


69 


A  D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


Western  Europe. 


574 

578 

582 

585- 

600 


Tiberius  associated  with  Justin  in  the 
government. 

Tiberius  II.  becomes  emperor. 

The  Slavs  appear  in  Thrace. 

Maurice,  the  Cappadocian,  succeeds. 


The  Avars  and  Slavs  invade  the  East¬ 
ern  empire. 


576.  Spain: — The  Visigothic  king  Leovi- 
gild  breaks  the  Roman  power  in  the 
peninsula  and  upholds  the  royal 
power  against  the  nobles. 

583.  Italy: — the  Lombards,  under 

Authari,  successful  against  the  Greeks 
and  Franks. 

584.  Britain: — the  kingdom  of  Mercia 
founded. 

586.  Spain: — Recared  king  of  the  Visi¬ 
goths. 

587.  Recared  embraces  Catholicism  and 
enters  upon  the  persecutionof  Arians 
and  Jews. 

588.  Britain: — Bernicia  and  Deira  unite 
to  form  the  kingdom  of  Northumbria. 


602 


Phocas,  a  centurion,  made  emperor  by 
the  army.  The  empire  invaded  by 
the  Persians. 


597.  — Christianity  introduced  by  St. 
Augustine. 

604.  Ethelbert  of  Kent  begins  the 
conversion  of  the  East  Saxons  and 
founds  the  church  of  St.  Paul  in 
London  as  a  bishop’s  seat. 


610 

613 


614 

616 

617 

618 


Heraclius  _  overthrows  Phocas,  and 
makes  himself  emperor. 

The  Persians  overrun  Syria  and  take 
Damascus. 


Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Persians. 

The  Persians  conquer  Egypt. 

The  Persians  overrun  Asia  Minor. 
Constantinople  threatened  by  the  Avars. 


613.  Britain :— E  t  h  e  1  f  r  i  t  h,  king  of 
Northumbria,  defeats  the  Britons, 
and  conquers  Cheshire  and  Lan¬ 
cashire. 

614.  Clotaire  II.  reunites  the  Frankish 
dominions. 

617.  Beginning  of  Northumbrian  su¬ 
premacy  in  England. 


622 


The.  HEGIRA  or  Mohammed’s  flight 
from  Mecca  to  Medina. 


622- 

627 

626 

632 


Heraclius  defeats  the  Persians  repeat¬ 
edly,  and  wins  the  final  battle  at 
Nineveh. 

Constantinople  besieged  by  the  Per¬ 
sians  and  Avars. 


Death  of  Mohammed. 

Abubeker  succeeds  him  as  caliph. 


627.  Edwin  of  Northumbria  converted 
to  Christianity. 

628.  Franks: — Dagobert  I.  becomes 
king. 


634 


Omar,  caliph. 

The  battle  of  Yermu  gives  Syria  to  the 
Arabs. 


633.  Northumbria  overthrown  by  Penda 
of  Mercia. 


?o 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


636  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


636 


{about).  Nestorian  Christianity  intro¬ 
duced  into  China. 

In  England,  improvement  in  ecclesiasti¬ 
cal  architecture ;  circular  arches  intro¬ 
duced;  churches  built  at  Canterbury, 
Glastonbury,  St.  Albans,  Winchester, 
etc. 

In  civil  architecture,  forts  and  castles 
— Conisborough  Castle  in  Yorkshire; 
Castletown  in  Derbyshire,  etc. 


640.  Pope  Severinus. 
Pope  John  IV. 


Some  of  the  monasteries  of  Europe  con¬ 
tinue  to  be  the  repositories  of  learning 
and  the  arts. 

In  Japan  during  the  seventh  century 
comes  the  rise  of  the  feudal  nobility 
and  the  division  of  the  population 
into  agriculturists  and  warriors  or 
samurai. 

The  abbey  of  Whitby  and  the  monas¬ 
tery  o£  Gilling  founded. 

The  Anglo-Saxons  advance  in  civiliza¬ 
tion  and  power,  by  the  introduction 
of  Christianity. 

In  the  Frankish  empire  the  differentia¬ 
tion  between  the  French  and  German 
language  appears. 


642.  Pope  Theodorus. 

649.  Pope  Martin  I. 

654.  Pope  Eugenius  I. 

657.  Pope  Vitalian. 

664.  Roman  Christianity  triumphs  in 
England  at  the  Council  of  Whitby. 

672.  Pope  Adeodatus. 


676.  Pope  Donus. 
678.  Pope  Agatho. 


680 


Aldhelm,  the  first  Anglo-Saxon  writer 
in  prose  and  verse. 

Caedmon,  Anglo-Saxon  poet. 

In  Persia,  the  Magian  religion  gives  way 
to  the  Mohammedan. 


680-681.  The  sixth  general  council  at 
Constantinople  condemns  the  Mono¬ 
thelites. 

682.  Pope  Leo  II. 

684.  Pope  Benedict  II. 


685.  Pope  John  V. 

686.  Pope  Conon. 

687.  Pope  Sergius  I. 


695 


Severe  persecution  of  the  Jews  in  Spain. 


692.  The  Quinisext  Council  at  Constan¬ 
tinople  convened  to  supplement  the 
work  of  the  ecumenical  councils  of 
555  and  680;  not  recognized  by 
Pope  Sergius  nor  by  the  Roman 
Church. 


700 


The  Venerable  Bede,  ecclesiastical 
historian. 

Christianity  almost  exterminated  in 
Africa,  by  the  progress  of  Mohamme¬ 
danism. 


701.  Pope  John  VI. 

705.  Pope  John  VII. 

708.  Pope  Sisinnius. 

Pope  Constantine  I. 


711 


The  conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Arabs 
destined  to  exercise  a  powerful  effect 
on  the  progress  of  civilization  in 
Europe. 


710.  Emperor  Justinian  II.  confirms 
the  Roman  see  in  its  privileges;  he 
is  the  first  to  kiss  the  pontiff’s  foot. 


yi  i  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


a.d.  Eastern  Empire,  Asia,  etc. 


Western  Europe. 


636 

637 

641 


The  battle  of  Cadesia  gives  Persia  to  the 
Arabs;  their  power  established  after 
the  battle  of  Nehavend  (642). 
Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Arabs. 


Egypt  conquered  by  the  Arabs. 
Heraclius  Constantinus  and  Hera 
cleonas  rule. 


638.  Franks — The  death  of  Dagobert  is 
followed  by  the  disappearance  of  the 
royal  power,  the  kings  being  under 
the  control  of  the  mayors  of  the 
palace. 


642 


Constans  II.  becomes  emperor.  642.  Britain: — Oswald  of  Northumbria 

Moawiyah,  caliph,  makes  Damascus  his  defeated  by  Penda. 
capital. 


668 


673 


679 

680 


683 

684 

685 


693 

694 

695 

697 

698 

705 

709 


711 


Constantine  IV.  becomes  emperor. 


Siege  of  Constantinople  by  the  Saracens 
whose  fleet  is  destroyed  by  the  Greek 
fire  of  Callinicus.  The  caliph  com¬ 
pelled  to  purchase  a  peace  of  thirty 
years,  by  paying  a  yearly  tribute. 

Yezid  I.,  Caliph. 

The  kingdom  of  Bulgaria  founded. 


Moawiyah  II.,  caliph. 
Abdelmelik,  caliph. 

Justinian  II.  becomes  emperor. 


Justinian  defeated  by  the  Arabs  at 
Sebastopolis  in  Cilicia. 

Arabs  overrun  Armenia. 

Justinian  II.  deposed  by  Leontius  who 
is  also  deposed  by 
Tiberius. 

Carthage  taken  by  the  Arabs. 

Justinian  II.  restored. 

Walid  I.,  caliph. 

North  Africa  completely  subdued  by 
the  Saracens. 


Justinian  put  to  death  by  Philip  Bar- 
danes,  who  reigns  under  the  name  of 
Philippicus. 


655.  Penda,  of  Mercia,  overthrown 

656.  Franks: — Clotaire  III.  rules  as 
sole  king. 

662.  Grimoald,  duke  of  Benevento, 
usurps  Lombard  crown. 


670.  France:  —  Childeric  II.  becomes 
king. 

673.  The  death  of  Childeric  II.  leads  to 
civil  war  and  anarchy. 

678.  Theuderic  III. 


680.  Wamba,  king  of  the  Visigoths, 
turns  monk. 


687.  Pepin  the  Younger’s  victory  at 
Testry  unites  the  Frankish  realms 
under  himself  as  mayor  of  the 
palace. 

688.  Northumbria  loses  the  hegemony 
to  Wessex  under  King  Ine. 

691 .  Franks : — Clovis  III.  becomes  king. 


694.  Britain: — Ine  conquers  Kent. 

695.  Franks: — Childebert  II.  becomes 
king. 

697.  Venice: — Paulucio  Anafesto,  first 
Doge. 


710.  Britain: — Ine’s  wars  with  the 
Britons  of  Cornwall. 

Spain: — Roderic,  last  of  the  Visi- 
gothic  kings. 

711.  Franks  : — Dagobert  III.  becomes 
king. 

The  Visigothic  kingdom  in  Spain 
overthrown  at  the  battle  of  the 
Guadalete  by  the  Arabs  under  Tarik. 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


712  A.D.— 


72 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


712 


{about).  The  art  of  making  paper 
brought  from  Samarcand  by  the 
Arabs. 


712.  Constantine  opposes  the  emperor 
Philippicus  Bardanes  in  the  question 
of  the  Monothelite  heresy. 


715 


{about).  Boniface  (Winfrith)  begins  his 
missionary  work  among  the  Germans. 


715.  Pope  Gregory  II.;  he  engages  in 
conflict  with  the  emperor  Leo  the 
Isaurian  over  image-worship. 


720 


Glastonbury  Abbey  rebuilt  by  Ine. 


Increasing 

power, 

spiritual 

and 

temporal, 
of  the 
popes. 


Dark 

period 

of 

European 

literature. 


722  (723).  Boniface  consecrated  bishop 
for  Germany. 


726.  Image-worship,  being  forbidden  by 
the  emperor  Leo  the  Isaurian, 
causes  great  disturbance. 

726  {about).  Peter’s  pence  first  col¬ 
lected  in  England. 

730.  Gregory  excommunicates  the  em¬ 
peror. 

731.  Pope  Gregory  III. 


735 


The  Venerable  Bede  dies — a  grammar¬ 
ian,  historian,  and  theologian. 


745  John  of  Damascus,  (Damascenus)  a 
founder  of  the  scholastic  philosophy. 

750  The  Abbasside  caliphs  encourage 
learning.  The  schools  of  Bagdad, 
Cufa,  Alexandria,  Fez,  and  Cordova 
promoted  by  them. 

Ignorance,  profligacy,  and  misery 
characterize  the  age  preceding  Char¬ 
lemagne. 

In  the  Byzantine  empire  the  succession 
is  generally  determined  by  violence, 
and  the  character  of  the  rulers  most 
often  presents  examples  of  cruelty, 
treachery,  and  fanaticism. 


741.  Pope  Zachary. 


751.  The  pope  gives  his  consent  to  the 
dethronement  ofChilderic,  king  of  the 
Franks,  and  the  election  of  Pepin. 

753.  Pope  Stephen  II.  threatened  by  the 
Lombards,  seeks  aid  of  Pepin. . 

754.  — journeys  to  Pepin  to  implore 
his  protection. — Following  the  de¬ 
cision  of  the  council  of  Constanti¬ 
nople,  the  emperor  Constantine 
Copronymus  begins  the  dissolution 
of  the  monasteries. 

756.  Commencement  of  the  pope’s 
temporal  power  under  the  auspices 
of  Pepin,  who  bestows  on  Stephen  the 
exarchate  of  Ravenna. 

757.  Pope  Paul  I. 

768.  Pope  Stephen  III. 

772.  Pope  Hadrian  I.,  whom  Charle¬ 
magne  confirms  in  possession  of 
Pepin’s  donation. 

Imposition  of  Tithes  enforced  by 
Charlemagne,  for  the  support  of  the 
clergy,  churches,  schools,  and  the 
poor. 


775  a.d 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


73 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire,  Asia,  etc. 


Western  Europe. 


713  Anastasius  II.  becomes  emperor. 
715  Theodosius  III.  becomes  emperor. 


715.  Franks: — Charles  Martel,  Mayor  of 
the  Palace. 


717 


Leo  III.  (the  Isaurian)  rises  against 
Theodosius  and  seizes  the  throne. 


716.  Franks: — Chilperic 
king. 


II.  becomes 


717—  The  Arabs  invest  Constantinople  by 
718  land  and  by  sea.  The  city  is  saved 
by  the  Greek  fire  —  the  Arab  fleet 
being  almost  entirely  destroyed. 

The  Greek  possessions  in  Italy  are  lost 
in  consequence  of  the  edict  forbidding 
image  worship. 


718.  Spain: — Pelagius  founds  the  king¬ 
dom  of  Asturias. 

720.  Franks: — Theuderic  IV.  becomes 
king. 


725.  Franks: — Charles  Martel  crosses 
the  Rhine,  and  subdues  the  Bavar¬ 
ians;  the  Arabs  ravage  southern 
France. 

726.  (about)..  Britain: — Ine,  king  of 
Wessex,  begins  the  tax  called  Peter’s 
pence,  to  support  a  college  at  Rome. 


732.  Franks: — Charles  Martel  gains  a 
great  victory  over  the  Saracens  near 
Poitiers. 


740 


Constantine  V.  (Copronymus)  succeeds. 


7 37 .  Franks : — Childeric 
king. 


III.  becomes 


745- 

751 

750 


The  Arabs  defeated  by  Constantine. 

The  Ommiade  caliphs  overthrown  by 
the  Abbassides. 


751.  Childeric  III.  deposed  and  Pepin 
the  Short,  son  of  Charles  Martel, 
chosen  king. — End  of  the  Merovin¬ 
gian  line. 


754  A1  Mansur,  caliph. 

755  War  between  the  empire  and  the  Bul¬ 

garians. 


754.  Pepin  aids  the  pope  with  a  large 
army  against  the  Lombards. 


756.  Spain: — Separated  from  the  Cali¬ 
phate.  Abderrhman,  of  the  house  of 
the  Ommiade  line,  rules. 


762  A1  Mansur  makes  Bagdad  his  capital. 


775  Great  victory  over  the  Bulgarians  at 
Lithosoria. 


768.  Franks: — Charlemagne,  or  Charles 
the  Great,  reigns  with  his  brother. 
Carloman,  until  771. 

774.  Charlemagne  invades  Italy;  de¬ 
feats  Desiderius,  king  of  Lombardy, 
and  annexes  northern  Italy  to  his 
empire. 

End  of  the  Lombard  kingdom. 

775.  Charlemagne’s  first  expedition 
against  the  Saxons. 


74 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


775  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


790 


Golden  period  of  learning  in  Arabia, 
under  the  caliph  Haroun  al  Raschid. 
Paulus  Diaconus,  historian  of  the 
Lombards. 


785.  Forcible  conversion  of  the  Saxons 
by  Charlemagne. 

787.  The  seventh  general  council  at 
Nice,  in  which  the  doctrine  of  the 
Iconoclasts  was  condemned. 


795.  Pope  Leo  III. 

Image-worship  condemned  by 
Synod  of  Frankfort. 


797  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


7  5 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire,  Asia,  etc. 


Western  Europe. 


775  Leo  IV.  becomes  emperor. 

780  Constantine  VI. 

Irene  (queen-mother)  restores  image- 
worship. 

783  j  The  empire  is  invaded  by  Haroun  al 
Raschid. 


791  Constantine  imprisons  his  mother  Irene 

for  her  cruelty. 

792  Irene  regains  power. 


797 


Irene  overthrows  her  son,  blinds  him, 
and  assumes  sole  power. — proposes 
to  marry  Charlemagne. 


778.  A  part  of  Charlemagne’s  army 
defeated  at  Roncesvalles  in  the 
Pyrenees  by  the  Basques;  the  subject 
of  the  Song  of  Roland. 

785.  The  Saxons  compelled  to  adopt 
Christianity. 

787.  Britain: — First  recorded  invasion 
of  the  Danes. 


795.  Charlemagne  forms  the  Spanish 
March. 


76 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


800  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society. 


Ecclesiastical. 


New  Western  Empire. 


800j  The  coronation  of  Charle¬ 
magne  and  the  revival 
of  the  Roman  Empire 
marks  the  beginning  of 
a  political  system  which 
was  to  dominate  Euro¬ 
pean  thought  for  cen¬ 
turies. 4 

Foundation  of  monastic 
and  cathedral  schools  by- 
Charlemagne;  Alcuin; 
agriculture  and  horti¬ 
culture  encouraged;  a 
canal  planned  to  join  the 
Rhine  and  the  Dan¬ 
ube;  Haroun-al-Raschid 
sends  an  embassy  to  the 
court  of  Charlemagne 
with  gifts. 

Transient  revival  of  learn¬ 
ing  under  Charlemagne. 

Eginhard,  historian,  sec¬ 
retary  to  Charlemagne. 

813  The  reign  of  al  Mamun 

(caliph)  is  regarded  as 
the  Augustan  age  of 
Arabian  literature. 

814  The  death  of  Charlemagne 

is  followed  by  retro¬ 
gression  in  the  political 
and  social  life  of  the 
Western  Empire. 


830 


Saint  Mark’s  Church  at 
Venice  founded 


800.  The  pope  separates 
from  the  Eastern  Em¬ 
pire,  and  becomes  su¬ 
preme  bishop  of  the 
Western. 


Charlemagne  reforms 
the  Church. 


Many  bishoprics 
founded — Great  increase 
of  monastic  institutions, 


809.  Synod  at  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle  under  direction  of 
Charlemagne  adopts  the 
Filioque,  but  Pope  Leo 
dissents. 


814.  Insurrection  at  Rome 
against  the  pope. 

816.  Pope  Stephen  V. 

817.  Pope  Paschal  I. 

824.  Pope  Eugenius  II. 

826.  Christianity  in  Den¬ 
mark. 

827.  Pope  Valentine. 

Pope  Gregory  IV. 

830  ( about ).  Ansgarius 

preaches  Christianity  in 
Sweden. 


800.  NEW  EMPIRE  of 
the  WEST  founded  by 
Charlemagne,  who  is 
crowned  at  Rome,  by 
the  pope,  Emperor  of 
the  Romans. 

802.  Charlemagne  re¬ 
ceives  an  embassy  from 
Nicephorus  and  from 
Haroun-al-Raschid. 

804.  Saxon  conquest  com¬ 
pleted. 

805.  The  Avars  defeated 
and  converted. 

808.  First  descent  of  the 
Northmen  on  Germany. 


814.  Charlemagne  dies. 

Louis  I.,  the  Pious 
or  the  Debonair,  suc¬ 
ceeds. 

817.  Louis  arranges  the 
succession  to  the  crown. 
Lothair  made  co -ruler. 


829, 833.  Insurrection  of 
the  emperor’s  sons. 


840  (about).  Paschasius 
Radbertus,  abbot,  of 
Corbey,  father  of  the 
doctrine  of  transubstan- 
tiation. 

Ratramnus  and  Scot- 
us  Erigena,  theologians. 

842.  Image-worship  re¬ 
established. 


840.  Lothair  becomes  em¬ 
peror. 

841.  — defeated  by  his 
brothers,  Louis  and 
Charles,  in  the  battle 
of  Fontanet. 

The  Normans  plun¬ 
der  Rouen,  and  ad¬ 
vance  to  Paris. 

843.  Treaty  of  Verdun 
and  division  of  the 
empire. 

France: — Charles  I. 
(the  Bald). 

Ger.: — Louis  I.,  sur- 
named  the  German. 

Italy  and  Lorraine: 
— Lothair  king 
with  imperial  dignity. 


EU 


,  V' 


. 


843  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY, 


77 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  Scotland,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


802 


803 


807 

811 

813 

814 

820 

825 

827 

829 

832 

838 


842 


Irene  is  dethroned  by 
Nicephorus. 

Byzantine  empire  recog¬ 
nizes  independence  of 
Venice. 


War  with  the  Franks. 


Michael  I,  (Rhangabe),  at 
war  with  the  Bulgarians. 


Leo  V.  (the  Armenian) 
becomes  emperor. 

Bulgarians  defeated. 


Michael  II.  becomes  em 
peror. 

(Balbus  or  the  Stammerer) 

The  Saracens  obtain  pos¬ 
session  of  Crete. 

Saracens  invade  Sicily. 

Theophilus  becomes  em¬ 
peror. 

Persecution  of  image-wor¬ 
shippers. 

Theophilus  defeated  by 
the  Saracens  at  Dasy 
mon. 


802.  Egbert,  king  of  Wes 
sex. 


815-823.  Egbert,  king  of 
Wessex,  defeats  the  Brit 
ons  of  Cornwall. 


Michael  III. (the Drunkard) 
becomes  emperor  under 
the  regency  of  Theodora. 

The  triumph  of  image 
worship. 


825.  Egbert  triumphs  over 
the  Mercians. 


829.  The  seven  kingdoms 
of  the  Heptarchy  united 
by  Egbert,  king  of 
Wessex. 

837.  War  between  Wessex 
and  the  Danes  begins. 


809.  Death  of  Haroun-al- 
Raschid;  succeeded  by 
A1  Amin,  caliph  at  Bag¬ 
dad. 


813.  A1  Mamun,  caliph  at 
Bagdad. 


839.  Ethelwolf 
king. 


becomes 


820.  First  dismemberment 
of  the  Abbasside  cali¬ 
phate.  The  dynasty  of 
the  Taherites  founded 
at  Khorassan. 

826.  Ansgarius  introduces 
Christianity  into  Den¬ 
mark. 

830  ( about ).  Ansgarius  in 
Sweden. 

833.  A1  Motassim,  caliph. 
He  builds  Samarra, 
which  he  makes  the  seat 
of  government. 


841.  Norway^-Halfdan 
begins  the  subjection  of 
the  territorial  nobles  and 
the  founding  of  a  mon¬ 
archy. 

Wathek,  caliph. 


78 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


844  A.D.— 


A.D. 


France,  Spain,  Germany. 


850 


{about).  Hincmar,  French 
theologian  and  bishop. 
Rabanus  Maurus,  German 
theologian  and  scholar. 


844.  Pope  Sergius  II. 

Ignatius,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople. 


847.  Pope  Leo  IV. 

848.  Gottschalk,  a  Bene¬ 
dictine  monk,  advocates 
predestination. 


855.  Pope  Benedict  III. 
858.  Pope  Nicholas  I. 

— asserts  the  papal 
power  against  Lothair 
II.  of  Lorraine. 

860.  The  False  Decretals. 


866.  Schism  between  East¬ 
ern  and  W  estern  Churc  h  - 
cs. 

867.  Pope  Hadrian  II. — 
Photius,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople,  deposed. 

869-870.  Eighth  council  at 
Constantinople. 


872.  Pope  John  VIII. 


845.  Paris  sacked  by  the 
Northmen. 


853-854.  War  between 
Charles  the  Bald  and 
Louis  of  Germany. 

855.  Lothair  abdicates; 
succeeded  by  Louis  II. 
who  has  Italy  with  the 
imperial  dignity. 


870.  Lorraine  partitioned 
between  France  and 
Germany. 


874 


Iceland  settled. 


877 


The  beginning  of  the 
feudal  system.  Hered¬ 
itary  nobility,  which, 
with  the  clergy,  was  the 
dominant  order  in  the 
state. 

The  nobles  independent 
of  the  king. 


882.  Pope  Martin  II.  (Ma- 
rinus  I.). 

884.  Pope  Hadrian  III. 


885.  Pope  Stephen  V. 


877.  France — Louis  II.  (the 
Stammerer )  becomes 
king. 

879.  Louis  III.  and  Car- 
loman  reign  jointly. 

884.  Charles  the  Fat, 
king  of  France  and  em¬ 
peror ,  reunites  Frank¬ 
ish  dominions. 

885.  Paris  besieged  by 
the  Northmen.  Charles 
makes  peace  with  them. 


885  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY, 


79 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  Scotland,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


844.  Scotland : —  Kenneth , 
king  of  the  Scots,  de¬ 
feats  the  Piets  and  be¬ 
comes  sole  monarch. 


849.  Alfred  the  Great  bom. 

851.  Ethelwolf  defeats  the 
Danes  at  Ockley. 


845.  The  Normans  plunder 
Hamburg,  and  penetrate 
into  Germany. 

846.  The  Saracens  destroy 
the  Venetian  fleet,  and 
besiege  Rome. 

847.  A1  Mottawakkel,  ca¬ 
liph. 

849.  Saracens  defeated  by 
the  pope’s  allies. 


866 


Basil,  the  Macedonian, 
made  co-emperor. 


860.  Ethelbert  succeeds  in 
Wessex. 


866.  Ethelred  becomes 
king. 


860.  Gorm  the  Elder  unites 
utland  and  the  Danish 
sles,  and  becomes  king 

of  Denmark. 

861.  Iceland  discovered  by 
the  Northmen. 

862  ( traditional ) .  Russia : 
— Rurik,  first  grand 
prince. 


867 


Basil  slays  Michael  III.  and 
commences  the  Mace¬ 
donian  dynasty. 

Begins  the  compilation  of 
the  Basilican  Code. 


867.  The  Danes  begin  a 
series  of  assaults  which 
result  in  the  conquest 
of  England,  northeast 
of  the  Thames. 


868.  Egypt  throws  off  its 
dependence  on  the  ca¬ 
liphs,  under  Ahmed. 


871.  Alfred  the  Great 
succeeds. 


872.  Norway  :  —  Harold 
Haarfagr  makes  himself 
sole  king  by  his  great 
victory  over  the  jar  Is  at 
Hafurstford.  The  con¬ 
quered  nobles  leave  the 
country,  beginning  a 
career  of  piracy. 

874.  Iceland  settled  by 
the  Northmen. 


878 


Syracuse  taken  by  the 
Arabs. 


878.  Alfred  defeats  the 
Danes  at  Ethandun;  he 
concludes  with  them  the 
treaty  of  Chippenham  or 
Wedmore. 


8o 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


886  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  etc. 


890 


900 


Alfred  the  Great  estab¬ 
lishes  a  regular  militia 
and  navy  and  extends 
the  power  of  the  king’s 
courts ;  institutes  fairs 
and  markets. 


England  divided  into 
counties  or  shires,  hun¬ 
dreds,  and  tithings.  The 
county  courts  become 
the  great  safeguard  of 
the  civil  rights  of  Eng¬ 
lishmen. 

At  the  beginning  of  the 
tenth  century,  Constan¬ 
tinople  still  the  first  city 
of  Europe  and  a  great 
commercial  and  manu¬ 
facturing  centre. 


891.  Pope  Formosus. 


896.  Pope  Boniface  VI. 
Pope  Stephen  VI. 

898.  Pope  John  IX. 

Veneration  for  saints 
and  a  passion  for  relics 
prevail. 

900.  Pope  Benedict  IV. 


903.  Pope  Leo  V. 

904.  Pope  Sergius  III. 


909.  Cluny  founded. 


911.  The  Northmen  in 
France  embrace  Chris¬ 
tianity. 

914.  Pope  John  X. 


921  (about).  The  Bohe¬ 
mians  embrace  Chris¬ 
tianity. 


925 


The  Anglo-Saxon  mon¬ 
archy  rises  into  Euro¬ 
pean  importance. 


Rhazes,  Arabian  writer  on 
medicine. 


927.  Odo,  abbot  of  Cluny, 
establishes  celebrated 
code  of  discipline. 

928.  Pope  Leo  VI. 

929.  Pope  Stephen  VII. 


887.  Germany:  —  Arnulf 
dethrones  Charles  the 
Fat  and  becomes  king 
of  Germany;  the  final 
separation  of  Germany 
and  France. 

888.  France: — Odo,  Count 
of  Paris. 


895.  Arnulf,  German  em¬ 
peror,  takes  Rome. 


898.  France — Charles  III. 
(the  Simple)  succeeds. 

899.  Ger.:  —  Louis  III. 
(the  Child)  succeeds. 

Invasion  of  the  Hun¬ 
garians. 

Contests  among  the 
nobles  and  bishops. 

904.  Italy: — The  rise  of 
Theodora  followed  by 
Marozia. 


910.  The  emperor  pays 
tribute  to  the  Hun¬ 
garians. 

911.  France: — The  North¬ 
men  under  Rollo,  estab¬ 
lish  themselves  in  Nor¬ 
mandy. 

Ger.: — Conrad  I.  of 
Franconia.  The  empire 
becomes  elective. 

915.  Berengar  of  Italy 
crowned  emperor. 

919.  Ger.: — Henry  I.  (the 
Fowler),  first  of  the 
Saxon  line. 

France: — Charles  the 
Simple  overthrown  by 
Robert  of  Paris. 

923.  — Robert  I.  defeated 
and  killed  at  Soissons. 

Rudolph,  duke  of 
Burgundy,  succeeds  as 
king. 

926.  Italy: — Hugo,  count 
of  Provence,  becomes 
king  of  Italy. 


929.  France:  — •  Charles 
the  Simple  dies  a  pris¬ 
oner  at  Peronne;  sole 
rule  of  Rudolph. 


929  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


8l 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


886 


Leo  VI.  (the  philosopher) 
becomes  emperor. 


-90 

894 

897 


Beneventum  subject  to  the 
Greek  empire. 

Byzantines  driven  from 
Beneventum. 

War  with  the  Bulgarians, 
and  Saracens. 


893.  Invasion  of  the  Danes 
under  Hastings  and  re¬ 
newal  of  war  with 
Wessex. 

897.  The  Danes  defeated 
at  London. 


895  ( about ).  Hungary: — 
Magyars  under  Arpad 
enter  the  kingdom. 


904 


Russian  expedition  under 
Oleg,  against  Constan¬ 
tinople. 


900.  Scotland: — Constan¬ 
tine  II. 

901.  Edward  (the  elder), 
the  first  who  takes  the 
title  of  “king  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons.  ” 


910.  War  renewed  with 
Danes. 


909.  The  rise  of  the  Fati- 
mite  dynasty  in  Kair- 
wan,  North  Africa. 

910.  {about).  Spain: — The 
name  of  Leon  given  to 
the  kingdom  of  Asturias. 


912 


Constantine  VII.  (Porphy- 
rogenitus)  becomes  em¬ 
peror. 


912.  The  valley  of  the 
Thames  annexed  to  Wes¬ 
sex. 


912.  Spain:  —  Abderrah- 
man  III.  of  Cordova,  the 
greatest  Arab  prince  of 
Spain. 


919 


Romanus,  general  of  the 
fleet,  becomes  co-em¬ 
peror,  with  his  three 
sons. 


918-922.  East  Anglia  and 
Mercia  incorporated  by 
Wessex. 


A  period  of  quiet  in  the 
empire  and  comparative 
prosperity. 


925.  Athelstan  becomes 
king  of  Wessex. 

926.  — becomes  king  of 
Northumbria. 


82 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


930  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  etc. 


930 


{about).  Printing  by 
movable  blocks  among 
the  Chinese. 

Cordova,  in  Spain,  be¬ 
comes  the  seat  of  Arab 
learning,  science,  in¬ 
dustry,  and  commerce 
Its  celebrated  schools, 
together  with  its  equally 
celebrated  poets  and 
philosophers,  render  it 
famous  throughout  the 
world. 


931.  Pope  John  XI. 

Mere  children  ele¬ 
vated  to  the  highest 
offices  in  the  church. 


936.  Pope  Leo  VII. 

939.  Pope  Stephen  VIII. 


933.  Victory  of  Henry  the 
Fowler  over  the  Hun¬ 
garians  at  Merseburg. 


936.  Ger.: — Otho  I.  (the 
Great)  becomes  em¬ 
peror. 

France: — Louis  IV. 

becomes  king. 


942.  Pope  Martin  III. 
(Marinus  II.) 


950 


[  960 


Luitprand,  the  Lombard 
historian. 

The  mercantile  character 
raised  by  a  law  of  Athel- 
stan,  that  a  merchant 
who  made  three  voyages 
over  the  high  seas  with 
a  ship  and  cargo  of  his 
own,  should  enjoy  the 
rank  and  privileges  of  a 
thane. 

Manufactories  of  linens  and 
woollens  in  Flanders, 
which  becomes  the  seat 
of  W estern  industry. 

{about).  The  nun  Hros- 
witha  of  Gandersheim 
in  Brunswick  writes 
Latin  comedies. 

Suidas,  grammarian  and 
lexicographer. 

In  England,  Edgar  organ¬ 
izes  an  efficient  navy 
which  patrols  the  coast 
for  defence  against  the 
Norse  pirates. 


946.  Pope  Agapetus  II. 


955.  Pope  John  XII. 

Quarrel  with  the  em¬ 
perors  respecting  in¬ 
vestiture. 

957.  {about).  Baptism  of 
Olga,  regent  of  Russia. 

959.  St.  Dunstan  becomes 
archbishop  of  Canterbury 
and  attempts  to  reform 
the  church  —  enforcing 
clerical  celibacy. 

The  influence  of  the 
monks  greatly  increased. 


963.  Pope  Leo  VIII. 


964.  Pope  Benedict  V. 


965.  John  XIII. 

966.  Poland  receives  Chris¬ 
tianity  under  Miecislas. 


945.  France: —  Louis  IV. 
taken  prisoner  by  Hugh 
the  Great,  duke  of 
France. 

950.  Germany: — Bohemia 
becomes  tributary  to 
Otho. 

954.  France:  —  Lothair 
succeeds 

955.  Germany: —  Otho 
crushes  the  Hungarians 
on  the  Lee hf eld,  near 
Augsburg. 

Otho  defeats  the  Slavs. 


962.  Otho  crowned  Ro¬ 
man  emperor,  marking 
the  beginning  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire 
of  the  German  nation 
and  the  union  of  Italy 
with  Germany. 


971  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


83 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


&31.  Spain: — Ramiro  II. 
king  of  Leon. 


941 


945 


Romanus  gains  a  naval 
victory  over  the  Rus¬ 
sians,  led  by  Igor. 


Romanus  overthrown  and 
Constantine  VII.  reigns 
alone. 


937.  By  the  victory  of 
Brunanburh,  Athelstan 
establishes  his  power 
firmly. 

940.  Edmund  I.,  brother 
of  Athelstan,  becomes 
king. 

941.  The  Danes  in  Eng¬ 
land  make  war  on  Ed¬ 
mund. 

944.  The  Dane  law  re¬ 
duced. 

946.  Edred  succeeds  Ed¬ 
mund  ;  governed  by 
Dunstan,  abbot  of  Glas¬ 
tonbury. 

952 .  Scotland :  —  Malcolm 
I.,  king. 


934.  Norway: — Eric  Blod- 
oxe,  king — his  cruelty 
leads  the  people  to 
revolt. 

935.  Denmark: — Harold 
Blue-Tooth,  first  Chris¬ 
tian  king. 

939.  Spain: — Ramiro  II., 
king  of  Leon,  defeats  the 
Moors,  under  Abderrah- 
man,  in  the  battle  of 
Simancas. 


945.  Russia: — Igor  is  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  Sviatoslaf. 


950.  Spain: — Ordono  III. 
king  of  Leon. 


959 


Romanus 

emperor. 


II. 


953.  Scotland: — Indulf, 
king. 

955.  Edwy  succeeds  Edred. 

956.  Dunstan  banished. 


becomes 


959.  Edgar  succeeds  Edwy. 
Dunstan  made  arch¬ 
bishop  of  Canterbury. 


956.  Spain: — Sancho 
king  of  Leon. 


I.. 


961 

963 


965 


Conquest  of  Crete  by  the 
Byzantines. 

Basil  II.  and  Constantine 
VIII.  rule  under  the  re¬ 
gency  of  their  mother, 
Theophano.  Nicephorus 
Phocas  co-emperor. 

Nicephorus  recovers  Cy¬ 
prus, 


961.  Scotland  : — Duff, 
king.. 

Violent  disputes  be¬ 
tween  the  monks  and 
the  clergy. 

964.  Revival  of  monas- 
ticism  in  England  after 
the  Danish  wars. 


960.  China: — Tai  Tsoo 
founder  of  later  Sung 
dynasty;  wages  war  suc¬ 
cessfully  against  the 
Tatars. 


966.  Poland : — MiecislaS 
establishes  Christianity. 
Spain:  —  Ramiro  III. 
king  of  Leon. 


968 

969 

971 


— takes  Antioch. 

— is  murdered  by 

John  Zimisces,  who 
rules  as  co-emperor  till 
976. 

Zimisces  defeats  the  Rus¬ 
sians  at  Presthlava  and 
Dorystolum. 


969.  The  Fatimites  be¬ 
come  masters  of  Egypt, 
with  Cairo  as  the  capi  tal. 


84 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


972  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  etc. 


975 


983 


1005 


Abbon  of  Fleury,  French 
monk  and  ecclesiastical 
historian. 

The  present  arithmetical 
notation  brought  into 
Europe  by  the  Saracens. 

Greenland  discovered  by 
the  Northmen. 

Venice  and  Genoa  carry 
on  a  flourishing  trade 
between  Asia  and 
Western  Europe. 

Spain  the  seat  of  Arabian 
and  Jewish  learning. 

Firdausi,  epic  poet  of 
Persia. 


973.  Pope  Benedict  VI 

974.  Pope  Benedict  VII. 


981.  Benedict  VII.  issues 
proclamation  against  si¬ 
mony. 

983.  Pope  John  XIV. 

984.  Pope  Boniface  VII. 

985.  Pope  John  XV. 


989.  (about).  Byzantine 
Christianity  propagated 
in  Russia  by  Vladimir 
the  Great. 


993.  First  canonization  of 
saints. 


996.  Pope  Gregory  V. 

997.  Pope  John  XVI. 


999.  Pope  Sylvester  II. 


1000.  St.  Stephen  of  Hun¬ 
gary,  receives  the  royal 
dignity  from  the  pope 
with  the  title  of  Apos 
tolic  Majesty. 


1003.  Pope  John  XVII. 


iElfric  Grammaticus, 
Anglo-Saxon  writer  and 
theologian. 

The  arts  faintly  revive  in 
Italy  —  paintings  in 
fresco  and  mosaic. 


1003.  Pope  John  XVIII. 


1009.  Pope  Sergius  IV. 
1012.  Pope  Benedict  VIII 


973.  Ger.: — Otho  II.  em¬ 
peror. 


978.  Otho  at  war  with 
Lothair  of  France. 


983.  Otho  III.  emperor. 

986.  France: — Louis  V., 
(  the  Slothful )  king  ; 
last  of  the  Carlovingian 
race. 

987.  France: — Hugh  Capet 
king;  founder  of  Capetian 
line  of  French  kings. 


996.  France: — Robert  II. 
(the  Wise)  succeeds  his 
father  Hugh. 

998.  — is  compelled  by 
the  pope  to  separate 
from  his  wife  Bertha 
who  was  his  cousin. 

1000.  Millennial  expecta¬ 
tions. 


1002.  Ger.:  — Henry  II. 
emperor  (duke  of  Bava¬ 
ria). 

Italy: — Ardoin,  mar¬ 
grave  of  Ivrea,  elected 
king. 

1003-1018.  War  between 
the  empire  and  Poland. 

1004.  Italy: — Henry  in¬ 
vited  by  the  German 
party.  —  Ardoin  loses 
most  of  Italy  and  resigns. 
Henry  crowned  king. 

1005.  Henry  proclaims  a 
general  peace. 


1012  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


^5 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


972.  Hungary: — Geiza, the 
first  Christian  ruler. 


976 


Personal  rule  of  Basil  II. 
and  Constantine  VIII. 


981 


Beginning  of  the  great 
Bulgarian  war. 


975.  Edward  (the  Martyr) 
becomes  king. 

978.  Ethelred  II.  (“the 
Unready”)  becomes  king. 


976.  Spain  : —  Hisham, 
caliph  of  Cordova. 

A1  Mansur,  regent, 
obtains  many  victories 
over  the  Christians. 


988.  Beginning  of  Danish 
invasion. 

The  king  purchases 
their  retreat. 

991.  Battle  of  Maldon. 


996 


The  Bulgarians  plunder 
the  Peloponnesus  but 
their  army  is  destroyed. 


992.  Ethelred  makes  treat¬ 
ies  with  the  Norsemen 
and  with  Normandy. 

994.  Olaf  Trygrasson  of 
Norway  and  Sweyn  of 
Denmark  invade  Eng¬ 
land. 


988.  Sweyn  I.,  or  Sweno, 
king  of  Denmark,  in¬ 
vades  England. 

989  (.about).  Russia: — Vla¬ 
dimir  the  Great  marries 
Anna,  sister  of  the  em¬ 
peror  Basil  II.,  and 
adopts  Christianity. 

992.  Boleslav  I.  king  ot 
Poland. 

993.  Olaf,  first  Christian 
king  of  Sweden. 

995.  Norway: — Olaf  I., 

attempts  to  introduce 
Christianity. 

997.  Mahmud  sultan  of 
Ghazni. 


1002 


Basil  II.  defeats  the  Bul¬ 
garians  at  Vidin. 


1002.  Massacre  of  the 
Danes  in  England  on 
St.  Brice’s  Day. 


1000.  Sancho  III.  (the 
Great,)  king  of  Navarre. 

Pope  Sylvester  II. 
bestows  on  Stephen  of 
Hungary  the  royal  title. 

1001.  Mahmud  of  Ghazni 
makes  the  first  of  seven¬ 
teen  expeditions  into 
India., 

1002.  Death  of  A1  Man¬ 
sur  and  beginning  of 
the  fall  of  the  caliphate 
of  Cordova. 


1003.  Sweyn  lands  a  large 
armament  in  England. 


1005.  Scotland: — Malcolm 
II.,  an  able,  renowned 
prince. 


86 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1013  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


Literature,  the  arts  and 
sciences,  and  commerce 
flourish  at  Ghazni. 

Musical  scale  improved  by 
Guido  Aretino. 

Avicenna,  a  famous  Arab¬ 
ian  physician  and  phil¬ 
osopher. 


France,  Germany,  etc. 


1014.  Henry  crowned 
emperor  at  Rome. 


1021.  Emperor  Henry  II. 
comes  to  the  aid  of  the 
pope  against  the  Byzan¬ 
tines. 

1022.  The  pope  and  the 
emperor  unite  to  reform 
the  church  in  the  spirit 
of  the  Cluniac  discipline. 

1024.  Pope  John  XIX.  He 
gained  his  election  by 
bribery.  He  was  not  of 
the  clergy,  but  consul 
and  senator  of  Rome. 


1033.  Pope  Benedict  IX. 
(ten  years  old). 


1 


1024.  Ger.:  —  Conrad  II. 
(the  Salic)  becomes  em¬ 
peror,  first  of  the  Fran¬ 
conian  line. 

1026-27.  Conrad  crowned 
king  of  Italy  and  Roman 
emperor. 

1028.  Robert  the  Devil 
becomes  duke  of  Nor¬ 
mandy. 

1031.  Favorable  treaty 
with  Poland. 

France: — Henry  I.  be¬ 
comes  king. 

1033.  Kingdom  of  Bur¬ 
gundy  annexed  to  the 
empire. 


1041 


The  anarchy  of  feudalism 
finds  a  partial  check  in 
the  promulgation  of  the 
“Truce  of  God.” 


George  Cedrenus,  Bryzan- 
tine  chronicler. 


1038.  The  pope,  for 
his  scandalous  conduct, 
driven  from  Rome,  but 
re-established  by  the 
emperor  Conrad. 

1041.  “Truce  of  God” 
published  by  the  French 
bishops. 


1039.  Ger.: — Henry  III.  be¬ 
comes  emperor. 

1041.  — defeats  the  Bo¬ 
hemians  and  Hungarians 
— claims  the  right  of 
nominating  to  the  papal 
chair. 


Franco  Magister,  writer  on 
music. 


1042  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


87 


a.d.  !  Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1014 


Basil  II.  overwhelms  the 
Bulgarian  army  at  the 
pass  of  Demirhissar. 


1013.  The  Danes,  under 
Sweyn,  become  masters 
of  England. 

Ethelred  flees  to  Nor¬ 
mandy. 

1014.  The  Northmen  in 
Ireland  defeated  at 
Clontarfby  Brian  Boru. 


1018 


The  Bulgarian  kingdom 
overthrown  and  reduced 
to  submission. 


1016.  Edmund  II.  (Iron¬ 
sides,)  fights  six  battles 
with  Canute,  king  of 
Denmark,  with  whom 
he  finally  divides  the 
kingdom. 

1017.  The  death  of  Ed¬ 
mund  leaves  Canute 
sole  ruler.  He  patron¬ 
izes  literature  and  the 
Church. 


1015.  Norway: — Olaf  II. 
the  Saint  establishes 
Christianity. 

1016.  Denmark: — Canute 
II.  (the  Great). 


1019.  Russia: — Yaroslaff 
the  Great. 


1025 


Sole  rule  of  Constantine 
VIII. 


1024.  Mahmud  of  Ghazni 
storms  Somnath,  in 
Gujarat,  India. 

1025.  Poland :  Miecislas  II. 


1028 


Romanus 

emperor. 


III. 


becomes 


1028.  Sancho  of  Navarre 
takes  Castile. 


1031.  Canute  penetrates 
into  Scotland — subdues 
Malcolm. 


1034 


Michael  IV.  (the  Paphla- 
gonian)  becomes  em¬ 
peror. 


1034.  Scotland: — Duncan 
king. 

1035.  Harold  I.  (Hare- 
foot)  becomes  king — 
ruled  by  Earl  Godwin. 


1038 


The  Normans  gain  a  foot¬ 
hold  in  Apulia. 


1041 


Michael  V.  becomes  em¬ 
peror. 


1042 


Zoe  and  Theodora  rule 
jointly. 

Constantine  IX.  (Monoma- 
chus)  becomes  emperor. 
Rise  of  the  Seljuk  Turks. 


1040.  Hardicanute. 

Scotland :  —  Macbeth 
murders  Duncan,  and 
usurps  the  throne. 

The  Saxon  line  re¬ 
stored  under 
1042. — Edward  (the  Con¬ 
fessor).  The  country 
prospers  under  his  mild 
sway. 

The  Norman  in¬ 
fluence  predominant  at 
the  English  court. 


1033.  Castile  a  separate 
kingdom. 

1035.  Spain: — Aragon  a 
kingdom  under  Ramiro 
I. 

Denmark:  —  Hardi¬ 
canute  III. 

Norway: — Magnus  I. 
(the  Good). 

1037.  Ferdinand  I.,  of 
Castile,  in  right  of  his 
wife,  succeeds  to  Leon; 
successful  against  the 
Mohammedans. 


1042.  Denmark: — Magnus 
(the  Good)  of  Norway, 
king. 


88 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


IO43  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  etc. 


1045.  Benedict  again  driven 
from  the  throne,  and  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  Sylvester  III. 
Benedict  is  restored  by 
the  Counts  of  Tuscu- 
lum.  But  finding  the 
people  will  not  tolerate 
his  crimes,  he  sells  the 
papal  chair  to  Gregory. 
Benedict  deposed  for 
simony  by  a  council 
called  by  Henry  III. 

1046.  Pope  Clement  II. 

1048.  Damasus  II. 

1049.  Leo  IX. 


1047.  William  of  Nor¬ 
mandy  defeats  his 
rebellious  nobles  at 
Val-es-dunes. 


1055 


Michael  Psellus,  a  cele¬ 
brated  Greek  philosopher 
and  historian. 

First  age  of  scholastic 
philosophy. 

Feudal  system  introduced 
in  England  by  the 
Normans. 


1053.  — is  defeated  by  the 
Normans  at  Civitate. 


1054.  The  papal  chair 
vacant  one  year. 

Excommunication  of 
the  patriarch  of  Con¬ 
stantinople  final  schism 
between  Eastern  and 
Western  Churches. 

1055.  Pope  Victor  II. 

Hildebrand,  the  real 

head  of  the  church  from 
the  time  of  Leo  IX.  The 
church  improving  in 
piety  and  discipline. 

1057.  Pope  Stephen  IX. 

1058.  Nicholas  II. 

1059.  The  election  of  pope 
transferred  to  a  con¬ 
clave  of  cardinals. 

1061.  Pope  Alexander  II. 

1062.  Berengar  of  Tours 
opposes  the  doctrine  of 
transubstantiation. 

1066.  Alexander  deposes 
Harold  and  gives  Eng¬ 
land  to  William  duke  of 
Normandy. 


1053.  Germany:  —  Henry 
III.  causes  his  son 
Henry  to  be  elected  and 
crowned  Roman  em- 
peroi. 

1054.  Henry  I.  of  France 
invades  Normandy  and 
is  defeated  at  Mortemer. 


1056.  Ger.: — Henry  IV. 
(the  Great),  aged  six 
years,  becomes  emperor, 
under  the  tutelage  of 
his  mother  Agnes. 


1059.  Robert,  duke  of 
Apulia,  becomes  a  vassal 
of  the  pope. 

1060.  France:  —  Philip  I. 
becomes  king. 


1066.  William,  duke  of 
Normandy,  claims  the 
crown  of  England,  and 
makes  war  upon  Harold 
to  obtain  it. 


The  Papacy  at  the 
height  of  its  power, 
claiming  supreme  domin¬ 
ion,  temporal  and  spir¬ 
itual,  over  all  the  states 
of  Christendom. 


106 6  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


89 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1043 


The  Russians  attack  Con¬ 
stantinople  and  are  de¬ 
feated. 


1054 


Theodora  becomes  em¬ 
press,  the  last  of  Mace¬ 
donian  dynasty. 

The  Greek  Church  sepa¬ 
rates  from  the  Roman. 


1051.  Rebellion  of  Earl 
Godwin  and  his  sons. 

Godwin  and  Harold 
banished. 

William,  duke  of  Nor¬ 
mandy,  visits  Edward. 

1052.  Godwin  restored  to 
favor. 

1053.  The  Danegeld  abol¬ 
ished. 

Earl  Godwin  dies. 

The  Welsh  several 
times  invade  England, 
but  are  repressed  by 
Harold,  son  of  Godwin. 


1047.  Denmark: — Svend 
Estridsen,  king. 

Norway : —  Harold 
Hardrada,  king. 


1052.  The  Pisans  take 
Sardinia  from  the  Sara¬ 
cens. 


1056 


Michael  VI.  (Stratioticus) 
becomes  emperor. 


1055.  The  Seljuk  Turks 
become  virtual  masters 
of  Bagdad  though  the 
caliphs  retain  the  show 
of  authority. 


1057 

1059 


Isaac  I.,  (Comnenus)  be¬ 
comes  emperor. 

Constantine  X.  (Ducas) 
becomes  emperor. 


1057.  Scotland: — Macbeth 
defeated  an  >  killed  at 
Langfanan  by  Tostig, 
earl  of  Northumberland, 
and  Malcolm.  Malcolm 
III.  (Canmore)  becomes 
king. 


1066.  Harold  II.  elected 
king;  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Hastings. 
William  I.  duke  of 
Normandy,  styled  “the 
Conqueror.” 

End  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  dynasty. 

Edgar  Atheling  flies 
to  Scotland. 

William  I.  “the  Conquer¬ 
or,”  becomes  king;  first 
of  the  Norman  line. 


1065.  Spain: — Alfonso  VI. 
king  of  Leon  and  of 
Castile  (1072). 


90 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I067  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain. 


1070 


1080 


1086 


1090 


Lanfranc,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 

London  Bridge  and  West¬ 
minster  Hall  built. 

Norman  French  taught  in 
all  the  schools  in  England 
and  made  use  of  in  all 
legal  proceedings. 


Medical  school  at  Salerno 
of  great  prominence. 


William  of  Spires,  mathe¬ 
matician. 

Doomsday  Book  compiled 
by  order  of  William  the 
Conqueror. 

Literature  patronized  in 
the  East  by  the  Seljuk 
Sultan,  Malek  Shah. 


Roscellinus,  scholastic, 
founder  of  Nominalism 


1071.  Philip  of  France  en¬ 
gages  in  a  war  with 
Robert,  count  of  Hol¬ 
land. 


1073.  Pope  Gregory  VII. 

(Hildebrand),  who  at¬ 
tempts  to  free  the  clergy 
from  the  civil  jurisdic¬ 
tion.  He  quarrels  with 
the  emperor. 

1075.  The  pope  assails  si¬ 
mony, clerical  marriages, 
and  lay  investiture. 

1076.  A  council  of  German  bishops  at  Worms  deposes 
pope;  Gregory  excommunicates  the  emperor; 
Henrv’s  enemies  declare  him  deposed. 

1077.  The  emperor  humbles  himself  before  Gregory 
VII.  at  Canossa  and  makes  his  peace;  Rudolph  of 
Suabia  chosen  as  rival  king. 

1080.  Rudolph  dies;  Henry  IV.  deposes  Gregory  for 
his  intrigues  against  him,  and  causes  Clement  III. 
to  be  chosen  as  antipope.  The  struggle  continues 
until  1085,  when  Henry  triumphs  over  Gregory, 
who  flees  to  Salerno,  and  dies  in  exile. 


1084.  Rome  sacked  by  the 
Normans. 


1086.  The  order  of  the 
Carthusians  instituted 
by  Bruno. 

1087.  Pope  Victor  III. 


1088.  Pope  Urban  II. 


1085.  Spain:  —Toledo  taken 
from  the  Moors  by  Al¬ 
fonso  VI.  (I.)  of  Leon 
and  Castile. 

1086.  Spain:  —  The  Al- 
moravides  invade  Spain 
and  crush  the  Castilians 
in  the  battle  of  Zallaca. 

1087.  France: — War  with 
England;  Robert,  duke 
of  Normandy,  opposes 
William  Rufus. 


1092.  Urban  II.  supports 
Conrad  of  Germany 
against  his  father. 


1092.  Conrad,  son  of  the 
emperor,  rebels  and  is 
crowned  king  of  Italy. 


10^2  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


91 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1067 


1071 


1074 

-75 


Michael  VII.,  emperor 
Romanus  IV.  (Diogenes) , 
co -emperor.  He  vali¬ 

antly  but  vainly  opposes 
the  Turks  —  is  defeated 
and  taken  prisoner  by 
Alp  Arslan,  at  Manzikert 
(1071). 

Bari,  the  last  Byzantine 
possession  in  Italy,  taken 
by  the  Normans. 


Syria  and  Palestine  sub¬ 
dued  by  Malek  Shah,  the 
Seljuk  leader. 

Jerusalem  taken. 


1068-1069.  National  rising 
in  the  north  and  west 
relentlessly  crushed  by 
William. 

1070.  The  feudal  system  in¬ 
troduced  by  the  king.  All 
the  offices  of  the  govern¬ 
ment  placed  in  the  hands 
of  Normans.  The  Nor¬ 
man  language  intro¬ 
duced. 

Malcolm  III.  of  Scot¬ 
land  ravages  Durham. 

Rising  of  English  at 
Ely  under  Hereward  the 
Wake. 

1072.  Peace  between  the 
Normans  and  the  Scots. 


1067.  Boleslav  II.,  of  Po¬ 
land,  takes  Kieff. 


1076.  Denmark.* — Harold 
Whetstone. 


1078 

1081 


1084 


Nicephorus  III. 


Alexius  I.  (Comnenus)  be¬ 
comes  emperor.  The  em¬ 
pire  invaded  by  Robert 
Guiscard,  the  Norman 
who  defeats  Alexius  at 
Durazzo. 

Alexius  repels  the  Normans 
from  Larissa. 

After  the  capture  of  Jeru¬ 
salem,  by  the  Turks,  the 
Christian  pilgrims  are  in¬ 
sulted,  robbed,  and  op¬ 
pressed  This,  together 
with  the  appeal  of  the 
Byzantines  for  aid, 
gives  rise  to  the  Cru¬ 
sades. — Great  struggle 
between  Christianity  and 
Mohammedanism. 


1077.  Robert,  the  king’s 
son,  raises  a  rebellion  in 
Normandy. 

1079.  Robert  is  defeated 
and  submits. 


1086.  The  Doomsday  Book 
compiled  for  all  Eng¬ 
land,  save  the  northern 
counties. 

1087.  William  invades 
France  and  dies  at 

lYf o  nfpc 

William  II.  (Rufus)  be¬ 
comes  king. 

1088.  Revolt  of  the  Nor¬ 
man  nobles  under  Odo 
of  Bayeux. 


1077.  Hungary: — Ladislas 
I.,  the  Saint. 

1079.  Poland: — Stanislas, 
bishop  of  Cracow,  mur¬ 
dered.  Boleslav  II. 
excommunicated  and 
dethroned. 

Vladislav  I. 


1084.  Italy: — Rome  taken 
and  sacked  by  the  Nor¬ 
mans. 

Bohemia  erected  into  a 
kingdom  by  the  emperor 
Henry  IV. 


1090.  Sicily  completely 
conquered  by  Roger  the 
Norman,  after  a  war  of 
thirty  years  with  its 
masters,  the  Saracens. 


1092.  The  Seljuk  empire 
falls  apart  into  a  number 
of  smaller  states,  Ico- 
nium  or  Roum,  Damas¬ 
cus,  Aleppo,  Kerman, 
and  Iran. 


92 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


IO93  A.D. 


A.D. 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

Ecclesiastical. 

France,  Germany,  Spain. 

1093 

Anselm,  archbishop  of  Can¬ 
terbury. 

The  popes  continue  the  struggle  against  the  empire. 

1094.  Valencia  taken  by 
the  Cid. 

1095  Beginning  of  the  Crusades.  Peter  the  Hermit  preaches  against  the  Turks  in  all 
the  countries  of  Christendom. 


1095.  Portugal  made  a 
county  by  Alfonso  VI. 
of  Leon  and  Castile. 


The  Council  of  Clermont. 


1096.  The  First  CRUSADE: — Peter  the  Hermit,  and  Walter  the  Pennyless,  set  out 
with  a  vast  rabble,  most  of  whom  perish  before  the  warriors  are  ready  to  start. 


Nathan  Ben  Jehiel,  Jewish 
scholar  (a.  1035-1106). 


1099  Knights  of  St.  John  of 
|  Jerusalem  instituted. 

I 

1100  William  of  Poitiers,  chroni¬ 

cler  of  William  the  Con¬ 
queror. 

The  dialect  of  the  lie  de 
France  becomes  the  pre¬ 
vailing  idiom  in  France. 
— The  appearance  of 
Gothic  architecture. 


The  chieftains  of  the  First  Crusade  were: 

1.  Godfrey  of  Bouillon 


1099.  Pope  Paschal  II. 


or 


Boulogne. 

2.  Hugh  of  Vermandois. 

3.  Robert  of  Normandy. 

4.  Robert  of  Flanders. 

5.  Stephen  of  Blois, 

6.  Raymond  of  Toulouse. 

7.  Bohemond,  son  of  Rob¬ 

ert  Guiscard. 

8.  Tancred,  nephew  of 

Robert  Guiscard. 
1099.  Spain: — Death  of  the 
Cid  and  recovery  of 
Valencia  by  the  Moors. 


/ 


1104.  Spain: — Alfonso  I., 
el  Batallador,  king. 

1105.  Henry  IV.  of  Ger¬ 
many  compelled  to  abdi¬ 
cate  by  his  son. 

1106.  Ger.:  —  Henry  V. 
becomes  emperor  — 
maintains  the  right  of 
investiture. 


iio7  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


93 


A.D. 

Eastern  Empire, 

England,  etc. 

The  World,  elsewhere. 

1093.  Scotland  : — Malcolm 
III.  invades  England 
and  is  slain  near  Alnwick 

Castle. 


Anselm  made  archbishop 
of  Canterbury. 


1095 


The  Byzantine  emperor 
calls  upon  western 
Europe  for  aid  against 
the  Turks. 


1094.  Scot.: — Donald  Bane, 
king. 

— Duncan  usurps  the 
crown. 

William  quarrels  with 

Anselm.  1095.  Hungary: — Coloman, 

king. 


1097 


Appearance  of  the  cru¬ 
saders  ;  great  numbers 
pass  through  Constan¬ 
tinople. 

Baldwin  founds  the  prin¬ 
cipality  of  Edessa. 

Battle  of  Dorylasum, 
which  secures  the  march 
of  the  crusaders  through 
Asia  Minor. 


1098.  Scotland: — Edgar, 
son  of  Malcolm,  puts  out 
Donald’s  eyes  and  de¬ 
thrones  him. 


1098.  Egypt: — The  Fati- 
mites  take  Jerusalem. 


1099  Jerusalem  taken  by  the 
crusaders,  under  God¬ 
frey,  who  becomes  ruler. 

Battle  of  Ascalon  and  de¬ 
feat  of  the  Egyptian 
Saracens. 


1104 


Acre  taken  by  the  crusa¬ 
ders. 


1100.  William  II.  acci¬ 
dentally  shot  by  Sir 
Walter  Tyrel. 

Henry  I.  (Beauclerc)  be¬ 
comes  king,  marries  Ma¬ 
tilda,  daughter  of  Mal¬ 
colm,  a  descendant  of 
Edmund  Ironsides,  thus 
uniting  the  Norman  and 
Saxon  interests. 

1101.  Henry  grants  the 
Charter  of  Liberties. 

Robert,  duke  of  Nor¬ 
mandy,  invadesEngland. 


1101.  China; — Emperor 
Hwuy-Tsung  calls  in 
the  aid  of  the  Neu-che 
Tatars  who  expel  the 
Khitan  Tatars  from  Liao- 
Tung  and  make  them¬ 
selves  masters  of  the 
region. 

1102.  Poland: — Boleslav 
III. 

1103.  Denmark: — Niels, 
king. 


1106.  Henry  invades  Nor¬ 
mandy;  takes  Robert 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Tinchebrai. 

Scotland : — Alexan¬ 
der  I. 

1107.  Henry’s  quarrel  with 
Anselm  concluded. 


1105.  Italy: — Venice,  Ge¬ 
noa,  and  Pisa  greatly  en¬ 
riched  by  the  Crusades 


94 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1 108  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain. 


1118  The  Knights  Templars 
founded. 

1120  Hariri,  Arabian  poet. 

Anna  Comnena,  daughter 
of  Alexius  I.,  Eastern 
emperor,  historian. 

Scholastic  philosophy  at¬ 
tains  full  development 
in  the  writings  of  Peter 
Abelard. 

Peter,  the  Lombard  (Mas¬ 
ter  of  Sentences),  scho¬ 
lastic. 

Geoffrey  of  Monmouth, 
historian. 

Aristotle’s  logic  comes  into 
repute  through  the  Arab¬ 
ians. 

The  revival  of  the  study  of 
the  Civil  Law  under 
Imerius  at  Bologna. 


1140 

1142 


Hugo  of  St.  Victor,  mystic. 

The  establishment  of  the 
Canon  Law  by  the  De- 
cretum  of  Gratian. 

William  of  Malmesbury, 
English  historian. 

Otho,  bishop  of  Freising, 
chronicler. 

Benjamin  of  Tudela,  a  Jew. 
travels  from  Spain  to 
India ,  byConstantinople , 
and  returns  through 
Egypt. 

Henry  of  Huntingdon 
English  chronicler. 


1111.  Emperor  Henry  V. 
compels  Paschal  II.  to 
renounce  the  right  of 
investiture. 

1116.  Invasion  by  the 
emperor  causes  the  pope 
to  flee  from  Rome, 

1118.  Pope  Gelasius  II. 

1119.  Pope  Calixtus  II. 


1123.  First  Lateran  Council 

1124.  Pope  Honorius  II. 


1128.  Honorius  struggles 
against  Roger,  king  of 
Sicily. 

1130.  Innocent  II.  and  An- 
acletus  II.,  rival  popes. 


1137.  A  pretended  Messiah 
in  France. 

1138.  — another  in  Persia. 


1139.  Second  Lateran 
Council. 


1143.  Pope  Celestine  II. 

1144.  Pope  Lucius  II. 

1145.  Pope  Eugenius  III. 


1108.  France: — Louis  VI., 
( Le  Gros)  becomes  king, 
Abbe  Suger,  counsellor. 

1109.  Alfonso  I.  of  Aragon 
rules  over  Leon  and 
Castile  in  right  of  his 
wife. 

1110.  Ger.  :  —  Henry  V. 
enters  Italy,  and  compels 
the  pope  to  crown  him, 

1114.  Henry  V.  marries 
Matilda,  of  England. 


1118.  Spain: — Alfonso  I. 
of  Aragon  captures  Sar¬ 
agossa. 


1125.  Germany: — Lothair 
II.,  emperor. 

— opposed  by  Frederick 
and  Conrad  of  Suabia. 

1126.  Spain:— Alfonso  VII., 
king,  Leon  and  Castile. 


1134.  Spain: — Garcia  IV., 
king  of  Navarre. 

Ramiro  II.,  king  of 
Aragon. 

1136.  Lothair  invades  Italy 
and  overruns  the  south¬ 
ern  partof  the  peninsula. 

1137.  France: — Louis  VII. 
( le  Jeune). 

1138.  Germany: — House  of 
Suabia. 

Conrad  I.,  first  of 
the  Hohenstaufen  em¬ 
perors. 

Dissensions  of  the 
Guelfs  and  Ghibelines. 

1139.  Portugal  becomes  a 
kingdom  after  the  battle 
of  Ourique,  under  Al¬ 
fonso  I.,  of  the  House  of 
Burgundy. 


1146.  The  Almohades  in 
vade  Spain. 


1147.  The  Second  Crusade  preached  by  St.  Bernard 
and  joined  by  the  emperor  Conrad  and  Louis  VII.  of 
France. 


II48  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


95 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1109 


Tripoli  taken  by  crusaders 
and  erected  into  a 
county  for  Raymond 
of  Toulouse. 


1118 


John  II. 


(Comnenus). 


1114.  Matilda,  daughter  of 
Henry  I.,  marries  the 
emperor  Henry  V. 


1117.  Persia: — Sanjar  sub¬ 
dues  Khorasan  and 
Samarkand. 


1123 

1124 


The  Patzinaks  defeated  at 
Berrhoea  in  Thrace. 
Tyre  taken  by  the  cru¬ 
saders. 


1120.  Shipwreck  and  death 
of  Prince  William. 


1121.  Norway:  Sigurd  the 
Jerusalemite,  king. 


1124.  Scotland: — David  I. 
promotes  civilization. 


1126 


John  II.  wages  successful 
war  against  the  Turks. 


1137 


John  II.  defeats  the  Arme¬ 
nians  of  Cilicia. 


1127.  Matilda,  daughter  of 
Henry  I.,  marries  Geof¬ 
frey  Plantagenet. 


1135.  Stephen  of  Blois. 

1136.  Matilda  asserts  her 
right  to  the  throne; 

David,  king  of  Scot¬ 
land,  assists  her. 


1 127.  Roger  of  Sicily  brings 
about  the  union  of  Sicily 
and  Naples. 

China:  Kaou-Tsung,  em¬ 
peror;  during  his 
reign  the  Neu-che  or 
Kin  Tartars  conquer  the 
country  to  the  Yang-tse- 
Kiang. 

1135.  (1130?).  Sweden: — 
Sverker  I. 


1138. — is  defeated  in  the 
‘  ‘  battle  of  the  Standard 
at  Northallerton. 


1143 

1144 

1146 


Manuel  Comnenus  be¬ 
comes  emperor, 

Edessa  retaken  by  the 
Turks,  gives  rise  to  the 
Second  Crusade. 

Thebes  and  Corinth  plun¬ 
dered  by  the  Sicilians. 


1139.  Civil  war:  Stephen 
and  Matilda. 

1141.  Stephen  made  pris¬ 
oner  at  the  battle  of 
Lincoln. 


1147  Failure  of  the  Second 

1148  Crusade  after  enormous 
losses. 


1147  (about).  Russia: — 
Moscow  rises  to  rank  of 
a  city. 


9<5 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1150  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain.. 


1150 


{about).  University  of 
Paris. 

Aben  Ezra,  of  Toledo, 
Jewish  scholar. 


1153.  Pope  Anastasius  IV. 


1154.  Pope  Hadrian  IV. 
'  (an  Englishman,  Nicho¬ 
las  Breakspeare). 

1155.  Arnold,  of  Brescia, 
condemned  and  burnt. 

1156.  Order  of  the  Car¬ 
melites  instituted. 


1152.  France: — Louis  di¬ 
vorces  his  queen,  Elea¬ 
nor,  who  marries  Henry 
of  Anjou,  afterwards 
king  of  England;  thus 
Guienne  and  Poitou  are 
lost  to  France. 

Germany  and  Italy: — 
Frederick  I.  (Bar  bar- 
ossa),  emperor. 


1156.  The  electoral  college 
appears. 


1158 


Bank  of  Venice  established. 


1159.  Pope  Alexander  III. 
Victor  IV. ,  antipope. 


1164.  Paschal  III.,  anti¬ 
pope. 


1157.  Spain: — Castile  and 
Leon  divided  under  Fer¬ 
dinand  II.  and  Sancho 
III. 

1 158.  Germany: — The  em¬ 
peror  Frederick  crosses 
into  Italy  and  in  the  diet 
of  Roncaglia  defines  the 
rights  of  the  Lombard 
cities. 

1162.  Frederick  destroys 
Milan. 

Spain: — Alfonso  II., 
king  of  Aragon,  in¬ 
cluding  Barcelona. 


1167 


{about).  Oxford  schools 
made  a  university. 
Collegesof  theology,  philos¬ 
ophy,  and  law  at  Paris. 
English  commerce  confined 
to  the  exportation  of 
wool. 


1167.  Rome  taken  by  Frederick  Barbarossa. 


1168.  Calixtus  III.,  anti¬ 
pope. 

1170.  The  Waldenses  and 
Albigenses  begin  to  ap¬ 
pear. 


1170.  France: — The  rise  of 
the  Waldenses.  They 
derived  their  name  from 
Peter  Waldo,  a  merchant 
of  Lyons. 


1175  Eustathius,  bishop  of 

Thessalonica,  commen¬ 
tator  on  Homer. 
Confirmation  of  the  mili¬ 
tary  order  of  Santiago. 

1176  Circuit  judges  appointed 

in  England. 


1174.  Frederick  Barbaros- 
sa’s  last  expedition  into 
Italy. 


1176.  Frederick  defeated  m 
the  battle  of  Legnano  by 
the  Lombard  cities. 

Henry  the  Lion  re* 
bels. 


ii77  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


97 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


1167 


1171 

1173 

1174 


1176 


The  Byzantines  overwhelm 
a  Hungarian  army  near 
Zeugmin. 


Outbreak  of  war  with 
Venice. 


The  Venetian  fleet  disor¬ 
ganized  by  pestilence. 

The  Venetians  confirmed 
in  their  commercial 
rights. 


The  Byzantines  over¬ 

whelmed  by  the  Seljuks 
at  Myriokephalon  in 

Phrygia. 


England  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1152.  Henry  Plantagenet 
marries  Eleanor  of  Aqui¬ 
taine  (G  uienne)  and 
invades  England. 

1153.  Treaty  of  Walling¬ 
ford  gives  succession  to 
Henry. 

1154.  — Henry  II.,  (Planta¬ 
genet). 

1155.  Thomas  a  Becket 
becomes  chancellor. 


1162.  Becket  made  arch 
bishop  of  Canterbury. 

1163.  — opposes  the  king 

1164.  — resists  the  consti 
tutions  of  Clarendon — 
flees  to  France. 

1165.  Scotland: — William. 

1166.  Assize  of  Clarendon 
regulating  the  admin¬ 
istration  of  justice. 


1170.  Becket  returns  to 
England,  and  is  mur¬ 
dered. 

1171-1172.  Henry  con¬ 
quers  Ireland. 


1174.  Treaty  of  Falaise,  in 
which  William  the  Lion 
agrees  to  do  homage  for 
Scotland. 

Henry  makes  a  pil 
grimage  to  the  shrine  of 
Becket. 

1176.  The  Assize  of  North¬ 
ampton  requires  an  oath 
of  fealty  from  all 
Englishmen. 


1155.  Sweden: — Eric  IX. 
the  Saint. 

1156.  Japan: — Beginning 
of  war  between  the  clans 
of  the  Taira  and  the 
Minamoto;  the  latter 
defeated,  found  an  in¬ 
dependent  power  with 
Kamakura  as  the  capi¬ 
tal. 

1157.  Denmark:  —  Valde- 

mar  I. 


1158.  Venice  a  great 
maritime  power. 

1160.  Sweden: — Karl  Sver- 
kersson. 


1163.  Sweden: — Arch¬ 
bishopric  of  Upsala 
founded. 


1167.  Italy: — League  of 
the  Italian  cities  to  pre¬ 
serve  their  liberties 
against  the  emperor. 


1171.  Egypt: —  Saladin. 
sultan. 

He  extends  his  do¬ 
minions  in  Egypt,  Syria, 
and  Mesopotamia. 

1173.  Poland: — Miecislas 
III. 


1177.  Poland:  —  Casimir 
(the  Just). 


98 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1179  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain. 


1180  Robert  Wace,  Anglo-Nor¬ 
man  poet.  Translation 
of  his  Brut  by  Layamon, 
one  of  the  first  English 
compositions. 

John  Tzetzes,  Greek  gram¬ 
marian. 

Maimonides  (Moses  ben 
Maimon),  Jewish  theo¬ 
logian. 

Roger,  of  Hoveden,  chron¬ 
icler. 

Treatise  on  English  law 
ascribed  to  Ranulph  de 
Glanville. 


1189  Massacre  of  the  Jews  at 
the  coronation  of  Rich¬ 
ard  I. 

1190  Teutonic  order  instituted 


Abu  Bekr  ibn  Tophail, 
philosophical  writer. 

Averroes,  Arabic  philoso¬ 
pher,  introduced  Aris-i 
totelianism  into  Europe 


1179.  Innocent  (III.)  anti¬ 
pope. 

The  Waldenses  spread 
over  the  valley  of  Pied¬ 
mont.  They  circulated 
the  sacred  Scriptures. 
They  were  the  forerun¬ 
ners  of  Protestantism 
Condemned  by  the 
Eleventh  General  Coun 
cil,  and  severely  perse¬ 
cuted. 

Third  Lateran,  or 
Eleventh  General  Coun 
cil. 

1181.  Pope  Lucius  III. 


1185.  Pope  Urban  III. 


1187.  Pope  Gregory  VIII. 
Pope  Clement  III. 


1180.  France: — Philip  II., 
(Augustus,) 

Henry  the  Lion  de¬ 
prived  of  Bavaria  and 
Saxony. 

1183.  The  Peace  of  Con¬ 
stance  re-establishes  the 
rights  of  the  Lombard 
cities. 


1188.  Spain: — Alfonso  IX. 
king  of  Leon. 


1189  Third  Crusade  led  by  Philip  Augustus,  of 
France,  Richard,  of  England,  and  Frederick  Bar- 
barossa. 

1190.  Ger.: — Henry  VI., 
1191.  Pope  Celestine  III.  emperor. 


1192.  Richard  Coeur  de 
Lion  in  captivity  in 
Germany. 


1198.  Pope  Innocent  III. 


1194.  The  two  Sicilies 
united  to  the  empire. 

1198.  Philip,  of  Suabia, 
and  Otho,  of  Brunswick, 
dispute  the  German 
crown;  the  former  sup¬ 
ported  by  the  Ghibelines 
and  the  latter  by  the 
Guelfs, 


1199  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


99 


A.D. 


England  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1180 


Alexius  II.  becomes  em 
peror. 


1183  Andronicus  I.  becomes  em 
peror. 

1185- Isaac  II.  (Angelus)  be 
comes  emperor. 


1186  Bulgarians  revolt  and 
establish  new  kingdom. 


119(1  Iconium  taken  by  Fred¬ 
erick  Barbarossa,  but 
afterwards  restored. 


1195 


1181.  The  Assize  of  Arms 
regulates  the  national 
defence  and  subjects 
personal  property  to 
taxation. 


1185.  John, in  Ireland. 


1182.  Denmark: — Canute 
VI. 


1183.  Saladin  takes  Aleppo. 

1185.  Portugal: — Sane  ho 

I. 

Japan:  - —  The  Taira 
clan  is  defeated  in  the 
battle  of  Dannoura  and 
exterminated.  TheMina- 
moto  in  supreme  control 
under  Yoritomo. 

1186.  The  last  of  the  Ghaz- 
nevides,  ruling  at  La¬ 
hore,  overthrown  by 
Mahmud  of  Ghor. 

1187.  Saladin  gains  the 
victory  of  Tiberias,  and 
takes  Jerusalem,  which 
leads  to 

1189.  The  Third  Crusade. 


1188.  Collection  of  the 
Saladin  tithe,  first  tax 
on  movables. 

1189.  Richard  I.  (Coeurde 
Lion)  becomes  king,  he 
engages  in  the  Third 
Crusade. 

1191.  Kingdom  of  Cyprus 
founded  under  Guy  of 
Lusignan. 

Acre  taken  by  the 
crusaders. 

1192.  Richard  makes  a  truce  with  Saladin;  end  of  the 
Third  Crusade. 

Richard,  returning  home  1192.  Japan: — Yoritomo 
in  disguise,  through  rules  at  Kamakura  as 
Germany,  is  imprisoned.  first  shogun. 

Is  ransomed  by  his  sub¬ 
jects  for  10,000  marks 
(1194). 


Alexius  III.  becomes  em¬ 
peror. 


1193.  John  plots  to  seize 
the  crown  in  the  absence 
of  Richard. 


1199.  Richard  dies. 
John  (Lackland) 
comes  king. 


be- 


1193.  Saladin  dies. 

Poland :  —  Lesco  (t  he 
white). 


IOO 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1200  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain. 


1200 


Under  Innocent  III.  the  papal  power  attains  its  climax;  its  supremacy  over 
the  secular  power  fully  established. 


The  University  of  Bologna 
said  to  be  attended  by 
10,000  students.  —  The 
University  of  Paris 
rises  into  prominence. 

Villehardouin,  Saxo  Gram¬ 
maticus,  chroniclers. 

Amalric  of  Bena  and  David 
of  Dinant,  mystics. 


1200.  The  pope  places  France  under  an  interdict. 


1202.  The  Fourth  Crusade  under  Boniface  of  Mont- 
ferrat. 


1204.  Normandy  united  to 
France. 


i 


1209 


1208.  Crusade  against  the 
Albigenses. 

The  order  of  Franciscan  friars  instituted. 


Cambridge  University 
founded  {about). 


Period  of  the  Troubadours 
and  Trouveres  in  France ; 
and  the  Minnesinger  in 
Germany. 


1213.  Albigenses  defeated 
at  Muret. 


1208.  Germany:  —  Philip, 
rival  emperor,  dies  and 
Otho  is  crowned  as  Otho 

IV. 

Assault  on  the  count  of 
Toulouse,  protector  of 
the  Albigenses. 

1210.  Germany: — Otho  ex¬ 
communicated  by  the 
pope. 

1212.  Spain: — The  Chris¬ 
tians  gain  the  battle  of 
Navas  de  Tolosa,  de¬ 
cisive  in  the  control  of 
the  country. 


1215.  Fourth  Lateran,  and 
twelfth  General  Council 
against  the  Albigenses 
and  all  heretics.  The 
doctrines  of  transub- 
stantiation  and  auricular 
confession  established. 

The  inquisition  estab¬ 
lished  in  southern  France. 

1216.  Pope  Honorius  III. 


1214.  Germany: — Otho 
and  the  English  defeated 
by  the  French  in  the 
battle  of  Bouvines. 

1215.  Frederick  II.,  em¬ 
peror. 


1217.  The  Fifth  Crusade  1217.  Spain:— Saint  Ferdi* 
under  Andrew  II.,  king  nand,  king  of  Castile, 
of  Hungary. 


~&Fthe  A  LM  O  H  A  O  S 


* 


' 


, 


. 


1217  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


IOI 


A.D. 


Easetrn  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1202 

1203 

1204 


1205 


The  crusaders  and  the 
Venetians  take  and  plun¬ 
der  the  city  of  Zara. 

Isaac  II.  and  Alexius  IV. 
rule. 

The  crusaders  overthrow 
the  Greek  empire  and 
choose  Baldwin  of  Flan¬ 
ders  emperor  of  Con¬ 
stantinople  after  parti¬ 
tioning  the  lands  of  the 
empire  among  them¬ 
selves  and  Venice. 

Theodore  Lascaris  es¬ 
tablishes  the  empire  of 
Nicaea  in  Asia  Minor. 

Henry,  second  Latin  em¬ 
peror  of  Constantinople. 


1204.  England  loses  Nor¬ 
mandy,  Maine,  and 
Anjou. 


1206.  Innocent  III.  orders 
election  of  Stephen 
Langton  as  archbishop 
of  Canterbury. 

1208.  The  kingdom  laid 
under  an  interdict. 

1209.  John  excommuni¬ 
cated. 


1200.  Japan: — The  death 
of  Yoritomo  is  followed 
by  the  fall  of  Minamoto 
who  are  succeeded  by  the 
Hojo  clan. 

1202.  Denmark:  —  Valde- 
mar  II. 

Livonia:  —  Institution 
of  the  order  of  Knights 
Sword  bearers  to  con¬ 
quer  the  pagan  Prus¬ 
sians. 


1206.  Genghis  Khan  be¬ 
comes  emperor  of  the 
Mongols. 

The  death  of  Mahmud 
of  Ghor  is  followed  by  the 
dismemberment  of  his 
empire. 

The  sultanate  of  Delhi 
arises. 


1213.  The  pope  declares 
John  a  usurper  and 
orders  Philip  of  France 
to  invade  England ;  John 
submits  to  hold  his 
crown  as  a  vassal  of 
the  pope. 

1214.  Scotland: — Alexan¬ 
der  II. 


1215.  Magna  Charta  signed 
at  Runnymede 


1215.  Genghis  Khan  takes 
Pekin  and  conquers 
northern  China. 


1216 


Peter  of  Courtenay 
comes  emperor. 


1216.  Henry  III.  becomes 
king. 

Earl  of  Pembroke, 
protector. 

1217.  Defeat  of  the  French 
under  Prince  Louis  at 
Lincoln. 

Magna  Charta  con¬ 
firmed. 


1217.  Norway: — Haco  IV. 


102 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1219  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain. 


1219.  New  crusade  against 
the  Albigenses. 


1222 


University 

founded. 


of  Padua 


1223.  France: — Louis  VIII 
becomes  king. 


1230 


Alexander  of  Hales, 
scholastic. 


1240  St.  Edmund 
bury  dies. 


of  Canter- 


1243|  The  University  of  Sala 
manca  founded. 


1248 


{about) .  Foundation  of  the 
Alhambra  near  Granada. 


1250  Rubruquis  travels  among 
the  Mongols. 

Matthew  Paris,  chronicler. 


1253 


{about).  Foundation  of  the 
Sorbonne. 


1227.  Pope  Gregory  IX. 


1229.  The  Inquisition  at 
Toulouse. 

The  Scriptures  for¬ 
bidden  to  all  laymen. 


1241.  Pope  Celestine  IV. 

The  Flagellants. 

1243.  Pope  Innocent  IV. 

Continual  struggles 
with  the  emperor 
Frederick. 

1245.  General  Council  of 
Lyons  proclaims  depo¬ 
sition  of  Frederick  II. 


1254.  Pope  Alexander  IV. 
The  order  of  Celestines 
founded. 


1226.  France: — Louis  IX. 
king,  under  the  regency 
of  Blanche  of  Castile. 

1228.  Germany: — Crusade 
of  the  emperor  after  be¬ 
ing  excommunicated. 

1230.  Spain: — Castile  and 
Leon  united  by  Ferdi¬ 
nand  III.,  who  takes 
Cordova,  Seville,  and 
Cadiz  from  the  Moors. 

1239.  Germany:  —  Fred¬ 
erick  II.  again  excom¬ 
municated. 


1241.  The  Mongols  defeat 
the  Teutonic  Knights 
and  the  Silesians  at 
Wahlstatt. — The  begin¬ 
ning  of  the  Hanseatic 
League. 

1246.  Henry  of  Thuringia 
set  up  for  emperor  by 
the  pope,  and 

1247.  William,  of  Holland. 

1248.  France: — Louis  IX. 
sets  out  on  his  first 
crusade. 

1249.  He  is  defeated  at 
Damietta  in  Egypt  and 
forced  to  abandon  the 
country. 

1250.  Insurrection  of  the 
Pastorels  in  southern 
France. 

Germany: — Conrad  IV. 
and  William  of  Holland 
reign  as  rival  emperors. 

1252.  Spain: — Alfonso  X. 
king  of  Castile  and  Leon. 

1254.  Louis  IX.  returns  to 
France  from  Palestine. 

1256.  Beginning  of  the 
Great  Interregnum  in 
Germany. 


1258  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


103 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1221 


1222 


Robert  becomes  emperor. 


John  Ducas,  emperor  of 
Nicaea. 


1224.  Poitou  occupied  by 
the  king  of  France. 


1219.  Japan: — The  sho- 
gunate  seized  by  the 
Fujiwara. 

1221.  The  Khorasmian 
empire  overthrown  by 
Genghis  Khan. 

1222.  Hungary: — Charter 
of  Andrew  II.,  the 
Golden  Bull,  founda¬ 
tion  of  the  national 
liberty. 

1224.  First  Mongolian  in¬ 
vasion  of  Russia. 


1228 


Baldwin  II.  and  John  of 
Brienne,  co-emperors. 


1237 


Baldwin  II.,  sole  ruler. 


1230.  First  expedition  of 
Henry  III  into  France 
for  the  recovery  of  his 
estates. 


1236.  Italy: — War  of  the 
Lombard  cities  with 
Frederick  II.  of  Ger¬ 
many. 


1240.  Richard,  earl  of 
Cornwall,  heads  an  un¬ 
successful  crusade. 


1242  The  Mongols  in  Asia  Minor. 

1244  The  Khorasmians  take 
Jerusalem. 


1242.  Henry  III.  makes 
second  expedition  into 
France — unsuccessful. 


1240.  Second  invasion  of 
Europe  by  the  Mongols , 
under  Batu  Khan. 
Russia  subdued. 

1241.  Denmark: — Eric  VI. 

1242.  Alexander  Nevski, 
Prince  of  Novgorod,  de¬ 
feats  the  Livonian 
Knights  of  the  Sword  on 
Lake  Peipus. 


1249.  Scotland: — Alexan¬ 
der  III. 

— Repulses  Haco,  king 
of  Norway — obtains  the 
Scottish  Isles. 


1250.  Egypt: — The  Mame¬ 
lukes  rule — take  Da¬ 
mascus  and  Aleppo. 


1255 


Victorious  campaign  of  the 
Byzantines  against  Bul¬ 
garia. 


1258.  The 
Oxford. 


Provisions 


of 


1258.  Hulaku  Khan  enters 
Persia,  takes  Bagdad, 
and  puts  an  end  to  the 
caliphate. 

Beginning  of  the  great 
wars  between  Venice 
and  Genoa. 


104 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1259  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain. 


1261 


Private  war  and  judicial 
combats  suppressed  in 
France  by  the  laws  of 
St.  Louis. 


1261.  Pope  Urban  IV. 
He  offers  the  crown 
of  Sicily  to  Charles  of 
Anjou. 


1265  Parliament  in  England. 

The  monastic  orders  by 
their  wealth,  rigid  dis¬ 
cipline,  and  popular  in¬ 
fluence  become  power¬ 
ful  aids  to  pontifical 
ambition. 

Peter  of  Albano,  astrologer, 
physician,  and  naturalist. 


1270  Bonaventura,  mystic. 

Thomas  Aquinas,  greatest 
of  scholastics. 

Albertus  Magnus,  philoso¬ 
pher. 


1265.  Pope  Clement  IV. 


1266.  The  pope  succeeds  in  his  long  struggle  for  the 
dominion  of  southern  Italy,  and  places  Charles  of 
Anjou  on  the  throne  of  Naples. 


1268.  No  pope  for  about 
three  years. 


1271.  Pope  Gregory  X. 


1269.  Pragmatic  Sanction 

— foundation  of  the 

liberties  of  the  Gallican 
Church. 

1270.  France: — Louis  IX. 
sets  out  on  his  second 
crusade,  and  dies  before 
Tunis — succeeded  by 
— Philip  III.  (The  Bold). 

1271.  Toulouse  falls  to  the 
French  crown. 


Literature  and  science 
flourish  in  Spain,  under 
Alfonso  X.,  the  Learned, 
of  Castile. 

Complete  separation  of  the 
three  great  courts  of  law 
in  England,  Exchequer, 
King’s  Bench,  and 
Common  Pleas. 

Marco  Polo  travels  in  the 
East  as  far  as  Pekin. 


1273.  Gregory  receives  the 
county  of  Venaissin. 

1274.  General  council  at 


1273.  Ger.: — Rudolph,  em¬ 
peror,  founds  the  house 
of  Hapsburg. 
yons;  temporary  re-union 


of  the  Eastern  and  Western  Churches. 


1276.  Pope  Innocent  V. 

Hadrian  V. 
John  XXI. 


1276.  France  at  war  with 
Castile. 


1277.  Pope  Nicholas  III., 
enriching  his  family  at 
the  expense  of  the 
Church — he  introduces 
Nepotism. 


1278.  Ottokar  II.  of  Bo¬ 
hemia  overthrown  by 
Rudolph  and  the  Bo¬ 
hemian  empire  dissolved. 


1280 


Roger  Bacon,  of  Oxford, 
pioneer  of  science. 


Robert,  of  Gloucester, 
author  of  a  metrical 
chronicle  of  England. 


! 


1280  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


105 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1259 

1261 


1268 


Michael  Palaeologus  em¬ 
peror  of  Nicasa,  - 
recovers  Constantinople 
and  overthrows  the  Latin 
empire. 


Bibars  of  Egypt  takes 
Antioch  and  Jaffa. 


1274 


1263  {about).  Alexander 
III.  of  Scotland  defeats 
Norwegians  at  Largs. 

1264.  Simon  de  Montfort 
defeats  the  king’s  forces 
at  Lewes. 

1265.  First  regular  parlia¬ 
ment. — Prince  Edward 
gains  the  battle  of 
Evesham. 


Temporary  union  with  the 
Latin  Church. 


1270.  Prince  Edward  joins 
the  crusade  of  Louis  IX. 


1272.  Edward  I.,  king. 


1275.  Statute  of  West¬ 
minster  is  passed,  effect¬ 
ing  extensive  improve¬ 
ments  in  the  laws  of  the 
realm 

1277.  War  between  Eng¬ 
land  and  Wales. 

1278.  All  Jews  in  England 
arrested  on  the  charge 
of  clipping  the  coin. 

1279.  The  Statute  of 
Mortmain  passed. 


1260.  Bibars  becomes  sul¬ 
tan  of  Egypt. 

1262  {about).  Norway: — 
Iceland  subjected. 

G  reenland  tributary 
to  Norway. 

1263.  Magnus  II.  king. 


1264.  China: —  Kublai 
Khan  builds  Pekin,  and 
makes  it  his  capital. 

1265.  Abaka  Khan  of 
Persia. 

1266.  Magnus,  of  Norway, 
cedes  to  Scotland  the 
Hebrides  and  the  Isle  of 
Man. 

1268.  Death  of  Conradin, 
the  last  of  the  Hohen- 
staufen. 


1270.  Hungary: — Stephen 
V.  becomes  king. 


1272.  Hungary:  Ladislas 
IV.,  king. 


1279.  Sweden: — Magnus  I. 
king. 

Russia:  —  Hanseatic 
settlement  at  Novo- 
gorod. 

China  visited  by  Marco 
Polo. 

Poland: — Lesco  II, 

becomes  king. 

Portugal: — Diniz  the 
Great. 

1280.  Norway: — Eric  II. 
becomes  king. 

Kublai  Khan,  emperor 
of  all  China,  founder  of 
the  Mongol  dynasty. 


io6 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1281  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain. 


1290 


1300 


1281.  Pope  Martin  IV.;  he 
is  the  instrument  of 
Charles  of  Anjou  in  the 
latter’s  contest  with  the 
Byzantine  emperor, 
Michael  Palasologus  and 
Peter  III.  of  Aragon. 

1285.  Pope  Honorius  IV. 


1288.  Pope  Nicholas  IV. 

Nicholas  IV.  patronizes  civil  and  religious  literature, 
and  improves  and  embellishes  Rome. 

{about).  University  of 
Coimbra  (Lisbon)  found¬ 


ed. 

Raymond  Lully,  philoso¬ 
pher,  scholar,  and 
scientist. 

Thomas  the  Rhymer,  Scot¬ 
tish  poet. 

Cimabue,  the  first  of 
modern  painters  at 
Florence. 

Arnolfo  di  Lapo  or  de  Cam¬ 
bio,  the  father  of  modern 
Italian  architecture. 

The  influence  of  the 
Crusades  was  great — 
expanding  the  mind  ol 
Europe  —  refining  the 
general  manners  - —  ex¬ 
citing  a  spirit  of  geogra¬ 
phical  research  and  ad¬ 
venture — and  promoting 
improvement  in  the  arts 
and  sciences — thus  un¬ 
dermining  instead  of 
strengthening  the  power 
of  medievalism  by  ad¬ 
vancing  liberal  ideas  and 
freedom  of  thought. 

Rapid  advances  in  civil¬ 
ization. — Revival  of  an¬ 
cient  learning.  —  Im¬ 
provements  in  the  arts 
and  sciences — and  pro¬ 
gress  of  liberty. 


1292.  The  papal  chair 
vacant  two  years. 
1294.  Celestine  V. 

Pope  Boniface  VIII. 

The  papacy  renews  its 
pretensions  to  supre¬ 
macy. 

1296.  Struggles  with 

Tn't*'}  nrp 

The  '  Bull  Clericis 
Laicos. 

1297.  Canonization  of 
Louis  IX. 


1282.  Germany: — Rudolph 
invests  his  sons  with  the 
duchies  of  Austria, 
Styria,  and  Carniola. 


1285.  France: — Philip  IV. 
(the  Fair.) 

Spain: — Alfonso  III., 
king  of  Aragon. 


1291.  Spain: — James  II., 
king  of  Aragon. 

1292.  Germany: —  Adolph 
I.,  of  Nassau,  emperor. 

1294.  Gascony  occupied  by 
the  French. 

1295.  Spain: — Ferdinand 
IV.,  king  of  Castile  and 
Leon. 

War  declared  between 
England  and  France. 


1297.  Adolph  confirms  the 
canton  of  Schwyz  in  its 
rights. 


1298.  Germany: — Adolph 
killed  in  battle  at  Goll- 
heim. 

Albert  I.,  son  of  Ru¬ 
dolph,  of  Hapsburg, 
emperor. 


Ormin,  author  of  the  Ormulum,  a  book  of  homilies  in 
the  old  English  dialect. 


1302 

1303 


The  Mariner’s  Compass 
said  to  have  been  in¬ 
vented  at  Naples,  by 
Gioia,  native  of  Amalfi. 

University  at  Avignon  re¬ 
cognized  by  papal  Bull. 

Dante,  the  father  of 
modern  Italian  poetry, 
flourishes. 


1302.  The  Bull  Unam 
Sanctam  asserts  the  su¬ 
premacy  of  the  Church. 

1303.  Pope  Boniface  VIII. 
dies. 

Pope  Benedict  XI. 

— The  papal  power 
declines. 


1302.  First  convocation  of 
the  States-General  in 
France  having  repre¬ 
sentatives  from  the 
towns. 

The  French  defeated 
by  the  Flemings  at 
Courtrai. 


1303  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


107 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1282 


Andronicus  II. 


1288 


Othman  begins  to  lay  the 
foundations  of  the  Turk¬ 
ish  power  in  Asia  Minor. 


1282.  Llewellyn  of  Wales 
defeated  and  slain. 


1284.  Wales  subjugated. 

1285.  The  second  Statute 
of  Westminster  effects 
important  reforms  in 
legislation  and  legal  pro 
cedure. 


1282.  Sicilian  Vespers  : 
Massacre  of  the  French 
in  Sicily.  Peter  of  Aragon 
invited  to  rule  Sicily. 

1284.  Genoese  destroy  the 
Pisan  power  at  Meloria. 

1285.  Separation  of  Sicily 
from  Naples. 

1286.  Denmark: — Eric  VI. 
becomes  king. 


1291 


Capture  of  Acre  by  the 
Mamelukes — end  of  the 
European  states  in 
Asia  Minor. 


1290.  Jews  expelled  from 
England. 

The  Statute  of  Quia 
Emptores  passed. 

Scotland: — Death  of  Mar¬ 
garet,  the  maid  of  Nor¬ 
way,  and  beginning  of 
contest  between  Baliol 
and  Bruce. 

1291.  Edward  decides  the 
Scottish  dispute  in  favor 
of  Baliol. 


1290.  Hungary: — Andrew 
III.,  the  Venetian. 


1291.  The  League  of  the 
Forest  Cantons  in  Swit¬ 
zerland  organized. 


The  Genoese  obtain  the 
trade  of  the  Black  Sea, 
and  rise  to  great  power. 


1294.^War  declared  against 
France. 

1296.  Edward  subdues 
Scotland;  Baliol  sub¬ 
mits  to  Edward. 


1295.  Poland: — Vladislav 
the  Dwarf,  founder  of 
Polish  greatness. 

Matteo  Visconti  be¬ 
comes  master  of  Milan. 


1299 


1297.  Edward  issues  the 
ConfirmaUo  Cartarum. 

Scotland: — Sir  William 
Wallace. — Sir  William 
Douglas,  Robert  Bruce, 
and  other  chiefs  head  a 
rebellion  against  the 
English,  who  are  de¬ 
feated  at  Stirling. 

1298.  The  Scots  defeated 
at  Falkirk  by  King 

Othman  assumes  the  title  Edward  I. 
of  Emir. 


1297.  Closing  of  the  great 
Council  in  Venice. 


1298.  Genoa  defeats  Venice 
at  Curzola . 

1299.  Venice  concludes  a 
treaty  with  the  Turks. 


1303 


The  Catalan  Grand  Com-  1303.  Edward 
pany  under  Roger  de  Scotland. 
Flor  enters  the  service 
of  the  Byzantines. 


invades 


1301,  Hungary: — Death  of 
Andrew  the  Venetian. 

Extinction  of  the 
house  of  Arpad. 

— Wenceslas  III.  of  Bo¬ 
hemia  disputes  crown 
with  Charles  Robert  of 
Anjou. 

1302.  End  of  the  war  be¬ 
tween  the  Angevin 
rulers  of  Naples  and  the 
Aragonese  of  Sicily. 


ioS 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1304  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain. 


Amid  the  struggles  of  the 
Guelfs  and  Ghibellines, 
Italy  becomes  the  cradle 
of  modern  literature  and 
improving  civilization. 


1305.  Pope  Clement  V. 


1305 


University  at  Orleans  re¬ 
cognized  by  Papal  Bull 
(founded  about  1220). 


1304.  France  is  victorious 
over  Flanders. 

Germany: — The  Swiss 
towns  rise  into  impor¬ 
tance — oppressed  by  the 
House  of  Hapsburg. 

1306.  Persecution  of  the 
Jews  in  France;  they 
are  banished  from  the 
country. 

1307.  Persecution  of  the 
Knights  Templars  in 
France. 


1308 


University  at  Perugia  re¬ 
cognized  by  Papal  Bull. 


1308.  Germany: — Henry  of 
Luxemburg,  emperor. 


1309 


University  at  Coimbra  (re¬ 
moved  from  Lisbon.) 


Duns  Scotus,  celebrated 
scholastic  (d.  about' 


1308.) 


1309.  Seat  of  the  popes  transferred  to  Avignon. 

The  Papacy  entirely  1309.  Spain: — Ferdinand 
under  the  control  of  the  IV.  takes  Gibraltar. 
French  king,  in  whose 
interests  its  powers  are 
utilized. 


1310 


Knights  of  St.  John 
establish  themselves  at 
Rhodes. 

The  barons  in  England  ex¬ 
tort  from  Edward  IT. 
a  reformation  of  abuses 
Parliaments  are  to  be 
held  every  year,  and  to 
appoint  to  all  important 
offices. 


1311.  General  Council  at 
Vienne.  Order  of  Knights 
.Templars  abolished. 


1310.  The  House  of  Lux¬ 
emburg  established  in 
Bohemia. 


1312.  Lyons  united  to 
France. 

Spain: — Alfonso  XI. 
of  Castile  and  Leon. 

1314.  Germany: — Louis  of 
Bavaria,  and  Frederick 
of  Austria,  contend  for 
the  crown. 


1314.  Another  vacancy  in 
the  papal  chair  of  more 
than  two  years. 


1316.  Pope  John  XXII. 


1314.  France: — Louis  X., 
(Hutin)  becomes  king. 

1315.  Battle  of  Morgarten 
— the  Austrians  defeated 
by  the  Swiss. 

1316.  France: — Philip  V. 
the  (Long),  King.  The 
Salic  law  now  first  estab¬ 
lished  (1317)  excluding 
women  from  the  throne. 


1321  Dante  dies. 

Marsilius  of  Padua  up¬ 
holds  individual  freedom 
of  faith  and  the  secular 
authority  against  the 
Papacy 

Romance  poetry  of  the 
Middle  Ages  flourishes 
1349  Thomas  of  Bradwardin, 
Archbishop  of  Canter¬ 
bury,  and  celebrated 
scholastic,  d. 


1324.  Beginning  of  the 
contest  of  the  popes 
with  Louis  of  Bavaria. 

1327.  Louis  proclaimed 
emperor  at  Milan. 


1322.  France:  —  Charles 
IV.  becomes  king. 

Germany : — Frederick 
of  Austria  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner. 

1324.  Germany:  —  Louis 
excommunicated  by  John 
XXII. —  appeals  to  a 
general  council. 


1327  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


IO9 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


1306 

1307 

1308 


Roger  de  Flor  assassinated. 


Aladdin  III.,  last  Seljuk 
ruler  of  Iconium  dies.- — 
Othman  makes  himself 
independent. 

The  Catalans  defeat  the 
imperial  forces  at  Apros 
and  enter  Greece. 


England  etc. 


1305.  Wallace  betrayed 
and  beheaded. — Scot¬ 
land  submits. 

Edward  recovers  Gui- 
enne. 

1306.  Scotland: — Uprising 
under  Robert  Bruce,  who 
is  crowned  king. 

1307.  Eng.:  Edward  II. 
becomes  king. 

Scotian  d.: — Bruce 
strengthens  himself  by 
repeated  advantages. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1309.  Hungary: — Charles 
Robert  of  Anjou,  king. 

Naples: — Robert,  the 
wise.  He  aspires  to  the 
dominion  of  Italy. 

1 


1310  The  Knights  of  St.  John 

of  Jerusalem  established 
at  Rhodes. 

1311  The  Catalans  conquer  At¬ 

tica  after  winning  the 
battle  of  the  Cephisus 
(1310). 


1310.  Eng.: — The  nobles 
rise  against  the  favorite, 
Gaveston,  and  21  Lords 
Ordainers  are  appointed. 

1312.  Death  of  Gaveston. 


1310.  Italy: — The  Council 
of  Ten  established  at 
Venice. 

1311.  Italy — Matteo  Vis¬ 
conti,  lord  of  Milan, 
restored  by  the  emperor. 


1321 


Civil  war  between  Andron- 
icus  II.  and  his  grand¬ 
son,  later  Andronicus 
III. 


1314.  Edward  II.  invades 
Scotland,  and  is  de¬ 
feated  at  the  battle  of 
Bannockburn. 

1315.  The  power  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  Lords 
Ordainers  under  Thomas 
of  Lancaster. 


1322.  Lancaster  defeated 
and  executed. 

1323.  Truce  between  Eng¬ 
land  and  Scotland. 


1318.  Genoa  assisted  by 
Robert  of  Naples  against 
the  Ghibellines. 

Swede  n: — Magnus 
Smek,  becomes  king. 

Denmark:  - —  Christo¬ 
pher  II.  king. 

1320.  Italy: — Castruccio, 
lord  of  Lucca  and  Pisa. 


1326  Death  of  Othman. — Ork- 

han,  son  of  Othman, 
makes  Prusa  his  capital. 

1327  Nicomedia  taken  by  Ork- 

han. 


1327.  Edward  III.  becomes 
king. 


1327.  Italy: — Invaded  by 
Louis  IV.,  emperor  of 
Germany. 


1 10 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1328  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  op  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain 


1328.  Crusade  preached 
against  Louis,  who  de¬ 
poses  John  XXII.,  and 
sets  up  Nicholas  V.  as 
antipope. 


1328.  France: — Philip  VI. 
of  Valois  becomes  king. 

— he  defeats  the 

Flemings  at  Cassel. 


1334 


Giotto,  Italian  architect, 
sculptor,  and  painter, 
pupil  of  Cimabue,  made 
chief  architect  of  the 
Florentine  Cathedral. 


1334.  Pope  Benedict  XII. 


1335 


Greek  literature  revives. — 
Barlaam  teaches  Pe¬ 
trarch.  —  Leontius  lec¬ 
tures  on  Homer  at 
Florence. 

Giottino,  Florentine  paint¬ 
er. 


1338.  The  pope  loses  the 
right  of  confirming  the 
election  of  a  German 
emperor. 


Struggles  in  Rome  be¬ 
tween  the  Colonna  and 
the  Orsini. 


1346 

1347 

1350 


1342.  Pope  Clement  VI. 


Gunpowder  in  use  at  the 
battle  of  Crecy,  though 
known  to  Roger  Bacon 
as  early  as  1270. 

Democracy  at  Rome,  under  Rienzi,  the  last  of  the 
Tribunes. 

William  of  Occam,  greatest 
of  nominalist  scholastics 

Manufactures  improve  in 
England : — Commerce 


increases. 

Bartolus,  celebrated  jurist, 
teaches  at  Pisa  and  Peru¬ 
gia. 


1352.  Pope  Innocent  VI. 


1338.  Alliance  between 
Edward  III.  and  the 
Flemings  under  Arte- 
velde — the  beginning  of 
the  Hundred  Years’  War. 

Germany:  —  Declara¬ 
tion  of  the  Diet  of  Frank¬ 
fort,  that  the  pope  had 
no  temporal  power  in  the 
empire  and  that  an  em¬ 
peror  chosen  by  the 
electors  needed  no  papal 
confirmation. 

Louis  sides  with  the 
English  against  France. 

1346.  France: — Normandy 
overrun  by  Edward, 
with  his  son,  the  Black 
Prince. — French  defeat¬ 
ed  at  Crecy. 

Germany : — Charles 
IV.,  emperor  and  king 
of  Bohemia. 


1350.  France: — John  (the 
Good)  becomes  king. 


1356 


Sir  John  Mandeville’s  Tra¬ 
vels • 


1354.  Rienzi  killed. — Al- 
bomoz,  cardinal  legate, 
restores  the  papal  do¬ 
minion. 


1 


1356.  Germany: — Promul¬ 
gation  of  the  Golden 
Bull  establishing  the 
mode  of  imperial  elec¬ 
tion  and  regulating  the 
affairs  of  the  empire. 

France : — King  John  de¬ 
feated  and  taken  prisoner 
at  Poitiers.— Charles  the 
dauphin,  regent. 


1356  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


III 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1328 

1329 

1330 


1341 


1346 


1352 


1354 


Andronicus  III.  becomes 
emperor. 


Andronicus  III.  defeated 
by  the  Turks  in  the 
battle  of  Pelekanon. 
Nicaea  taken. 


John  V.  (Paleologus),  em 
peror. 


John  VI.  (Cantacuzenus), 
co -emperor  ; 

1354. 


1328.  Peace  between  Scot¬ 
land  and  England. — The 
independence  of  Scot¬ 
land  acknowledged. 

1329.  Scotland: — David  II 


1332.  David  II.  expelled 
and  Baliol  crowned,  but 
soon  expelled. 

1333.  Battle  of  Halidon 
Hill. — Baliol  restored — 
does  homage  to  Edward. 


1338.  Beginning  of  the 
Hundred  Years  War. 


1340.  The  victory  of  Hel- 
voet  Sluys — gives  spirit 
to  the  English  navy. 

1341.  David  II.  restored. 


1346.  Battle  of  Crecy. 
Scotch  defeated  at 

Neville’s  Cross. 

1347.  Siege  and  capture  of 
CcilcllS 

abdicates,1  1348-49.  The  Black  Death 
in  England . 


Genoese  defeat  the  Vene¬ 
tians,  allies  of  the  em¬ 
pire,  in  the  Bosporus. 
Turks  seize  Gallipoli  in 
Europe. 


1351.  Statute  of  Provisors. 


1356.  Edward,  the  Black 
Prince,  gains  the  battle 
of  Poitiers.  John  of 
France  made  prisoner. 
Two  years’  truce. 


1328.  Moscow  under  the 
Grand -duke  Ivan  Kalita 
becomes  paramount  in 
Russia. 


1333.  Poland: —  Casimir 
the  Great  becomes  king. 

China: — Shun-te  last 
of  the  Mongol  emperors 
succeeds. 

Japan: — Fall  of  the 
Hojo  family. 

1335(about).  Birth  of  Ti¬ 
mur. 


1336.  Japan: — The  war  of 
the  Chrysanthemums — 
strife  between  rival  mi¬ 
kados.  Feudalism  per¬ 
fected. 

1339.  Italy: — Simon  Bo- 
canegra,  first  doge  of 
Genoa. 

1340.  Denmark: — Walde- 
mar  III. 


1342.  Hungary:  —  Louis 
the  Great. 


1347.  Italy: — Rienzi,  the 
last  of  the  Tribunes, 
rules  at  Rome. 


1350.  Italy: — Naval  war 
between  Venice  and 
Genoa. 


1354.  Italy: — Rienzi  killed 
— papal  power  restored. 
— The  Venetians  crushed 
by  the  Genoese  at 
Sapienza. 

1356.  War  between  Hun¬ 
gary  and  Venice. 


I  12 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1356  A.D.- 


A.D. 


1364 

1365 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain. 


Petrarch  and  Boccaccio, 
marking  the  vanguard 
of  the  Renaissance. 


The  Jagellonian  University 
at  Cracow  founded. 

Foundation  of  the  Uni¬ 
versity  of  Vienna. 

Geoffrey  Chaucer,  father  of 
English  poetry  (a.  1340- 
1400). 

John  Gower  (a.  1325-1408). 


1356.  The  people  of  Paris 
attain  power  under  Eti¬ 
enne  Marcel. 

1358.  The  rising  of  the 
Jacquerie;  death  of 
Marcel. 

1360.  France:  —  John  re¬ 
gains  his  liberty — cedes 
territory  to  England  by 
the  peace  of  Bretigny. 

1364.  France: — Charles  V. 
(the  Wise)  becomes 
king. 

1365.  Du  Guesclin  invades 
Spain  and  drives  out 
Peter  the  Cruel  of  Cas¬ 
tile. 

1367.  The  French  defeated 
by  the  Black  Prince  at 
Najera  [Navarrete]. 


1362.  Pope  Urban  V.  at 
Avignon — beautifies  the 
city  of  Rome. 


1369 


(about) .  Foundation 
the  Ba6tile  at  Paris. 


of 


1369.  Aquitaine  rises 
against  the  English. 


1370.  Pope  Gregory  XI. 


1380 


Mysteries  played  in  France. 
Wickliffe’s  translation  of 
the  New  Testament. 


1377.  Gregory  XI  returns 
from  Avignon  to  Rome 
— end  of  the  Babylonian 
captivity. 

1378.  “Schism  of  the  West”: 

Pope  Urban  VI.  ac¬ 
knowledged  in  the  Em¬ 
pire  and  England. 

Clement  VII.  acknow¬ 
ledged  in  France,  Spain, 
and  Scotland. 


1375.  English  lose  their 
French  possessions,  re¬ 
taining  only  Calais, 
Bordeaux,  and  Bayonne. 


1378.  Germany: — Wences- 
las  (king  of  Bohemia), 
emperor. 


1380.  France : — Charles 
VI.  (the  Mad). 


1382.  Battle  of  Rosbecq — 
the  Flemings  defeated 
by  the  French  — Arte- 
velde  killed. 


1386 


University  of  Heidelberg 
founded. 

Froissart’s  Chronicles. 

Birth  of  Jan  Van  Eyck, 
who  is  reputed  to  have 
invented  oil  painting. 


1386.  Urban  VI.  bestows 
Naples  upon  Louis  of 
Anjou,  who  is  opposed 
by  Ladislas. 


1386.  France :  — -  Fruitless 
attempt  to  invade  Eng¬ 
land. 

Leopold  III.  of  Aus¬ 
tria  defeated  by  the 
Swiss  at  Sempach. 

Jagello  (Vladislav  II.) 
founds  Jagellonian  dy¬ 
nasty  in  Poland. 

1388.  Leopold  IV.  de¬ 
feated  at  Naefels. 


I388  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


1 13 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1359 


Amurath 

Turks. 


I.,  sultan  of  the 


1359.  Edward  again  in¬ 
vades  France. 

1360.  Peace  of  Bretigny. 


1361 


The  Turks  take  possession 
of  Adrianople. 


1363.  Timur  begins  his  ca 
reer  of  conquest. 


1366.  The  Black  Prince 
aids  Peter  the  Cruel,  of 
Castile,  to  recover  his 
throne. 

The  Statute  of  Kil¬ 
kenny  relating  to  Ire¬ 
land. 


1369 


John  V.  seeks  a  reconcilia¬ 
tion  with  the  pope  in  the 
hope  of  securing  aid 
against  the  Turks. 


1369.  Renewed  war  with 
F  ranee ;  unsuccessful : 

loss  of  English  territories 
in  France. 


1373 


Treaty  of  peace  with  the 
Ottomans;  the  emperor 
becomes  a  vassal  of  the 
Turks. 


1371.  Scotland: — Robert 
11. — the  House  of  Stuart. 

1376.  Death  of  the  Black 
Prince. 

1377.  Richard  II.  becomes 
king.  First  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Commons. 


1368.  Copenhagen  taken 
by  the  Hanseatic  fleet. 

China: — Hung  Woo 
establishes  the  native 
Ming  dynasty. 

1369.  Timur  becomes  king 
of  Transoxiana  and 
makes  Samarcand  the 
capital  of  his  new  empire. 

1370.  Poland: — Extinction 
of  the  royal  race  of 
Piasts  with  Casimir  III. 


1378 


John  V.  dethroned  and 
imprisoned  by  his  son 
Manuel;  he  escapes  after 
two  years. 


1381 


The  empire  pays  tribute 
to  the  Turks. 


1381.  Peasants’  Revolt  (in¬ 
surrection  of  Wat 
Tyler). 


1384.  The  Scots,  assisted 
by  France,  invade  Eng¬ 
land. 

1385.  The  English  burn 
Edinburgh. 


1378.  Italy: — The  rising  of 
the  Ciompi  in  Florence. 

1379.  Genoese  defeat  Ve¬ 
netians  at  Pola  and  take 
possession  of  Chioggia; 
Genoese  captured  next 
year. 

1380.  Russia:  —  Dimitri, 
grand  duke  of  Moscow, 
victorious  over  the  Tar¬ 
tars  at  Kulikovo,  near 
the  Don. 

1382.  The  Tartars  sack 
Moscow. 


1385.  War  between  Austria 
and  Switzerland. 

1386.  — Battle  of  Sempach: 
the  Austrians  defeated. 

1386-87.  Timur  conquers 
Persia. 

1387.  Denmark  and  Nor¬ 
way: — Margaret,  the 

Semiramis  of  the  North, 
becomes  queen. 


1388.  Battle  of  Otter- 
bourne  (Chevy  Chase). 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1389  A.D.— 


1 14 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain. 


1389.  Pope  Boniface  IX. 


1392 


University  of  Erfurt 
founded. 


Revival  of  Greek  literature 
in  Italy. 


1393.  The  power  of  the 
pope  over  the  English 
Church  limited  by  the 
Statute  of  Praemunire. 

1394.  Pope  Benedict  XIII. 


1392.  France: — Charles 
seized  with  madness. 


1394.  Germany: — The  em¬ 
peror  imprisoned  by  the 
people  of  Prague. 


1400 


Chaucer  dies. 


1400.  Ger. : — Rupert  em¬ 
peror. 


1404.  Pope  Innocent  VII . 


1409 


University 

founded. 


of  Leipsic 


1411 


University  of  St.  Andrews 
founded. 


1406.  Pope  Gregory  XII. 


1409.  The  Council  of  Pisa 
deposes  Gregory  and 
Benedict,  and  elects 
Alexander  V. ; — neither 
will  yield,  so  that  there 
are  three  popes  at  once. 

1410.  Pope  John  XXIII. 


1406.  Spain: — John  II.,  of 
Castile. 

1407  France: — Murder  of 
Louis,  Duke  of  Orleans, 
by  a  Burgundian  parti¬ 
san. 

1408.  Yussuf  III.,  king  of 
Granada. 


1410.  France: — Civil  war 
between  the  parties  of 
Orleans  and  Burgundy. 

Germany: — Death  of 
Rupert. 

1411.  Sigismund,  king  of 
Hungary,  emperor. 


1412.  The  pope  excommu 
nicates  John  Huss. 


1412  Spain: — Ferdinand 

I.  king  of  Aragon. 


1414.  Council  of  Constance. 


1415 


John  Huss  and  Jerome  of 
Prague,  Bohemian  re¬ 
formers. 

Peter  d’Ailly  and  John 
Gerson,  theologians. 


1415.  John  Huss  and  Je¬ 
rome  of  Prague  (1416) 
burnt  by  the  Council  of 
Constance. 


1415.  France: — The  French 
defeated  by  Henry  V.,  of 
England ,  at  Agincourt. 

1416.  Spain: — Alfonso  V., 
king  of  Aragon. 


1416  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


1 15 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


1389|The  Servians  defeated  in 
the  battle  of  Kossovo 
by  the  Turks. — Bajazet 
I.,  sultan  of  the  Turks. 
1391  Manuel  II.  emperor. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1390.  Scotland: —  Robert 

III. 

Persecution  of  the 
Wicklifites. 


1389.  Turks  defeat  Ser¬ 
vians  at  Kossovo. 


1393.  The  Statute  of  Prae¬ 
munire. 


1392.  Timur 
Persia. 


subjugates 


1396 


1402 

1403 


Battle  of  Nicopolis. — 

Sigismund,  of  Hungary 
aided  by  French  crusa¬ 
ders,  defeated  by  Baja¬ 
zet  I. 


Bajazet  defeated  and 
made  prisoner  by  Timur 
at  the  battle  of  Angora. 

Empire  of  the  Turks  di¬ 
vided  after  death  of 
Bajazet,  among  Solyman 
I.,  Musa,  and  Moham¬ 
med  I. 


1398.  Henry  of  Lancaster 
banished. 

House  of  Lancaster: — 

1399.  Henry  IV.  becomes 
king,  Richard  II.  de¬ 
posed. 

1401.  Rebellion  of  Owen 
Glendower. 

1402.  Scotch  defeated  at 
Homildon  Hill. 

1403.  Rebellion  of  the 
Percys,  who  are  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  Shrews¬ 
bury. 

1406.  Scotland: — James  I. 


1397.  Union  of  Calmar 
forming  Denmark,  Swe¬ 
den,  and  Norway  into  a 
single  monarchy. 

1398.  Invasion  of  India  by 
Timur;  he  takes  Delhi. 

Italy: — Pisa  falls  un¬ 
der  the  yoke  of  the 
Visconti. 


1405-06.  Italy: — Pisa  con¬ 
quered  by  Florence. — 
Subjugation  of  Padua 
and  Verona  by  Venice. 


1408.  Henry  Percy,  Earl 
of  Northumberland  de¬ 
feated  and  killed  at 
Bramham  Moor. 


1408.  Ladislas  of  Naples 
seizes  Rome. 


1 4 1 0 .  The  T  eutonic  Knights 
defeated  by  the  Poles  at 
Tannenberg. 


1413 


Mohammed  I.  sole  ruler 
of  the  Turks. 


1413.  Henry  V.  becomes 
king. 

1414.  — claims  the  French 
crown. 

1415.  — gains  the  battle  of 
Agincourt. 


1412.  Denmark,  Norway, 
etc.:  Eric  VII..  of  Pom¬ 
erania,  becomes  king. 

1413.  Sack  of  Rome  by 
Ladislas. 


1415.  Conquest  of  Ceuta 
by  the  Portuguese. 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1417  A.D.- 


1 16 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain. 


1420 


Portuguese  exploration  of 
Africa  promoted  by 
Henry  the  Navigator. 


1417.  Pope  Martin  V. 
elected  by  Council  of 
Constance;  unity  of  the 
Church  restored. 


1419.  Sigismund  claims  the 
Bohemian  crown . 

1420.  Treaty  of  Troyes  pro¬ 
viding  for  the  succession 
of  the  king  of  England  to 
the  French  throne. 


1425  Alain  de  Chartier,  French 

poet. 

1426  University  of  Louvain 

founded. 

The  arts  promoted  in  Italy 
by  Cosmo  de’  Medici. 


1430 


1431 


England  increases  her 
trade  with  the  Medi¬ 
terranean. 

Fra  Filippo  Lippi,  painter. 

George  of  Peurbach,  as¬ 
tronomer  at  Vienna. 

Thomas  a  Kempis,  mystic. 

Orderof  the  Golden  Fleece 
founded. 

(?)The  Azores  discovered. 


1431.  Pope  Eugenius  IV. 
Council  of  Basle. 


1434.  The  pope  expelled 
by  the  Romans  and  in 
exile  till  1443. 


1422.  France: — Death  of 
Charles  VI. — Henry  VI. 
proclaimed  at  Paris  king 
of  France  and  England. 

Charles  VII.  pro¬ 
claimed  king  at  Poitiers. 

1428.  Orleans  besieged  by 
the  English. 

1429.  — saved  by  Joan  of 
Arc. 

Charles  crowned  at 
Rheims;  makes  a  vain 
attempt  to  gain  Paris. 

1430.  Joan  of  Arc  taken 
prisoner,  by  the  English 
and  burnt  as  a  witch  in 
the  following  year. 


1431.  Germany  : —  Sigis¬ 
mund  visits  Italy,  and  is 
crowned  emperor  by 
Pope  Eugenius  IV. 

1435.  Peace  of  Arras,  be¬ 
tween  France  and  Bur¬ 
gundy. 


1436.  France: — Recovery 
of  Paris  by  Charles  VII. 


1437 


Ulugh  Beg,  ruler  of  Samar- 
cand  and  astronomer, 
compiles  his  Star  Tables. 


1438 


0 about ) .  Printing 
movable  type, 
berg,  Coster, 
Schoffer,  etc. 


from 

Guten- 

Fust, 


1438.  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Bourges  establishes  the 
liberties  of  the  French  Church. 

1438.  Germany: — House  of 
Austria  (Hapsburg). 

Albert  II.  (king  of 
Bohemia  and  Hungary), 
emperor. 


1439.  Eugenius  IV  de¬ 
posed  by  the  Council  of 
Basle,  which  elects  Felix 
V.,  who  receives^  how¬ 
ever,  little  recognition. 


1440.  Germany: — Fred¬ 
erick  III.  emperor. 

France: — The  dau¬ 
phin  (Louis  XI.),  rebels, 
but  is  pardoned, —  the 
so-called  Praguerie. 


1440  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


ii  7 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1421 


Amurath  II.,  sultan. 


1422  Amurath  II.  makes  an  un¬ 
successful  assault  on 
Constantinople. 

1425  John  VII.  emperor. 


1420.  Treaty  of  Troyes. — 
Henry  marries  Catharine, 
daughter  of  Charles  VI., 
and  is  declared  heir  to 
the  French  crown. 

1422.  Death  of  Henry  V. 

Henry  VI.  becomes 
king. 

1424.  The  duke  of  Bedford 
defeats  the  French  at 
Verneuil. 

1428.  — besieges  Orleans. 

1429.  The  siege  raised  by 
the  Maid  of  Orleans. 


1419.  Bohemia: — Hussite 
war  breaks  out. 

Discovery  of  Madeira 
by  the  Portuguese. 


1424.  Bohemia: — Death  of 
John  Ziska,  the  Hussite 
leader 

1426.  Italy:— War  of  the 
duke  of  Milan  against 
Florence  and  Venice. 

1429.  Florence: —  Cosmo 
de’  Medici  becomes, 
gonfalonier. 


1430 


The  Turks  take  Thessa- 
lonica. 


1430.  — she  is  taken  pris¬ 
oner  and  burnt  (1431). 


1431.  Henry  VI.  crowned 
at  Paris. 


1435.  Death  of  the  duke  of 
Bedford,  followed  by  the 
loss  of  all  the  English 
possessions  in  France, 
except  Calais  (Bordeaux, 
the  last,  taken  in  1453). 


1432.  Venice: — Execution 
of  Carmagnola,  the  con- 
dottiere. 

1434.  Poland: — Vladislav 
III. 


1437. Scotland: — JamesII. 


1438  The  emperor  visits  Italy 
-39  to  obtain  help  against 
the  Turks — submits  to 
the  pope. 


1438.  Truce  with  Scotland. 


1437.  Hungary: — End  of 
the  House  of  Luxemburg 
with  the  death  of  Sigis- 
mund. 

1438.  Portugal: — Alfonso 
V.  king. 


1440.  Hungary: — Vladis¬ 
lav  III.,  of  Poland, 
chosen  king. 


i  is 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I442  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France,  Germany,  Spain. 


1446 


Birth  of  Perugino,  founder 
of  the  Roman  school 
of  painting,  teacher  of 
Raphael. 


1444.  France: — establish¬ 
ment  of  the  companies  of 
Archers,  the  first  na¬ 
tional  standing  army. 


1447 


Library  of  the  Vatican 
founded. 

Regiomontanus,  German 
astronomer. 


1450  Flourishing  period  of 
Flemish  trade. — All  Eu¬ 
ropean  nations  have 
warehouses  at  Bruges 
and  Ghent. — Book  trade 
at  Mayence. 

Pletho  and  Bessarion, 
Italians,  further  the  re¬ 
vival  of  Platonism. 

1453  The  fall  of  Constantinople 
brings  Greek  scholarship 
to  Italy  and  accelerates 
the  progress  of  the 
Renaissance. 


1447.  Felix  V.  resigns  in 
favor  of  pope  Nicholas 
V. 

1448.  Concordat  of  Sienna 
or  Aschaffenburg,  by 
which  the  relations  of 
the  German  church  to 
the  papacy  are  es¬ 
tablished. 


1448.  Maine  and  Anjou 
regained  by  the  French. 

1449.  The  greater  part  of 
Normandy  overrun  by 
the  French. 


1451.  Germany: — Expedi¬ 
tion  of  Frederick  III. 
to  Rome. 


1453.  Austria  made  an 
archduchy  by  Frederick. 

End  of  the  French  and 
English  wars. 


1453  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


II9 


A.D. 


Eastern  Empire. 


England,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1442 

1443 

1444 


John  Hunyady  defeats  the 
Turks  at  Hermannstadt 
and  at  Nissa. 

Insurrection  of  Scander- 
beg — victory  over  the 
Turks  near  Nissa. 

Battle  of  Varna — Vladis¬ 
lav,  king  of  Poland, 
defeated  and  killed  by 
the  Turks;  Servia  and 
Bosnia  reduced  to  sub¬ 
mission. 


1444.  Truce  with  France. 

1445.  Marriage  of  Henry 
VI.  to  Margaret  of 
Anjou. 


1442.  Alfonso  V.,  of  Ara¬ 
gon,  unites  the  crown  of 
the  Two  Sicilies. 


1447.  Gloucester  arrested 
for  treason — dies  sud¬ 
denly. 


1448  Constantine  XIII.  (Palaeo- 
logus)  the  last  of  the 
Greek  emperors. 
Hunyady  defeated  at 
Kossovo. 


1451  Mohammed  II.,  sultan  of 
the  Turks. 


1450.  Insurrection  of  Jack 
Cade — calling  himself 

Mortimer. 


1447.  Poland: — CasimirIV. 
king. 

The  Visconti  become 
extinct  in  Milan. 

1448.  Denmark: — Christian 
I.,  of  Oldenburg,  be¬ 
comes  king.. 

Sweden: — C  h  a  r  1  e  s 
VIII. 

1450.  Italy: —  Francesco 
Sforza,  duke  of  Milan. 


1453 


Siege  and  capture  of  Con¬ 
stantinople  by  the  Turks. 


END  OF  THE  EASTERN 
EMPIRE. 


120 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1454  A.D.— 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

England,  Scotland, 

France. 

etc. 

A.D. 


Spain  and 
Portugal. 


1454.  Richard,  duke  of 
York,  becomes  pro¬ 
tector. 


1454.  Spain  : 
Henry  IV. 
of  Castile, 


1400  ( about ).  Laurentius  Valla, 
humanist  philosopher. 


1455.  Outbreak  of  the 
Wars  of  the  Roses 
first  battle  at  St. 
Albans. 

Scotland : — Struggles 
between  the  king  and 
aristocracy  for  power. 


1456.  The 
Dauphin 
Louis  seeks 
refuge  at 
the  court 
of  Burgun¬ 
dy. 


1460  Wood  engraving  invented 


Nicholas  of  Cusa,  philoso¬ 
phical  writer,  marks  the 
transition  from  medieval 
to  Renaissance  thought. 

Philip  de  Comines,  French 
historian. 


1460.  Battle  of  North- 


ampton. 

Battle 

of 

Wakefield. 

James 

III. 

of 

Scotland. 

1461.  Second  battle  of 
St.  Albans.  Edward 
Earl  of  March  pro¬ 
claimed  king  as  Ed¬ 
ward  IV.  Gains  the 
battle  of  Towton. 


1461 .  L  o  u  i  s 
XI.  becomes 
king. 


1464.  Battles  of  Hedg- 
ley  Moor  and  Hexham. 


1465.  The 
League  of 
the  Pub¬ 
lic  Weal 
opposes 
Louis;  the 
peace  of 
Conflans. 


1469.  Warwick  banished. 


1470.  Edward  IV.  flees 
to  Flanders. 


1473 


Hungary: — Matthias  pat¬ 
ronizes  literature  and  the 
arts. 


1471.  Battle  of  Barnet: 
— Warwick  slain.  Bat¬ 
tle  of  Tewkesbury 
Henry  VI.  dies  in  the 
Tower. 


1471.  War 
with  Char¬ 
les  of  Bur¬ 
gundy. 


1474.  War  be¬ 
tween  the 
Swiss  and 
Charles  of 
Burgundy. 


1469.  M  a  r  - 
riage  of 
Ferdinand 
of  Aragon, 
with  Isa¬ 
bella  of 
Castile. 


c  W 

\  w 


'•  o  '>  l 


1475  A-D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


121 


A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World 


,  elsewhere. 


1454.  Peace1 
of  Lodi  be¬ 
tween  Milan 
and  Venice. 


1456 


Hunyady  defends  Belgrade 
against  the  Turks. 


1455.  Com¬ 
plete  as¬ 
cendency  of 
Cosmo  de' 
Medici  in 
Florence. 


1458  Matthias  Corvinus  chosen 
king  of  Hungary,  and 
George  Podiebrad,  of 
Bohemia. 


1458.  The 
French 
rule  in  Ge¬ 
noa. 

Pope 
Pius  II. 
(^EneasSil- 
vius.) 


1456.  Turks 
repulsed  at 
Belgrade 
which  is  de¬ 
fended  by 
Hunvady 
and  Capis¬ 
trano. 


1454.  Poland: — Confirm¬ 
ation  of  the  national 
liberties  in  the  statute 
of  Nieszawa. 

1454.  Poland: — War 

with  the  Teutonic 
Order. 


1458.  H  u  n  g  a  r  y: — 
Matthias  Corvinus — - 
makes  his  country 
formidable  to  her 
neighbors. 


1462 


Insurrection  in  Vienna. 
The  emperor  besieged 
in  his  court — delivered 
.  by  Podiebrad,  of  Bohe¬ 
mia. 


1463.  War  of 
Venice  with 
the  Turks. 


1463. 

with 

ice. 


War 

Ven- 


1462.  Russia: — Ivan  III. 
the  Great  succeeds. 


1468 


War  between  Bohemia  and 
Hungary. 


1471  Vladislav,  son  of  Casimir 
IV.  of  Poland,  becomes 
king  of  Bohemia. 


1472  University  of  Ingoldstadt 
founded. 


1464.  Piero  de’ 
Medici  at 
Florence. 

Pope 
Paul  II. 


1466.  Gale- 
azzo  Maria 
S  f  o  r  z  a, 
duke  of 
Milan . 

1469.  Lorenzo 
de’  Medici 
succeeds 
Piero. 


1471.  Sixtus 
IV.  pope. 

Power  of 
the  Medici 
increases. 

Learning 

flourishes. 


1466.  Peace  of  Thorn. — - 
East  Prussia  a  fief  of 
Poland. — West  Prus¬ 
sia  ceded  to  Poland. 

1468.  LTzun  Hasan,  mas¬ 
ter  of  all  Persia. 


1470. — forms  an  alliance 
with  the  Venetians 
and  the  duke  of  Burgundy  against  the 
Turks — conquers  Bagdad. 


1475.  The 
Crimea  sub¬ 
jugated  by 
the  Turks. 


1472.  Russia: —  Ivan 
marries  Sophia,  niece 
of  the  Greek  emperor. 


122 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1476  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


England,  Scotland, 
etc. 


France. 


Spain  and 
Portugal. 


1477 


Caxton  establishes  his 
printing  press  at  West¬ 
minster. 


1476.  — who 
is  defeated 
at  Gran  son 
and  Morat, 
and 

1477.  —slain 
at  Nancy. 
Artois  and 
Burgundy 
united  to 
the  French 
crown. 


1480.  War  with  Scotland. 


1476.  Spain: 
Inst  i  t  u- 
tion  of  the 
Santa  Her- 
mandad 
or  Sacred 
Brother¬ 
hood  for 
the  preser¬ 
vation  of 
i n  t  ernal 
order. 

1479.  Union 
of  Castile 
and  Ara¬ 
gon  under 
Ferdinand 
II.  and 
Isabella. 


1481.  The  In¬ 
quisition 
in  Seville. 


14S3.  Edward  V.,  king, 
Richard,  Protector. — 
The  king  and  his 
brother  murdered  in 
the  Tower. 

Richard  III.,  king. 


1483.  Charles 
VIII.  be¬ 
comes  king. 


1485.  Henry,  earl  of 
Richmond,  lands  at 
Milford  Haven. 

Battle  of  Bosworth 
Field; — Richard  de¬ 
feated  and  slain. 


House  of  Tudor. 
Henry  VII.,  king. 


1486 


Lady  Juliana  Berners,  one 
of  the  earliest  woman 
writers  of  England,  pub¬ 
lishes  treatise  on  sports, 
‘‘Boke  of  St.  Albans.” 


1486-87.  Lambert  Sim- 
nel,  pretender. 

The  Star  Chamber 
established. 


Portugal : 
John  II.  be¬ 
comes  king. 


Leonardo  da  Vinci,  painter,  1487.  James  IV. 
sculptor,  architect,  and  Scotland, 
scientist. 

Marsilio  Ficino  and  John 
Pico  Mirandola,  Italian 
Platonists. 


1488 


Bartholomew  Dias  rounds 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 


in 


1487-1494. 
The  grand- 
mastership 
of  the  great 
chivalric 
orders  of 
Spain  is  as¬ 
sumed  by 
the  crown. 


1490 


Martin  Behaim  (Nurem- 
berg)  constructs  his 
terrestrial  globe. 


149°  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


123 


A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1477  Marriage  of  Maximilian 
and  Mary  of  Burgundy. 
War  between  the  emperor 
and  Hungary. 


1479  Maximilian  defeats  the 
French  at  Guinegate. 


1477.  Hungary: — War 

with  Frederick  III. 


1478.  Conspi¬ 
racy  of  the 
Pazzi  at 
Florence. 
Giulio, 
brother  of 
Lorenzo  de’ 
Medici, 
slain. 


1478.  Russia: — Ivan  III. 
captures  Novgorod. 


1479.  Peace 
with  V  en  - 
ice;  Turks 
o  b  t  a  i  n 
Lemnos  and 
Albania. 


1480.  —  cap-  1480.  The  Mongol  yoke 
ture  and  thrown  off. 
d  e  s  t  r  o  y 
Otranto. 


1481.  Baja- 
zet  II.  the 
first  uh  war¬ 
like  sultan. 


1481.  Denmark: — John 
partially  acknow¬ 
ledged  in  Sweden. 


1484.  Inno¬ 
cent  VIII. 
pope. 


1485 


Vienna  taken 
Hungarians. 


by  the 


1485.  War 
with  Egypt. 


1485.  Hungary: — Mat¬ 
thias  Corvinus  takes 
Vienna. 


1490!  Vladislav  of  Bohemia 
chosen  king  of  Hungary 
on  the  death  of  Matthias 
Corvinus. 


124 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I49I  A.D.— 


A.D. 


1492 


England,  Scotland,  etc. 


Spain  and 
Portugal. 


1493 


1497 
-98 

1498 


1499 


1502 


DISCOVERY  OF 

AMERICA. 


The  second  voyage  of  1493.  Perkin  Warbeck 
Columbus. — A  Spanish  pretends  to  be  Rich- 
colony  at  Hispaniola.  ard,  duke  of  York. 

1494.  Poynings’  Law 
makes  Irish  parlia¬ 
ment  dependent  on 
English  government. 


The  discoveries  of  John 
and  Sebastian  Cabot. 

Vasco  da  Gama  reaches 
India. 

Third  voyage  of  Columbus. 
He  discovers  Trinidad 
and  sights  the  American 
Continent. 

Lisbon  the  great  seat  of 
trade — Venice  declines. 

Maritime  enterprises  great¬ 
ly  extended. 

Niccolo  Machiavelli, 
statesman  and  historian. 

Amerigo  Vespucius’s  voy¬ 
age. 


Fourth  voyage  of  Colum 
bus. 

Raphael,  Michael  Angelo 
Titian,  Correggio,  paint¬ 
ers. 


1497.  Cabot  makes  dis¬ 
coveries  in  A  merica. 
War  Peck  captured. 


1499.  Earl  of  Warwick 
last  of  the  Plantage- 
nets,  executed. 


1503.  James  IV.  of 
Scotland  marri  es 
Margaret  of  England. 


1491.  Brit¬ 
tany  unit¬ 
ed  to  the 
crown  by 
the  king’s 
m  arriage 
with  Anne. 


1494.  In¬ 
vasion  of 
Italy. 

1495.  Battle 
of  Foraovo, 
French 
victory. 

1498.  Louis 
XII.  be¬ 
comes  king. 


1499.  —in¬ 
vades  Italy 
— conquers 
the  Milan¬ 
ese  Duchy. 

1500.  Treaty 
with  Fer¬ 
dinand,  of 
Aragon,  for 
the  con¬ 
quest  and 
partition  of 
Naples. 


1492.  Con- 
q  uest  of 

Granada 
by  Gonsal- 
vo  de  Cor¬ 
dova. 

D  isappear- 
ance  of 
M  o  o  r  i  sh 
power. 

Discovery  of 
America 
by  Colum¬ 
bus. —  The 
Jews  ex¬ 
pelled  from 
Spain. 

1497-98.  Vas¬ 
co  deGama 
doubles  the 
Cape  of 
Good  Hope 
and  reaches 
India. 


1502.  Moors 
in  Spain 
offered  al¬ 
ternative 
of  baptism 
or  exile. 


1505.  Alme¬ 
ida,  Portu¬ 
guese  gov¬ 
ernor  in  the 
Indies. 


\ 


1505  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


125 


A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1493 


Maximilian 


I. 


1495 


Public  peace  established, 
private  wars  forbidden, 
the  imperial  chamber 
instituted  as  a  supreme 
court. 


1492.  Piero  II. 
succeeds 
his  father 
Lorenzo  in 
Florence. 

Pope  Al¬ 
exander 
VI.  (Bor¬ 
gia). 

1494.  Expe¬ 
dition  of 
Charles 
VIII.  into 
Italy. 


1492. 

with 

gary. 


War 

Hun- 


1492.  Poland:  —  John 
Albert. 


America  discovered  by 
Columbus. 


1493.  Spanish  colony  at 
Hispaniola. —  Alexan¬ 
der  VI.  publishes  the 
Bull  of  Demarcation. 


1501 


Creation  of  the  Aulic  Coun¬ 
cil. 


1501.  Par- 
t  i  t  ion  of 
Naples 
between 
France  and 
Spain. 


1499.  Naval 
victory 
over  the 
Venetians 
at  Sapien- 
za. 


1497-1503.  Voyages  of 
Amerigo  Vespucius. — 
South  American  coast 
explored. 


1500.  Cabral  reaches 
coast  of  Brazil. 


1501.  Poland  :  —  Alex¬ 
ander  succeeds. 


1502 


University  of  Wittenberg 
founded. 


1503.  Pope 
Pius  III. 

Pope 
Julius  II. 

The 

French  de¬ 
feated  at 
Cer  ignola 
and  Gari- 
gliano. 

1504.  Naples 
annexed  to 
Aragon. 


1503.  Peace 
with  Hun¬ 
gary. 


1502.  Ismail  Shah  Sufi 
makes  himself  sole 
sovereign  of  Persia. — ■ 
Destruction  of  the 
Golden  Horde  and  end 
of  Mongol  power  in 
Russia. 


1 


126 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1506  A.D.— 


1506 


1516 

1517 


St.  Peter’s  begun. 


Sir  Thomas  More’s  Utopia 
published. 

Luther,  Erasmus,  Melanch- 
thon,  and  other  reform¬ 
ers. 

Hans  Sachs,  German  meis- 
tersinger. 


1509.  Henry  VIII. 


1511.  — joins  the  Holy 
League  against  France. 


1513.  Invasion  of  the 
Scots. — Battle  of  Flod- 
den — the  Scottish  king 
killed. 

James  V. 

1515.  Wolsey,  chancellor, 
and  cardinal. 


1506.  Colum¬ 
bus  dies  at 
Valladolid. 


1507.  Genoa  1507.  Xime- 
united  to  nes  made 
France.  cardinal. 


1510.  The 
Council  of 
Tours,  to 
support 
the  king 
against  the 
pope. 

1511.  Holy 
League 
formed 
against 
France  by 
Pope  Ju¬ 
lius  II., 
Spain,  the 
empire, 
and  Eng¬ 
land. 

1512.  French 
victory  at 
Ravenna. 


1515.  Francis 

I. 

invades 
Italy — vic- 
t  o  r  y  of 
Marignano. 
Genoa  and 


1509-10. 
Oran,  Al¬ 
giers,  and 
T  r  i  p  o  1  i 
subdued 
by  Spain. 


Milan 

mit. 


sub- 


1516.  Con¬ 
cordat  with!  1516 
the  pope, 
instead  of 
Pragmatic 
Sanction. 


Charles 
king  of 
all  Spain, 
and  the 
N  e  t  h  e  r- 
lands. 


1518  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


127 


A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1506.  Poland: — Sigismund 
I.  (the  Great). 


1508 


Maximilian  enters  Italy 
to  be  crowned  by  the 
pope. 

— joins  the  League  of 
Cambray. 


1508.  League 
of  Cambray 
against 
Venice 
formed  by 
France, 
Spain,  the 
emperor, 
and  the 
pope. 


1509.  Vene¬ 
tians  de¬ 
feated  at 
Agnadello. 


1510.  America: — Settle¬ 

ment  at  Darien. 

Goa  in  India  taken 
by  the  Portuguese. 


1511.  Holy 
League  to 
expel  the 
F  r  e  n  c  h. 

Council 
of  Pisa. 


1511.  America: —  Cuba 
conquered. 


1512 


— divides  the  empire  into 
ten  circles. — Joins  the 
Holy  League. 


1513.  Pope 
Leo  X. 
(Giovanni 
de’Medici\ 
patron  of 
literature 
and  arts. 


1512.  Selim  I. 
dethrones 
and  puts  to 
death  his 
father. 


1513.  America: —  Florida 
discovered. 

South  Sea  first  reached 
by  Balboa. 


1514.  The 
P  ersi  a  n  s 
defeated  at 
Chaldiran 
— Georgia 
and  Kur¬ 
distan  add¬ 
ed  to  the 
empire. 


1515.  De  Soto  reaches  the 
La  Plata  River. 


1516' Louis  II.,  of  Bohemia  and 
Hungary. 


1516.  Syria 
conquered. 


1517 


Commencement 

Reformation. 


of  the 


1517.  Egypt 
conquered. 


1518 


Luther  summoned  to 
Rome;  he  appeals  to  a 
general  council. 


1518.  Khair-ed-din  suc¬ 
ceeds  his  brother  Arouj 
(Barbarossa)  in  Algiers. 


128 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1519  A.D.— 


A.D. 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

England,  Scotland, etc. 

France. 

Spain  and 
Portugal. 

1519 

-22 

First  circumnavigation  of 
the  globe,  by  Magellan. 

1520.  The  Emperor 
Charles  V.  visits  Eng¬ 
land. — Meeting  of 
Henry  and  Francis  I. 
of  France  at  the  “  Field 
of  the  Cloth  of  Gold.” 

1519- 21. 
Conquest 
of  Mexico 
by  Cortes. 

1520- 1521. 
Rising  of 
the  Com- 
muneros  in 
Spain. 

1521.  The  doctrines  of 
Luther  opposed  by 
Henry,  in  his  book  on 
the  Seven  Sacraments 
■ — he  receives  the  title 
of  “Defender  of  the 
Faith.” 

1521.  First 
war  with 
Charles  V. 

- 

1523.  The 
constable 
9!  Bourbon 
joins  the 
emperor 
against 
Francis  I. 

The  im¬ 
perial  and 
English 
troops  in¬ 
vade 
France. 

* 

1525.  Francis 
defeated 
and  taken 
prisoner  at 
Pavia. 

1526 

Tyndale’s  translation  of 
the  New  Testament 
brought  into  England. 

Ariosto,  Italian  poet. 

Hans  Holbein,  German 
painter. 

1527.  The  question  of 
Henry  VIII. ’s  divorce 
submitted  to  the  pope. 

1527.  Third 
war  with 
Charles  V. 

1528 

Death  of  Albrecht  Diirer. 

1528.  Patrick  Hamilton 
burned,  first  Protest¬ 
ant  martyr. 

1528  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


129 


A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1519 


Charles  V.,  emperor, 
(Charles  I.  of  Spain). 


1519-1521.  Mexico  con¬ 
quered  by  the  Spaniards 
under  Cortes. 


1520.  Soli- 
man,  (the 
M  a  g n  i  fi- 
c  ent)  be¬ 
comes  em- 


1520.  Christian  II.  of 
Denmark  invades  Swe¬ 
den,  overthrows  Sten 
Sture  and  perpetrates  a 
massacre  at  Stockholm. 


peror. 


1521 


The  archduke  Ferdinand 
marries  Anne,  sister  of 
Louis  of  Bohemia  and 
Hungary,  whence  the  ac¬ 
cession  of  Bohemia  and 
Hungary  to  the  House  1522.  Pope 
of  Hapsburg.  Adrian  VI. 

Diet  of  Worms. 


1521,  Bel¬ 
grade 
taken  by 
storm. 

1522.  Rhodes 
capitulates. 


1524 


The  Peasant  R  evoltand  the 
Anabaptist  movement. 


1523. Clement 
VII.,  pope. 


1523  Sweden: — Revolt  un¬ 
der  Gustavus  Vasa. — 
The  Danes  expelled. — 
Union  of  Calmar  dis¬ 
solved. 

Denmark  and  Nor¬ 
way  : — Frederick  I. 


1525 


1526 


The  peasants  under  Thomas 
Miinzer  defeated. 


Charles  marries  Isabella 
of  Portugal. 

Death  of  Frederick  of 
Saxony. 


1525.  Spain 
acq  uires 
the  ascen¬ 
dency  by 
the  victory 
of  Pavia. 


1525.  Albert,  grand -master 
of  Teutonic  Order  makes 
East  Prussia  a  secular 
possession  and  holds  it 
of  the  king  of  Poland. 


1526.  Inva¬ 
sion  of 
Hun  gary 
and  victory 
at  Mohacs 
where  Louis 
II.,  of  Hun¬ 
gary  per¬ 
ishes. 


1526.  Baber  founds  the 
Mogul  dynasty  at  Delhi. 


1527.  The 
Medici  ex¬ 
pelled  from 
Florence.  I 
Roma 
s  t  o  r  m  e  d 
by  the  im¬ 
perialists 
under  thd 
constable^ 
of  Bourbon 


1528.  French 
expelled 
from  Genoa 
by  Doria. 


130 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1529  A.D 


A.D. 


I 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


England,  Scotland,  etc. 


1529.  Fall  of  Wolsey. — Sir 
Thomas  More,  Lord 
Chancellor.  —  Rise  of 
Thomas  Cromwell. 


1530  Spinning  wheel  invented  in 
Germany. 

Rabelais,  French  satirist. 


France. 


Spain  and 
Portugal. 


1529.  Treaty 
of  C  a  m- 
bray.  — 
France 
abandons 
all  claims 
in  Ita  y. 


% 


1533.  The  king 
Anne  Boleyn. 


marries 


1532.  Calvin 
preaches. 


Cranmer  made  arch 
bishop  of  Canterbury. 


1534 


Ignatius  Loyola  founds  the 
Order  of  the  Jesuits. 


John  Knox,  Scottish  re¬ 
former. 


1534.  England  breaks 
away  from  the  Roman 
church. 


1542;  Xavier  plants  Christianity 
in  India. 


1535.  Bishop  Fisher  and 
Sir  Thomas  More  be¬ 
headed. 


Henry  makes  himself 
head  of  the  church. 


1536. — marries  Jane  Sey-j  1536.  Fourth 
mour. — Suppression  of  war  with 
the  smaller  monasteries.  Charles  V. 


1535.  Acqui- 

sition 

of 

Milan 

by 

Spai  n. — 

T  u  n  i 

s 

taken 

by 

Charles 

V. 

1539.  Henry  marries  Anne 
of  Cleves. 

1540.  Fall  of  Cromwell. 


1538.  Truce 
of  Nice — 
for  ten 
years. 

Attempt 
to  recover 
power  in 
Italy; 

hence  the 


1540.  Portu¬ 
gal;  —  Lis¬ 
bon,  the 
market  of 
the  world. 


1542.  Mary,  queen  of 
Scots — Earl  of  Arran, 
regent. 


1543 


Copernicus  publishes  his, 
De  Revolutionibus  Or- 
bium  Caclestium. 

Vesalius’s  work  on  Anat¬ 
omy. 


1543.  Henry  marries 
Catherine  Parr. 

1544.  Henry  invades  France 
— takes  Boulougne. 


Roger  Ascham,  tutor  of 
Queen  Elizabeth. 


1542.  Fifth 
French 
war. 


1544.  Peace 
of  Crespy. 


1542.  Com¬ 
mercial 
treaty  be¬ 
tween  Por¬ 
tugal  and 
Japan. 


1545.  The 
Vaudois  in 
Fra  nee 
massacred. 


154^  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


J3I 


A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


1529 


1530 


1531 


The  Turks  besiege  Vienna. 
— Diet  of  Spires. — Luth¬ 
erans  first  called  Protes¬ 
tants. 


The  Diet  of  Augsburg 
witnesses  the  appearance 
of  the  Protestant  con¬ 
fession. 

The  Smalkaldic  League 
organized. 


1530.  Medici 
restored. — 
Charles  V. 
crowned  at 
Bologna. 


1529.  Inva¬ 
sion  of  Ger¬ 
many. — 
Siege  of 
Vienna. 

The  Otto¬ 
man  navy 
formidable 
under 
Khair-ed- 
din  Barba- 
rossa. 


1534 


Anabaptists  under  John  of  1534.  Paul  III 
Leyden  establish  them-  pope, 
selves  in  Munster. 


1538 


Congress  of  Nice  between 
the  emperor,  the  pope, 
and  the  king  of  France. 


1537.  Cosmo 
de’  Medici , 
duke  of 
Florence. 


1535. — w  h  o 
seizes  Tu¬ 
nis. —  T  h  e 
e  m  pe  r  or, 
Charles  V. , 
restores 
the  Moor¬ 
ish  king. — 
Turks  take 
Bagdad. 


1541 


The  Turks  overrun  Hun¬ 
gary. 


1540.  Investi¬ 
ture  of  Mi¬ 
lan  con  - 
ferred  by 
Charles  V . 
on  his  son , 
Philip. 


1543 


War  against  France, 


1544  Diet  of  Spires. 

1546  The  Smalkaldic  war. 


1545.  Council 
of  Trent 
opened. 


1541.  De¬ 
struction  of 
an  arma  - 
ment  led 
by  Charles 
V.  against 
Algiers. — 
Soliman, 
theMagnif- 
icent,  mas¬ 
ter  of  Hun¬ 
gary. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1529.  Lutheranism  es¬ 
tablished  in  Sweden 
by  action  of  national 
council. 

1530.  Malta  given  to  the 
knights  of  Rhodes  by 
Charles  V. 

Russia: — I  van  IV. 
(the  Terrible.) 


1533.  Norway  and  Den¬ 
mark: — Christian  III. 

1533-1534.  Conquest  of 
Peru  by  Pizarro  com¬ 
pleted. 


1534-1535.  Cortes  in  lower 
California. 


1535.  Cartier  in  the  St. 
Lawrence  River. 


1536.  Portugese  establish 
themselves  in  Macao, 

China. 


1539.  De  Soto’s  expedition 
sets  out. 

1540-1542.  Coronado’s  ex¬ 
pedition  in  the  south¬ 
western  United  States. 

1541.  Orellana’s  voyage 
down  the  Amazon. 

De  Soto  discovers  the 
Mississippi  River. 


1545.  South  America  : — 
Mines  of  Potosi  dis¬ 
covered. 


132 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1547  A.D 


A.D. 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

England,  Scotland,  etc. 

France. 

Spain  and 
Portugal. 

1547 

The  Earl  of  Surrey,  poet, 
introduces  the  sonnet 
into  English  poetry. 

Palestrina,  founder  of 
Italian  church  music. 

Titian,  painter. 

Scaliger,  J.  C.,  philologist. 

1547.  Edward  VI. 

Somerset  invades  Scot¬ 
land — defeats  the  Scots 
at  Pinkie. 

1549.  The  first  Prayer 
Book  issued  and  pre¬ 
scribed  by  act  of  Parlia¬ 
ment. 

1547.  Henry 
II.  The 
famous 
Catherine 
de’  Medici, 
queen. 

Montaigne,  French  essay¬ 
ist. 

1552.  Sixth 
war  with 
Charles  V. 

1553 

{about).  Ralph  Roister  Dois- 
ter,  the  first  English 
comedy. 

Cardan,  Italian  phil¬ 
osopher. 

1553.  Northumberland  in¬ 
trigues  to  settle  the 
crown  on  Lady  Jane 
Grey,  his  daughter-in- 
law. 

Death  of  Edward  VI.; 
Mary  becomes  queen. 

Catholicism  restored 

1553.  France 
obtains 
possession 
of  Metz, 
Toul,  and 
Verdun. 

1554.  The  queen  marries 
Philip,  of  Spain. — Lord 
Dudley  and  Lady  Jane 
Grey  executed. 

• 

1555.  Bloody  persecution 
of  Protestants. 

1555.  Philip 
of  Spain 
receives 
the  Nether¬ 
lands. 

1556.  Charles 
abdicates. 
—  Philip 
II.,  king 
of  S  p  a  i  n  , 
N  ether- 
lands,  Mi¬ 
lan,  the  Si¬ 
cilies,  and 
American 
possessions 

1557.  War  with  France  to 
support  Spain. 

l 

1557.  The 
French  de¬ 
feated  at 
St.  Quentin 

1557.  Portu¬ 
gal:  —  Se 
bastian. 

1558.  Calais  lost. 

Elizabeth  becomes 
queen. 

Cecil,  Lord  Burleigh, 
secretary  of  state. 

1558.  —  at 
Gravelines. 

1 5 58  A-D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


133 


A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


1547 


The  Smalkaldic  forces  de¬ 
feated  at  Muhlberg. 
Maurice  becomes  elector 
of  Saxony. 


1548.  The 
Turks  in¬ 
vade  Per¬ 
sia. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1548.  Poland: — Sigismund 
II.  (Augustus). 


> 


1550.  Julius 
III.,  pope. 


1549.  The  Jesuits  enter 
Brazil. 


1551.  Second 
session  of 
Council  of 
Trent. 


1551.  Tripoli 
taken  from 
the  Mal¬ 
tese  knight 


1552  Treaty  of  Passau  secures 

religious  liberty  to  the 
Protestants. 

Fruitless  siege  of  Metz  by 
Charles  V. 

1553  Death  of  Maurice,  of  Sax¬ 

ony,  at  Sievershausen. 


1552.  In  - 
vasion  of 
Hungary. 


1553.  War 
with  Persia 
concluded. 


1550.  Antonio  de  Mendoza 
viceroy  of  Peru. 

Russia: — Ivan,  the 
Terrible,  overthrows  the 
Khanate  of  Kazan. 


1555  The  Peace  of  Augsburg — 

reaffirms  toleration  of 
Protestants  and  con¬ 
cedes  them  representa¬ 
tion  in  the  Imperial 
Chamber. 

1556  Charles  V.  abdicates. 


1555.  M  a  r- 
cellus  II., 
pope. 

Paul  IV. 
(Caraffa) , 
pope. 


Ferdinand  I.,  emperor  and 
king  of  Hungary  and 
Bohemia. 


Coronation  by  the  pope 
relinquished. 


1556.  India: — Jelal-ed-din 
Akbar  becomes  Mogul 
emperor,  a  patron  of 
science  and  literature, 
aided  by  his  ministers 
Abu  Fazl  and  Sheikh 
Faizi. 

— raises  the  Mogul 
empire  to  its  greatest 
splendor. 


1557.  The 
grand 
duchy  of 
Tuscany 
established 
under  Cos¬ 
mo  de’  Me¬ 
dici. 


134 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1559  A.D.— 


A.  D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


England,  Scotland,  etc. 


France. 


Spain  and 
Portugal. 


1559 


Foundation  of  Geneva 
Academy  (now  the  Uni¬ 
versity)  . 

Foundation  of  Jesuit  Col¬ 
leges  in  opposition  to  | 
Protestant  Schools.  The 
first  at  Coimbra,  in 
Portugal. 


1559.  Protestantism  es¬ 
tablished  by  Acts  of 
Uniformity  and  Supre¬ 
macy. 

The  Puritans  begin  to 
appear. 


1559.  Peace 
of  Cateau- 
Cambresis 
and  end 
of  struggle 
between 
France  and 
the  empire 

Francis 
II.,  Duke 
of  Guise 
in  power. 


1559.  Mar¬ 
garet  of 
Parma  be¬ 
comes  re¬ 
gent  of  the 
Nether¬ 
lands  with 
Granvella 
as  her 
counsellor. 


1560 


Ronsard  and  the  other 
poets  of  the  PlHade  in 
France. 


1560.  Scotland: — Catholi¬ 
cism  abolished  by  parlia¬ 
ment. 


1560.  Charles 
IX., 


Paolo  Veronese,  painter. 
Guarini,  Italian  poet. 


1562.  O’Neill’s  rebellion  in 
Ireland. 


1562.  Relig¬ 
ious  liberty 
granted  to 
the  Hugue¬ 
nots. 


First 
civil  relig¬ 
ious  war— 
Huguenots 
supported 
by  Eng- 
1  a  n  d — de- 
f  ea  t  e  d  at 
Dreux. 


1564 


Death  of  Michael  Angelo 
and  of  Calvin,  birth  of 
Shakespeare. 


1563.  Peace 
of  A  m  - 
boise  ends 
war. 


Camoens,  Portuguese  poet. 


Justus  Lipsius,  scholar. 

Thomas  Tallis,  English 
musician. 


1565.  Scotland:  —  Mary 
marries  Lord  Damley. 
Revolt  of  Protestants. 


1565.  Occu¬ 
pation  of 
the  Philip¬ 
pines  by 
the  Span¬ 
ish. 


1567.  Shane  O’Neill  de¬ 
feated  and  killed. 

Scotland : — Damley  mur¬ 
dered — the  queen  marries 
earl  of  Bothwell — is  de¬ 
throned  and  imprisoned 
at  Lochleven. 


1567.  The 
second  war 
— H  ugue - 
nots  de¬ 
feated  at 
St.  Denis. 


1567.  Duke  of 
Alva,  gov¬ 
ernor  of  the 
Nether¬ 
lands;  he 
establishes 
the  Bloody 
Tribunal. 


James  VI.,  king  of 
Scotland. 


1567  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


135 


A. 


D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1559.  Pius  IV 
(Medici) 
pope. 

Peace  of 
Cateau* 
Ccmbrc'sis 
terminates 
the  French 
w  a  r  s  in 
Italy. 


1559.  Denmark  and  Nor¬ 
way: — Frederick  II. 

Decrease  of  the  in¬ 
fluence  of  the  Hanse 
towns. 


1562 


Maximilian  elected  king  of 
the  Romans. 


1562.  Council 
of  Trent 
reassem¬ 
bled. 


1560.  Fleet  of 
the  Italian 
states  de¬ 
feated  at 
the  island 
of  Djerbe. 


1560.  Sweden: — Eric  XIV. 
becomes  king. 


1562.  Ribault’s  colony  at 
Port  Royal. 


1564 


Maximilian  II., 


emperor. 


1565.  Unsuc- 
c  e  s  s  f  u  1 
siege  of 
Malta 
which  is 
def  en  d  ed 
by  the 
knights 
under  La 
Valette. 


1564.  Coligny  sends  a 
second  colony  of  Hugue¬ 
nots  to  Florida — de¬ 
stroyed  by  the  Span¬ 
iards.  (1565). — St.  Au¬ 
gustine  founded,  1565. 


1566 


Szigeth  in  Hungary  taken 
by  the  Turks. 


1566.  Pius  V., 
pope. 


1566.  Death 
of  Soliman 
at  the  siege 
of  Szigeth. 

Selim  II., 
sultan. 


136 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1568  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


England,  Scotland,  etc. 


France. 


1568.  Mary,  queen  of  Scots, 
takes  refuge  in  England 
and  is  imprisoned. 


1568.  Treaty 
of  Long  ■ 
ju  m  e  a  u 
ends  war. 


Spain  and 
Portugal. 


1569.  Third 
civil  war. 
Huguenots 
routed  at 
Jarnac. — 
Conde  de¬ 
feated  at 
M ontcon  - 
tour. 


1572 


Camoens 

Lusiads. 


publishes 


1570.  Elizabeth  excom¬ 
municated  by  the  pope. 

Scotland: — Lennox  re¬ 
gent. 


his 


1572.  Mass¬ 
acre  of  St. 
Bartholo¬ 
mew. 

Fourth 
civil  war. 

1573.  Peace 
of  Rochelle. 


1570.  War 
with  the 
Turks. 

1571.  Naval 
victory  at 
Le  panto 
won  by 
John  of 
Austria. 


1575 


University  of  Leyden 
founded. 


1575.  The  sovereignty  of 
Holland  offered  to  Eliza¬ 
beth  and  declined. 


1574.  Henry 
III.,  be¬ 
comes  king. 

Fifth  war 
with  the 
Huguenots 


1576.  The 
Catholic 
League. 


1576Antwerp 
sacked  by 
the  Span¬ 
ish  soldiers. 
The  Paci¬ 
fication  of 
Ghent  con¬ 
cluded  by 
John  of 
Austria. 


1577 


Sir  Francis  Drake  begins 
his  voyage  round  the 
world. 


Tasso,  Italian  poet. 


1577.  Sixth 
rel  i  gi o  u  s 
war. 


1577.  The 
P  erpetual 
Edict  pub¬ 
lished. 


1577  a.d 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


137 


A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1568 


The  duchy  of  Prussia  made 
hereditary  in  the  House 
of  Hohenzollern. 


1568.  Sweden: — John  III. 
becomes  king. 


1569.  Flor¬ 
ence  be¬ 
comes  the 
grand 
duchy  of 
Tuscany. 

Cosmo 
de’  Medici 
declared 
grand  duke 
of  Tuscany 
by  Pius  V. 


1569.  Poland  and  Lithua¬ 
nia  united  by  the  Diet  of 
Lublin. 


1570.  War  01  Venice  with  1570.  Peace  of  Stettin.be- 
the  Porte.  tween  Denmark  and 

Sweden. 


1571.  Cyprus  reduced  by 
the  Turks.  Battle  of 
Lepanto. 


1571.  Russia  raided  by 
the  khan  of  Crimea. 

Moscow  burnt. 


1572. Gregory 
XIII., pope. 


1572.  Extinction  of  the  Ja- 
gellonian  dynasty  in 
Poland  with  Sigismund 
Augustus.  The  crown 
becomes  elective. 


1573.  Cyprus 
yielded  to 
the  Porte 
by  Venice. 


1573.  Peace 
writh  Ven¬ 
ice. 


1573.  Japan: — Fall  of  the 
Ashikaga  shoguns;  No- 
bunaga  supreme. 


1575 


Maximilian  II.  seeks  the 
Polish  throne. 


1574.  Flor-  1574.  A  mu- 
ence:  Fran-  rath  III. 
cesco  Maria 
succ  eeds 
Cosmo. 


1576 


Rudolph  II.,  emperor, 
king  of  Bohemia  and 
Hungary. 

The  Catholic  reaction 
makes  rapid  progress  in 
the  Austrian  dominions. 


1574.  Poland: — Henry  of 
Valois  chosen  king;  he 
escapes  to  France. 

1575.  Poland: — Stephen 
Bathori  chosen  king;  he 
strengthens  the  Jesuits. 


138 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1578  A.D. 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


England,  Scotland,  etc. 


France. 


Spain  and 
Portugal. 


1579.  Marriage  negotiations 
.  between  Elizabeth  and 
the  Duke  of  Anjou. 


1578.  Sebas- 
t  i  an  i  n  - 
vades  Mor* 
occo  and 
perishes  in 
the  battle 
of  Alcazar- 
quivir. 

Port.: — 
Henry  I. 

1579.  Union 
of  Utrecht , 
beginning 
of  Dutch 
i  n  dep  en  - 
dence. 


1582 


Gregorian  reformation  of 
the  calendar. 

Tycho  Brahe,  astronomer. 


1581.  Levant  Company 
chartered. 


1580.  The 
seventh 
war. 


1580.  Portu¬ 
gal  falls  un¬ 
der  Spanish 
dominion. 


1584.  The 
Catholic 
League  re¬ 
organized. 


1585.  Raleigh’s  colony  in 
Virginia. 

War  with  Spain. 


1585.  Eighth 
war,  the 
war  of  the 
three 
Henries. 


1586 


Tobacco  brought  to  Eng 
land. 


1586.  Earl  of  Leicester 
lands  in  Holland  with 
an  English  army.  Sir 
Philip  Sidney  killed  at 
Zutphen. 


1587.  Execution  of  Mary 
Stuart. 


1588.  The  Spanish  Armada 
destroyed. 


1590 


Sir  Philip  Sidney’s  Arcadia. 
Spenser. 

The  Carracci,  celebrated 
painters  of  Bologna. 
Kepler,  astronomer. 


1588.  Revolt 
of  Paris 
against 
Henry  III. 
and  for  the 
Guises. 

1589.  Assass¬ 
ination  of 
Henry  III ; 
H  o  u  s  e  of 
Bourbon 
Henry  IV. 
He  wins 
the  battle 
of  Arques. 

1590.  Battle 
of  Ivry. 


1588.  Defeat 
of  the 
Spanish 
armada. 


1589.  English 
volunteers 
under 
Drake  and 
Norris,  re- 
pulsed 
from  Lis¬ 
bon. 


1590  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


139 


A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1579 


Duke  William,  of  Bavaria, 
friend  of  the  Jesuits. 

The  imperial  authority 
disregarded  by  the 
princes  of  the  empire, 
who  wage  war  among 
themselves. 


1579.  English 
c  o  m  m  e  r- 
cial  repre-j 
sentatives  j 
in  Constan¬ 
tinople. 


1579.  Commencement  of 
the  Dutch  Republic  by 
the  Union  of  Utrecht: 

William,  prince  of 
Orange,  stadtholder. 


1580.  Charles 
Emmanuel 
duke  of  Sa¬ 
voy. 


1581.  First 
trade  with1 
England .  : 


1583.  English 

ambassador  1584.  William  of  Orange 
sent  to  Con-  assassinated, 
stantinople. 


1586 


Struggle  in  Saxony  be¬ 
tween  Lutherans  and 
Calvinists. 


1585.  Sixtus! 
V.,  pope,! 
active  andf 
energetic — j 
corrects! 
abuses  in 
the  church: 
e  r  e  c  t  s  j 
building1 
for  Vatican 
library. 


1585.  North  America: — 
First  English  colony 
founded  in  Virginia,  by 
Sir  W.  Raleigh. 

Persia  acquires  power 
under  Abbas  the  Great. 

1586.  Battle  of  Zutphen: 
death  of  Sir  Philip 
Sidney. 


1587.  Poland: — Sigismund 
III.,  king. 


1588.  Denmark: — Christian 
IV. 


1590.  Urban 
VII.,  pope. 

Gregory 
XIV.,  pope. 


140 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1591  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


England,  Scotland,  etc. 


France. 


Spain  and 
Portugal. 


1591.  Troops  sent  to 
France  to  aid  Henry  IV. 


1593.  Act  for  religious  con¬ 
formity. 


1593.  Henry 
abjures 
Protestan  - 
tism. 


1594.  Paris 
submits  to 
Henry. 

Jesuits 

banished. 

1595.  War 
with  Spain. 


1596.  Cadiz  attacked  and 
the  Spanish  fleet  burnt 
by  the  earl  of  Essex. 


1598.  Revolt  of  O’Neill 
earl  of  Tyrone. 


1598.  Peace 
of  Vervins. 

Edict  of 
Nantes — 
granting 
toleration 
to  Protes¬ 
tants. 

Ministry 
of  Sully. 


1598.  Philip 
III.,  king 
of  Spain. 


1598  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


HI 


A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1591.  Inno¬ 


cent  IX., 
pope. 


1593 


War  with  Turkey. 


1592. Clement 
VIII., pope. 


1593.  War 
with  the 
empire  in 
Hungary. 


1592.  Japanese  under 
Hideyoshi  invade  Corea. 

Sweden :  —  Sigismund 
III.,  of  Poland,  succeeds 
to  the  Swedish  crown. 


1594.  The 
grand  vi¬ 
zier  takes 
Raab. 


1596 


Imperialists  defeated  by 
the  Turks  in  the  battle 
of  Keresztes. 


1595. Moham¬ 
med  III. 

Turkish 
power  in 
Hungary 
de  c 1 ines ; 
defeated 
at  Gran — 
revolt  of 
Wallachia. 


1595.  The  regent  Charles 
assumes  independent 
authority. 


1596.  Mo¬ 
ll  a  m  m  e  d 
leads  his 
troops,  and 
defeats  the 
Germans 
at  Keresz¬ 
tes. 


1598.  Russia: — The  house 
of  Rurik  becomes  ex¬ 
tinct  in  the  person  of 
Feodor  I. 

Boris  Godunov  suc¬ 
ceeds. 


Sigismund  lands  in 
Sweden,  to  re-establish 
his  power — but  is  de¬ 
feated  and  returns  to 
Poland. 


142 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1600  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society. 


America. 


England,  Scotland, 
etc. 


France. 


1600 


Shakespeare,  Fletcher,  Ben 
Jonson. — Napier  inven¬ 
tor  of  logarithms. 


1604 


1605 


Lord  Bacon,  celebrated 
philosopher. 

Lope  de  Vega,  Spanish 
dramatist. 

English  East  India  Com¬ 
pany  chartered. 

William  Gilbert  publishes 
his  work  on  magnetism. 


Conference  at  Hampton 
Court. 

New  translation  of  the 
Bible  begun  (published 
1611). 

Cervantes’s  Don  Quixote 
(first  part)  appears. 


1604.  Port  Royal, 
Acadia,  colo¬ 
nized  by  the 
French  (De 
Monts  and 
Poutrincourt). 


1600.  The  Gowrie  con¬ 
spiracy  in  Scotland. 

1601.  Earl  of  Essex 
beheaded. 


1600.  Henry 
IV.  mar¬ 
ries  Marie 
de’  Medici. 


1603.  James  I. — Union 
of  the  English  and 
Scotch  crowns. 


1603.  The 
J  e  s  u  i  t  s 
re-enter 
France. 


1605.  The  Gunpowder 
Plot. 


1607.  English 
settlement  at 
Jamestown 
(first  perma¬ 
nent  one  in 
North  Amer¬ 
ica). 

1608.  Quebec 
founded. 


1610 


(1608?)  Telescope  invented 
in  Holland. 


1609.  Hudson  in 
New  York  Bay. 


1612.  The  tobac¬ 
co  plant  intro¬ 
duced  into  Vir¬ 
ginia. 


1609.  The  charter  of 
the  East  India  Com¬ 
pany  renewed. 


1611.  Colonization  of 
Ulster  in  Ireland  by 
English  and  Scotch. 


1610.  Henry 
IV.,  with 
England 
and  Hol¬ 
land,  plans 
the  down¬ 
fall  of  the 
Hapsburg 
power. 


Assassi¬ 
nation  of 
Henry  IV. 
by  Ravail- 
lac. 


Louis 
XIII., 
king,  Marie 
de’  Medici, 
regent. 


1 


l6l 3  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


M3 


AD  . 


Italy,  Spain,  and 
Portugal. 


Germany. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World, 


elsewhere. 


1601.  Shah 
Abbas  of 
Persia  be¬ 
gins  the  re¬ 
conquest 
of  lost  pro¬ 
vinces. 


1603.  Japan: — Tokugawa 
Iyeyasu  makes  himself 
shogun;  his  descendants 
retain  power  till  1868. 


1604.  Sweden:  Charles  IX. 


1605 


Leo  XI.,  pope. 
Paul  V.,  pope. 


1606.  Peace  be¬ 
tween  the  em¬ 
pire  and  the 
Turks. 


1605.  Shah 
Abbas  wins 
the  battle 
of  Basso- 
rah. 


1605.  India:  —  Jehangir, 
Mogul  emperor. 

Russia:Death  of  Boris 
Godunoff ;  appearance  of 
the  false  Demetrius; 
anarchy. 


1609;  Tuscany: — CosmoII. 

Expulsion  of  the 
Moors. 


1608.  Protestant 
Union,  under 
Frederick,  the 
elector  pala¬ 
tine. 

1609.  The  Catho¬ 
lic  League,  un¬ 
der  the  Duke 
of  Bavaria. 


1609.  India: — Arrival  of 
Hawkins,  first  English 
envoy  from  the  East  In¬ 
dia  Company. 


Leghorn  the  empo¬ 
rium  of  the  Levant 
trade. 


Bohemia  re¬ 
ceives  a  royal 
charter. 


1612.  Matthias 
emperor. 


1611.  Sweden: — Gustavus 

Adolphus,  king. — War 
with  Denmark. — Axel 

Oxenstiern,  minister. 

1612.  Russia: — A  national 
uprising  under  Minin 
and  Pozharski  leads  to 
the  expulsion  of  the 
Poles. 


1613.  Sinope 
on the  Black 
Sea  plunder¬ 
ed  by  the 
Cossacks. 


1613.  Russia: — Michael 
Romanoff,  czar,  founder 
of  the  present  ruling 
line. 


i 


144 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1614  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


America. 


England,  Scotland. 
etc. 


Prance. 


1614.  Manhattan  1614.  King  resorts  to 
Island  settled  Benevolences, 
by  the  Dutch- 


1614.  Last  as¬ 
sembly  of 
the  States- 
General  be¬ 
fore  the  Re¬ 
volution. 


1616 


Death  of  Shakespeare  and 
Cervantes. 


1615.  The 
king  mar¬ 
ries  Anne, 
of  Austria. 
Civil  War: 
Conde 
heads  the 
H  u  g  u  e- 
nots. 


1618.  Francis  Bacon, 
lord  chancellor. 

Sir  Walter  Ra¬ 
leigh  executed. 


1617.  Ascen¬ 
dency  of 
Luynes  be¬ 
gins. 


1619 


Negro  slavery  introduced 
into  Virginia. 


1619.  Negro 
slaves  first  im¬ 
ported  to  Vir¬ 
ginia. 


1620.  Emigration 
of  Pilgrims  to 
New  England 
and  founding 
of  Plymouth. 


1620.  Rising 
of  the  Hu¬ 
guenots. 


1620 


Bacon’s  Novum  Organum. 
Thermometers  invented  by 
Drebbel. 

Inigo  Jones,  celebrated 
architect. 

Martin  Opitz,  German  poet. 


1621.  John  Car-  1621.  Bacon 
ver,  1st  Gover-  peached, 
nor  of  Ply¬ 
mouth. 


im 


1622 


First  newspaper  (weekly) 
in  England. 

Peter  Paul  Rubens,  painter. 
Massinger,  the  dramatist. 


1627 


The  Parian  marbles 
brought  to  England  by 
the  earl  of  Arundel. 


1623.  New  Hamp¬ 
shire  settled. 


1625.  Maine  set¬ 
tled. 


1625.  Charles  I. 

1627.  War  with  France 
the  Huguenots. 


1624.  Minis¬ 
try  of  Car¬ 
dinal  Rich¬ 
elieu. 


in  support  of 


Harvey  publishes  his  work 
on  the  circulation  of  the 
blood. 

Edward  Coke,  the  great 
jurist. 


1627  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


145 


Italy,  Spain,  and 
Portugal. 


Germany. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1616.  India: — Sir  Thomas 
Roe,  ambassador  from 
James  I.,  of  England. 
Manchus  invade  China. 


1617.  Musta- 
pha  I. 


1617.  Sweden  predomi¬ 
nates  in  the  north. 


1618 


Conspiracy  of  Bed- 
mar,  the  Spanish 
envoy,  to  reduce 
Venice  under  sub¬ 
jection  to  Spain. 


1618.  The  Thirty 
Years’  War  be¬ 
gins. 


1619.  Ferdinand 
II.,  emperor. 


1618.  Oth- 
man  II. 


1618.  Netherlands: — T  h  e 
Synod  of  Dort.  Armin- 
ianism  condemned. 


F  er  dinan d 
deposed  by  the 
Bohemians, 
who  chose  as 
king  the  elector 
palatine. 


1621 


1623 


1625 


Spain  supports  the 
emperor  in  Ger¬ 
many. 

Philip  IV. 

Italy: — Gregory  XV. 
pope. 

Tuscany: — F  erdi- 
nand  II. 

Italy: — The  famous 
library  of  the  pala- 
tine  at  Heidelberg 
sent  to  Rome. 
Urban  VIII.,  pope. 

Spain: — Naval  war 
with  England. 


1620.  Victory  of 
the  White 
Mountain  near 
Prague  gained 
by  the  imper¬ 
ial  forces  over 
the  palatine 
king  of  Bo¬ 
hemia. 


1620.  War 
with  Po¬ 
land,  and 
victory  at 
Jassy. 


1621.  Dutch  West  India 
Company  incorporated. 


1626.  Victory  of 
W aliens  t  e i n 
over  Mansfeld 
at  Dessau,  and 
victory  of  Til¬ 
ly  over  Chris¬ 
tian  IV.,  of 
Denmark,  at 
Lutter. 


1623.  Amu- 
rath  (Mu¬ 
rad)  IV.; 
restores 
tranquilli¬ 
ty. 


1622.  Persia:  —  Ormuz 
gained  from  the  Portu¬ 
guese  by  the  help  of  the 
English. 


1625.  Netherlands: — Breda 
taken  by  Spinola. 


146 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1628  A.D.— 


A.D. 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

America. 

England,  Scotland, 

France. 

etc. 

1628.  John  Endi- 
cott  at  Salem. 


1629.  Quebec 
taken  by  Eng¬ 
lish  under 
Kirke. 


1629.  Parliament  dis¬ 
solved  and  no  Parlia¬ 
ment  for  eleven 
years. 


1628.  La  Ro¬ 
chelle  re¬ 
duced  by 
the  royal 
troops;  end 
of  Hugue¬ 
not  am¬ 
bitions. 


Peace  with  France 
1630.  Boston  1630.  and  with  Spain, 
founded  by 
Winthrop. 


1631.  Treaty 
with  Swe¬ 
den  against 
the  em¬ 
peror. 


1633 


Galileo  before  the  Inquisi 
tion. 


1633.  Wentworth  made 
lord-deputy  of  Ire¬ 
land  and  Laud,  arch- 
bisho  p  of  Canterbury. 

The  king  visits 
Scotland  . — Is 
crowned  at  Edin¬ 
burgh. 


1634.  Maryland  1634.  Writs  for  ship- 
settled  by  a  money  issued, 
colony  sent  out 
by  Lord  Balti¬ 
more. 


1634.  Bern- 
h  a  r  d  of 
Saxe-W  e  i  - 
mar  in  the 
French  ser¬ 
vice. 


1635 


French  Academy  founded. 
Death  of  Lope  de  Vega, 
Spanish  dramatist. 
Pedro  Calderon  de  la 
Barca,  Spanish  dramat¬ 
ist. 


1635. Connecticut 
settled  from 
Massachusetts ; 
Guada  lo  u  pe 
and  Martini¬ 
que,  by  the 
French. 


I 


1635.  Alli¬ 
ance  with 
Holl  and 
against 
Spain,  for 
the  parti¬ 
tion  of  the 
Spanish 
Nether- 
lands. 

Alliance 
with  Swe¬ 
den  against 
Austria. 


1635  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


147 


Italv,  Spain,  and 
Portugal. 


Germany. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1G2S 


Italy:  —  General 
Italian  war  on  the 
death  of  the  duke 
of  Mantua. 


1628.  Wallenstein 
recovers  all  the 
shores  of  the 
Baltic,  except 
Stralsund. 


1628.  Persia: — Death  of 
Shah  Abbas  and  succes¬ 
sion  of  Shah  Soofi  I. 


1629.  The  Edict 
of  Restitution 
published. 


1629.  Peace  of  Lubeck 
between  the  empire  and 
Christian  IV.,  of  Den¬ 
mark. 


1630 


Spain : — Peace 
England. 


with 


1630.  Gustavus 
Adolphus  lands 
in  Germany. — 
Diet  of  Ratis- 
bon.  — Wallen¬ 
stein  dismissed, 
succeeded  by 
Tilly. 


I 


1631 


Italy:  —  Peace  of 
C  h  e  r  a  s  c  o, — The 
influence  of  France 
increases. 


1631.  Sack  of 
Magdeburg,  by 
Tilly. —  Gusta¬ 
vus  Adolphus 
wins  the  battle 
of  Breitenfeld 
(Leipzig). 


1632.  Defeat  and 
death  of  Tilly, 
at  the  Lech. — 
Gustavus  takes 
Munich. — Wal¬ 
lenstein  again 
in  command. — 
Battle  of  Liit- 
zen.  —  Victory 
and  death  of 
Gustavus  Adol¬ 
phus. 


1632.  Revolt 
of  Spahis 
and  Janis¬ 
saries  sup¬ 
pressed. 


1632.  Sweden: — Christina 
queen. — Oxenstiem,  re¬ 
gent. 

P  o  1  a  n  d: — Vladislav 
IV.,  king. 

Russia: — War  with 
Poland;  siege  of  Smol¬ 
ensk. 


1633.  Union  of  Heilbronn, 
between  Sweden  and  the 
German  Protestants. 


1634.  Wall  en- 
stein  assassi¬ 
nated. — Bern- 
hard  of  Wei¬ 
mar  defeated 
at  Nordlingen. 

1635.  Peace  of 

Prague  be¬ 

tween  the  em¬ 
peror  and 

Saxony. 


1634.  Peace  of  Wiasma, 
disadvantageous  to 
Russia. 


143 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1635  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


America. 


England,  Scotland, 
etc. 


1636 


Corneille’s  Cid ,  the  be¬ 
ginning  of  the  French 
classical  drama. 


1636.  Rhode  Is¬ 
land  settled. 


Van  Dyke,  Rembrandt, 
painters. 


1636.  Harvard 
College  found¬ 
ed. 


1638.  Delaware 
settled. 


1637.  Hampden  op¬ 
poses  ship-money. 

Troubles  in  Scot¬ 
land  caused  by 
Charles’s  plan  to 
overthrow  the 
Scotch  Presbyterian 
church  and  to  en¬ 
force  episcopacy. 


1639 


First  printing-press  in  the 
United  States  at  Cam¬ 
bridge. 

The  Connecticut  Constitu¬ 
tion. 


1640 


The  Jansenists,  followers 
of  Jansenius,  bishop  of 
Ypres. 

Claude  Lorraine,  French 
painter. 

Death  of  Rubens. 

Thomas  Hobbes,  philoso¬ 
phical  writer. 


1639.  First  print¬ 
ing  office  in 
America,  at 
Cambridge,  by 
Stephen  Daye. 

Saybrook, 
Conn., founded. 


1639.  Episcopacy  abol¬ 
ished  in  Scotland. 
First  Bishops’  war. 


1640.  Parliament  as¬ 
sembled  —  dissolved 
without  effecting 
anything. 

The  Scotch  invade 
England,  take  pos¬ 
session  of  Newcastle. 

The  Long  Parlia¬ 
ment,  Nov.  3. 

Impeachment  of 
Strafford  and  Laud. 


1641.  Montreal  1641.  Strafford  be- 
founded.  headed. — Courts  of 

Star  Chamber  and 
High  Commission 
abolished. 

The  Grand  Remon  - 
strance. 


1642.  Civil  War  and 
Revolution. — Battle 
of  Edgehill,  inde¬ 
cisive. 


France. 


1635.  Inva- 
sionof  Gas¬ 
cony  bythe 
Spaniards, 
and  of 
Picardy, 
by  the.  im- 
perialists, 
who  threat¬ 
en  Paris. 

1637.  The 
French 
occupy 
Artois. 


1640.  Turin 
taken  by 
the  French; 
Alsace 
occupied. 


1641-42.  Al¬ 
liance  with 
P  o  r  tugal 
against 
S  p  a  i  n. — 
Catalonia 
and  Rous- 
sillonrevolt 
and  submit 
to  France. 


1642.  Cinq 
Mars  and 
de  Thou 
beheaded. 

Death  of 
Richelieu. 


1642  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


I49 


A.D. 


Italy,  Spain, 
Portugal. 


and 


Germany. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1636.  Swedes  vic¬ 
torious  at  Witt- 
stock  over  the 
Saxons. 


1635.  Amu- 
rath  takes 
Erivan. 


1637.  Ferdinand 
III.,  emperor. 

Gallas  suc¬ 
cessful  against 
the  Swedes. 


1638.  Bernhard, 
of  Saxe-Wei- 
mar,  defeats 
the  imperial¬ 
ists  at  Rhein- 
feld  —  takes 
Breisach. 


1638.  Bagdad 
taken  by 
the  Turks. 


1639.  Battle  of 
Chemnitz  gain¬ 
ed  by  the  Swe¬ 
dish  general, 
Ban^r. 


1639.  Holland: — Great 
naval  victory  by  Van 
Tromp,  over  the  Spanish 
fleet  in  the  Downs. 

India:--Madras  found¬ 
ed  by  the  English. 


1640 


Portugal  regains  her 
independence 
under  John  IV.,  of 
Braganza. 


1640.  Branden-  1640.  Ibra- 
burg:  —  Fred-  him,  sultan. 
derickWilliam, 
the  Great  Elec¬ 
tor. 


1642.  The  Swedes 
under  Torsten- 
son  defeat  the 
Austrians  at 
Leipzig. 


150 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1643  A.D.— 


A.D. 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

America. 

England,  Scotland, 
etc. 

France. 

1643  Torricelli  invents  the  ba¬ 
rometer. 


1644  Milton’s  Areopagitica. 


1645  Death  of  Grotius. 


1647 


1648 


George  Fox  begins  public 
work. 


Pascal’s  experiments 
air  pressure. 


1643  Confedera 
tion  of  the  col¬ 
onies  ot  New 
England,  for 
mutual  de¬ 
fence. 


1643.  Royalists  vic¬ 
torious  at  Chalgrove 
and  other  places ; 
battle  of  Newbury 
Solemn  League  and 
covenant  between 
the  Scotch  and  Eng¬ 
lish  parliaments. 


1644.  Union  of  1644.  Battle  of  Marston 
Providenceand,  Moor — royalists  de- 

Rhode  Island.  feated. 


1646.  The  Jesuit 
missionary  Jo- 
gues  killed  by 
the  Mohawks. 
John  Eliot  be¬ 
gins  his  work 
among  the  In¬ 
dians. 


1647.  Peter  Stuy- 
vesant,  gover¬ 
nor  of  New 
Amsterdam. 


1645.  Battleof  Naseby. 

1646.  The  king  seeks 
refuge  in  the  Scot¬ 
tish  camp. 


in|  1648.  Cambridge 
platform  adop¬ 
ted  in  Massa¬ 
chusetts 


1649.  Act  of  Tol¬ 
eration  passed 
in  Maryland, 


1647. — is  delivered  up 
to  parliament. 


1648.  Cromwell  routs 
the  Scotch.  —  The 
presbyterians  ex 
pelled  from  parlia 
ment,  which  receives 
the  name  of  “  tne 
Rump.” 


1649.  Trial  and  execu¬ 
tion  of  the  king. 
The  Commonwealth. 
Cromwell  subdues 
Ireland.  Sack  of 
Drogheda. 


1643.  Louis 
XIV.  (the 
Great ), 
Anne,  of 
Austria, 
regent. 

Victory 
of  Rocroi 
over  the 
Spaniards, 
bytheduke 
of  Enghien. 

Ministry 
of  Cardinal 
Mazarin. 

1645.  The 
French  win 
the  battle 
of  N  ord- 
1  ingen. 


1648.  Fac¬ 
tion  of  the 
Fronde; 
dissensions 
fomented 
byCardinal 
de  Retz. 

—  The 
Peace  of 
Westphalia 
gives  to 
Fra  nee, 
Metz.Toul, 
Verdun, 
Alsace, 
and  Brei- 
sach. 

1649.  Court 
removes  to 
St.  Ger¬ 
main. 


- 


\ A 


■ 


. 

, 


C  .  'V  ' 


1649  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY, 


151 


Italy,  Spain,  and 
Portugal. 


Germany. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1643.  Negotia¬ 
tions  begun  at 
Munster  lead¬ 
ing  to  the  Peace 
of  Westphalia. 


1644 


Innocent  X.,  pope. 


1644—45.  Upris¬ 
ing  in  Hungary- 
under  Rakoczy 
— the  emperor 
forced  to  yield 
to  the  demands 
of  the  Protes¬ 
tants. 


1645.  War 
with  Ven¬ 
ice.  Crete 
the  theatre 
of  war. 


1644.  China: — Establish¬ 
ment  of  the  Manchu  dy¬ 
nasty. 

Naval  victory  of  the 
Swedes  over  the  Danish 
fleet. 

1645.  Sweden: — Peace  of 
Bromsebro  with  Den¬ 
mark. 

Russia: — Alexis,  czar. 


1647 


Revolt  of  Naples, 
under  Masaniello. 


1647.  Netherlands: — Wil¬ 
liam  II. 


1648.  Peace  of 
W estphal  a 
signed  at  Mun¬ 
ster. — The  prin¬ 
ciple  of  a  bal¬ 
ance  of  power 
in  Europe  first 
recognized. 
—  Switzerland 
and  the  Dutch 
N  ethe  rl  an  d  s 
declared  inde¬ 
pendent. 

Prague  taken 
by  the  Swedes. 


1648.  Moham¬ 
med  IV. 

The  khan 
of  Crimea 
raids  Rus¬ 
sia  and 
P  o  1  and 
carrying  off 
40,000 
prisoners. 

The  Turks 
begin  a 
twenty 
years’  siege 
of  Candia. 


1648.  Poland:— The 
Ukraine  Cossacks  revolt 
under  Bogdan  Chmiel- 
nicki  and  defeat  the 
Poles. 

John  Casimir,  king. 


1649.  Naval 
defeat  by 
the  Vene¬ 
tians  in 
the  Archi¬ 
pelago. 


152 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1650  A.D.— 


1650 


1651 


1653 


1654 


Milton’s  controversy  with 
Salmasius. — Death  of 

Descartes. 

Hobbes’s  Leviathan. 
Jeremy  Taylor,  Algernon 
Sidney,  English  writers 


Lebrun,  French  painter. 


1651.  Navigation 
Act  passed. 


1652.  Maine 
towns  as  far 
east  as  Casco 
joined  to  Mas¬ 
sachusetts. 


Walton’s  Compleat  Angler  1663.  Settlement 
appears.  of  North  Caro¬ 

lina  under 
royal  patent. 


Air  pump  invented  by 
von  Guericke. 


1650.  Cromwell  defeats 
the  Scots  at  Dunbar. 

The  Scots  proclaim 
Charles  II.  He  en- 

1651.  ters  England — 
is  defeated  at  Wor 
cester,  and  escapes; 
to  France. 

The  Navigation  Act 
passed. 


1652.  Naval  war  with 
Holland.  —  B  lake 
defeated  by  Tromp 


1655.  Stuyvesant 
conquers  New 
Sweden  (Dela 
ware). 


1653.  Long  Parliament 
dissolved  by  Crom¬ 
well. —  “Barebone’s 
Parliament”  sum¬ 
moned. 

Oliver  Cromwell, 
Lord  Protector. 

Milton  private 
secretary  to  Crom 
well. 

1654.  Peace  of  West¬ 
minster.  —  Alliance 
with  Holland. 

1655.  War  with  Spain . 
— Jamaica  conquered 
by  Penn. 


1657.  Cromwell  refuses 
the  crown. 


1650.  Peace 
concluded 
betwe  en 
the  Court 
and  Parlia- 
m  e  n  t  . — 
Conde, 
Conti,  and 
Longue- 
ville  im¬ 
prisoned. — 
T  u  r  e  n  n  e 
flees  to  the 
Spaniards. 

1652.  Maza- 
rin  retires 
to  Sedan. 
Conde  flies 
to  Spain. 
War  be¬ 
tween  Tur- 
enne  and 
Conde;  the 
latter  de¬ 
feated  at 
Bleneau 
and  at 
Paris. 

1653.  Maza- 
rin  enters 
Paris  in 
triumph. 


1654.  By  the 
treaty  of 
Basle, 
France  se¬ 
cures  Al¬ 
sace. 


1656.  Strife 
between 
Jansenists 
and  Jesuits. 


1657  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


153 


A.D. 


Italy,  Spain,  and 
Portugal. 


Germany. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1651.  Formation 
of  Catholic 
and  Protestant 
Leagues. 


1653.  Holland: — John  de 
Witt,  grand  pensionary; 
De  Ruyter,  admiral. 


1654 


Brazil  recovered  by 
Portugal  from  the 
Dutch. 


1655 

1655 

-56 


Italy  : — Alexander 
VII.,  pope. 

War  between  Eng¬ 
land  and  Spain. 


1656.  The  elector 
of  Brandenburg 
allies  himself 
with  Sweden 
against  Poland. 


1656.  Mo- 
hamm  e  d 
Kioprili, 
grand  vi¬ 
zier. 


1653.  Defeat  and  death 
of  Tromp  off  Portland 
in  the  English  Channel. 

Swede  n: — Christina 
resigns.  Charles  X. 
first  of  the  House  of 
Zweibrucken. 

Poland : — War  with 
Russia  ;  Smolensk 
taken  by  the  Russians. 

The  Cossacks  place 
thems  elves  under 
Russian  suzerainty. 

1655.  Charles  X.  of  Sweden 
invades  Poland. 


1657.  By  the 
treaty  of  Weh- 
lau,  Poland 
cedes  Prussia 
to  the  elector. 


1657.  Lemnos 
and  Tene- 
dos  taken 
from  the 
Venetians. 


1658.  Denmark:  —  War 
against  the  Swedes,  who 
overrun  Denmark,  and 
menace  Copenhagen. 


154 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1658  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc, 


America. 


England,  Scotland, 
etc. 


France. 


\ 


1659.  Laval- 
Montmorency 
made  bishop 
of  New  France. 


1660  About  this  time  flourish 
Corneille,  La  Fontaine, 
La  Rochefoucauld,  Ma¬ 
dame  de  Sevignd,  Molieie 
Racine,  Boileau,  and 
Pascal  in  France. 

Royal  Society  at  London 
founded. 

Velasquez  and  Murillo, 
Spanish  painters. 

Bernini,  Italian  sculptor. 


1662  Canal  of  Languedoc,  from 
the  Mediterranean  to 
the  Atlantic,  begun. 

Gobelin  tapestry  manu¬ 
factory  in  Paris,  found¬ 
ed  by  Louis  XIV. 

Salvator  Rosa,  landscape 
painter. 

Huygens,  Dutch  astrono¬ 
mer. 


1665 

1666 

1667 


1668' 


Persecution  of  Jansenists 
in  France. 


Foundation  of  the  Aca¬ 
demy  of  Sciences,  at 
Paris. 

Paradise  Lost  published. 
Cassini,  Italian  astrono¬ 
mer  and  mathematician. . 
D’Herbelot,  Bourdaloue, 
LaB  ruyere.M  alebranc  he , 
French  writers. 


Reflecting  telescope  mai 
by  Sii  Isaac  Newton. 


1662.  Charter  ob¬ 
tained  from 
Charles  II.  for 
Connec  ticut 
and  New  Ha¬ 
ven. 

1663.  Carolina 
granted  to 
Lord  Claren¬ 
don  and  others 

Mason  and 
Dixon’s  line 
begun. 

Eliot’s.  In¬ 
dian  Bible 
printed. 

1664.  New  Am¬ 
sterdam  occu¬ 
pied  by  the 
English. 

1665.  Union  of 
C onn e  c  ticut 
and  New  Ha¬ 
ven. 


1667.  Acadia 
ceded  to  France 
by  the  peace  of 
Breda. 


1658.  Death  of  Crom- 
w  e  1 1. — R  ichard 
Cromwell,  Protector. 

1659.  Richard  Crom¬ 
well  resigns. — Rump 
parliament  called 
but  soon  expelled. 

General  Monk  sup¬ 
ports  pa  rliament 
against  the  army. 

1660.  Charles  II.  Hyde, 
earl  of  Clarendon, 
chancellor. 

Military  tenures 
abolished. 

1661.  New  parliament. 

Episcopacy  re¬ 
established  in  Scot¬ 
land. 


1662.  Marriage  of 
Charles  II.  to  Cathe¬ 
rine  of  Portugal. 

Act  of  Uniformity. 
Dunkirk  sold  to 
France. 


1659.  Peace 
of  the  Pyr¬ 
enees. 


1660.  Mar¬ 
riage  of 
Louis  XIV. 
to  Maria 
Theresa,  of 
Spain. 

1661.  Death 
of  Mazarin. 

Colbert, 
intendant 
of  finance. 

Lyonne, 
Le  Tellier. 

1662.  Dis¬ 
putes  with 
the  pope. 
—6000 
troops  sent 
against  the 
Turks  in 
Hungary. 


1664.  War  with  Hol¬ 
land. 


1665.  Naval  victory  by 
the  duke  of  York  at 
Solebay. 

Great  Plague  in 
London 

1666.  Great  Fire  in 
London. 


1664.  French 
East  India 
and  West 
India  Com¬ 
panies 

1665.  Colbert 
becomes 
controller- 
general  of 
finance. 


1667.  Peace  of  Breda. 
New  Netherlands 
ceded  to  England. 

Fall  and  banish¬ 
ment  of  the  earl  of 
Clarendon. 


1668.  Triple  alliance — 
England,  Sweden, 
and  Holland,  against 
France. 


1667.  War 
with  Spain. 
Louis 
claims 
FI  an d  e r  s 
for  his 
w  i  f  e — i  n- 
vades  the 
Spanish 
Nether- 
lands. 

1668.  Peace 
of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle 
with  Spain. 


I 668  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


155 


A.D. 


Italy,  Spain,  and 
Portugal. 


Germany. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1658.  Leopold  I. 


1658.  Denmark:  —  Naval 
victory  over  the  Swedes. 
Peace  of  Roskilde. 
India:  — Aurungzeb 
makes  himself  emperor. 


1660.  In  the 
peace  of  Oiiva , 
Poland  recog¬ 
nizes  the  inde¬ 
pendence  of 
East  Prussia 
under  the 
elector  of 
Brandenburg. 


1660.  Denmark: —  Peace  of 
Copenhagen. 

Revolution  in  Den¬ 
mark;  absolute  mon¬ 
archy  established. 

Sweden: — Charles  XI. 

Peace  of  Oliva  gives 
Livonia  and  Esthonia  to 
Sweden. 

Prussia  acknowledged 
independent. 


1663 


Victory  of  the  Por¬ 
tuguese  over  the 
Spaniards  at 
Estremoz. 


1663.  The  diet 
permanent  at 
Ratisbon. 


1664.  Montecu- 
culi  victorious 
over  the  Turks 
at  St.  Gotthard 


1665 


Spain: — CharlesII. 

The  victory  of 
Villa  Viciosa  es¬ 
tablishes  Portu¬ 
guese  indepen¬ 
dence. 


1663.  Inva 
sion  of 
H  ungary 
under 
A  c  h  m  e  t 
Kioprili; 
Germany 
threatened ; 
Turks  de¬ 
feated  at 
St.  Gott¬ 
hard  (1664) 
sign  treaty 
of  Vasvar 
giving  the 
sultan  su¬ 
zerainty 
over  Tran¬ 
sylvania. 

Crete  tak- 
e  n  from 
Venice  by 
Kioprili. 


1664.  Rise  of  the  Mahratta 
power  in  India:  Sivaji 
takes  and  sacks  Surat. 


1667 


Clement  IX.,  pope. 

Portugal: — Re¬ 
volution  at  Lis¬ 
bon.  King  de¬ 
posed.  Pedro  II. 


1 


1667.  Poland: — Great 
victory  of  Marshal  John 
Sobieski  over  the  Tar¬ 
tars. 

Holland: — Peace  of 
Breda:  loss  of  New 
Netherlands. 

Peace  of  Andrussovo 
between  Poland  and 
Russia. 


1668 


Peace  of  Lisbon 
with  Spain. 


156 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1669  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


America. 


England,  Scotland 
etc. 


France. 


1669 


Phosphorus  discovered. 


1670.  Conclusion 
of  the  “Ameri¬ 
can  treaty  ’  ’ 
(Madrid)  be¬ 
tween  England 
and  Spain. 

Charleston 

founded. 


1670.  The  Cabal  min¬ 
istry. — Secret  treaty 
with  France  against 
Holland. — C  h  a  r  1  e  s 
the  pensionary  of 
Louis  XIV. 

1672.  War  with  Hol¬ 
land  in  conjunction 
with  France. 


1672. 

with 

land. 


War 

Hol- 


1675 


Christopher  Wren,  archi¬ 
tect,  commences  bt. 
Paul’s. 

Ruysdael,  celebrated 
Dutch  painter. 

William  Temple,  historian. 

Butler,  Waller,  and  Dry- 
den,  English  poets ;  Henry 
More,  Leighton,  Baxter, 
Boyle. 

Mansart,  architect. 


1675-76.  King 
Philip’s  War  in 
New  England. 
Bacon’s  Re¬ 
bellion  in  Vir¬ 
ginia. 

1677.  Maine  pur- 
chased  by 
Massachusetts . 


1678 


John  Bunyan, 
Progress. 


Pilgrim''  s 


1673.  Test  Act  passed. 
Ministry  of  Danby. 


1674.  Peace  with  Hol¬ 
land. 


1673.  French 
amb  a  s  s  a* 
dor  at  Is¬ 
pahan. 

1674.  The 
Imperialists 
defeated  at 
the  battle 
of  Sins- 
heim. — 
T  u  r  e  n  n  e 
ravages 
the  Pala- 
t  i  n  a  t  e . — 
Battle  of 
Seneffe  be- 
tween 
Cond6  and 
William  of 
Orange. 

1675.  Death 
of  Turenne 
at  S  a  1  z  - 
bach. 


1678.  The  “Popish 
Plot”  excitement. 

Rise  of  the  names 
of  Whigs  and  Tories. 


I 


1677.  Victory 
over  the 
Prince  of 
Orange  at 
Mont-Cas- 
sel. 

1678.  Peace 
of  Nime- 
guen  with 
Holland 
and  Spain 
— restores 
tranquil  - 
lity  to  Eu¬ 
ro  p  e  .  — 
France 
wins  Fran- 
che-Comtd. 

France  the 
most  form- 
i  d  a  b  1  e 

gower  i  n 
Europe. 


1678  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


157 


A.D. 


Italy,  Spain,  and 
Portugal. 


Germany. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World, 


elsewhere. 


1669 

1670 

1671 


Nithard,  the  Jesuit, 
dr  i  v  e  n  from 
Spain. 

Cosmo  III.,  grand 
duke  of  Tuscany. 

Clement  X., 
pope. 

Spain  Alliance  with 
Holland. 


1674 


Revolt  of  Messina 
in  favor  of 
France. 


1672.  The  em¬ 
peror  and 
elector  of 
Brandenburg 
ally  themselves 
with  Holland 
against  France. 

1673.  War  of  the 
empire  and 
France. 

1673.  Treaty  of 
The  Hague 
against  France 


1670.  Denmark: — Chris¬ 
tian  V. 


1672.  The 
sultan  in¬ 
vades  Po¬ 
land. 


1673.  —de¬ 
feated  by 
Sobieski  at 
Choczim. 


1672.  Sea  fight  between 
the  Dutch  fleet,  under 
De  Witt  and  De  Ruyter, 
and  the  English  and 
French  fleets — Dutch  de- 

■fpo  fprl 

Holland:  William  III., 
stadtholder. 


1674.  Poland: — John  So¬ 
bieski. 


1676 


Messina  blockaded 
by  the  Dutch 
and  Spanish 
fleets. 

Death  of  De 
Ruyter. 

Innocent  XI., 
pope. 


1675.  Turenne 
and  Monte- 
cuculi  opposed 
on  the  Rhine. 
The  elector  of 
Brandenburg 
d  ef  eats  the 

Swedes  at 
Fehrbellin  and 
gains  Pomer¬ 
ania. 


1676.  Peace 
of  Zurawno 
with  Po¬ 
land. 


1675.  The  Swedes  invade 
Brandenburg  and  are 
defeated  at  Fehrbellin. 


1677.  Battle  of  the  Lund, 
between  the  Swedes  and 
Danes;  the  latter  de¬ 
feated. 


1678.  Hungarian 
revolt  under 
Tokolyi. 


1678.  First 
war  with 
Russia  be¬ 
gins. 


i5« 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1680  A.D 


A.D. 


1680 


1681 


1684 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


America. 


Great  Britain. 


France. 


( about )  Tramways  with 
wooden  rails  near  New¬ 
castle. 

Penny  post  established  in 
London. 

Lully,  from  Florence  , 
founder  of  French  opera. 

John  Dryden’s  Absalom 
and  Achitophel. 

Increase  Mather,  American 
theologian. 

Molinos,  founder  of  Quiet¬ 
ism. 


1682.  Founding 
of  P  h  i  1  a  d  e  1- 
phia  by  Wil¬ 
liam  Penn. 


(1 about )  Telegraphs  invent¬ 
ed. 


1684.  Massachu¬ 
setts  deprived 
of  its  charter. 


1683.  “Ry  ehouse 
Plot.” 

Execution  of  Lord 
Russell  and  Algernon 
Sidney. 

Mutiny  at  Bom¬ 
bay. 


1681.  The 
French 
seize 
Strassburg. 

1683.  Inva¬ 
sion  of  the 
Spanish 
N  ether- 
lands. 


1684.  Truce 
of  Ratis- 
bon  for 
twenty 
years  with 
Spain. 


1687 


Newton’s 

lished. 


Principia 


1686.  Sir  Ed¬ 
mund  Andros, 
governor  of 
New  England. 


pub- 


1688.  General 
suppression  of 
charter  govern¬ 
ments. 


1689.  Beginning 
of  King  Wil¬ 
liam’s  War. 

Leisler  i  n 
New  York. 


1685.  James  II. 

Rebellion  of  Mon¬ 
mouth,  in  England, 
and  Argyle,  in  Scot¬ 
land;  both  defeated 
and  executed. 

Judge  Jeffreys. 

1686.  The  king  favors 
the  Catholics;  re- 
e  stablishes  the 
Court  of  High  Com¬ 
mission. 


1687.  Declaration  of 
Indulgence  pub¬ 
lished. 

1688.  “  Revolution  of' 
1688.”— The  Whigs' 
apply  to  the  prince; 
of  Orange,  who  lands 
in  England  with  an 
army — the  king  flees 
to  France. 


1689.  William  III.  and 
Mary  II. 

The  Bill  of  Rights, 
Toleration  Act,  and 
Mutiny  Bill  passed. 
War  with  France. 
James  II.  lands  in 
Ireland  —  besieges 
Londonderry. 


1685.  Revo¬ 
cation  of 
the  Edict 
of  Nantes. 


1688.  War  of 
Spain, 
the  League 
of  Augs¬ 
burg,  the 
empire, 
Holland, 
Savoy,  and 
England 
agai  ns  t 
France. 

1689.  Grand 
alii  a  n  c  e 
against 
France 
headed  by 
William 
III. 


1689  A.D, 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


159 


A.D. 

Italy,  Spain,  and 

Germany, 

Ottoman 

The  World,  elsewhere. 

Portugal. 

Empire. 

1680 


Duke  of  Medina- 
Coeli  first  minis¬ 
ter  in  Spain- 


1680.  Great  part 
of  Alsace  seiz¬ 
ed  by  France. 


1680.  Sweden: — Diet  of 
Stockholm.  The  king 
becomes  absolute. 


1684 


Genoa  bombarded 
by  the  French. 


1683.  T  ur  kis  h 
war;  siege  of 
Vienna  by  the 
Turk  s — v  i  c  - 
tory  of  the  Ger¬ 
mans  and  Poles 
under  Charles 
of  Lorraine 
and  John  So- 
bieski. 


1682.  War 
with  the 
empire. 

1683.  Total 
rout  be¬ 
fore  V  i  - 
enna.  The 
vizier 
Kara  Mus- 
tapha  put 
to  death. 

1684.  Alliance 
of  Venice 
with  Po¬ 
land  and 
the  em¬ 
pire  against 
the  Porte. 


1682.  Russia: — Ivan  and 
Peter  rule,  their  sister 
Sophia,  regent. 

1683.  Denmark:  —  The 
Code  of  King  Christian 
published. 


1686 


The  duke  of  Savoy 
persecutes  the 
Vaudois. 


1686.  League  of 
Augsburg  or- 

fanized  against 
'ranee. 

Buda  taken 
after  being  held 
by  the  Turks 
145  years. 


1687.  D’ecisive 
victory  of  Mo- 
haez:  Croatia 
and  Transyl¬ 
vania  subdued. 

Joseph  I. 
crowned  king 
of  Hungary, 


1686.  Russia 
dec  lares 
war. 

Venice 
conquers 
the  Morea; 
Buda  taken 
by  the 
Imperia¬ 
lists. 

1637.  Revolu- 
t i o  n  in 
Constan¬ 
tinople; 
Moham¬ 
med  de¬ 
throned 

Solyman  II. 

1687.  Athens 
bombarded 
by  the  Ve¬ 
netians. 


1686.  India: — The  Dekkan 
conquered  by  Aurung- 
zeb. 


1688.  Prussia: — Frederick 

III. 


1689 


Revolt  of  Cata¬ 
lonia  in  favor  of 
France. 

Alexander 
VIII.,  pope. 


1689.  Grand  al¬ 
liance  ratified 
at  Vienna. 

The  Palati¬ 
nate  desolated 
by  the  French. 


1689.  Russia: — Peter  the 
Great  begins  personal 
rule  after  overthrowing 
his  sister  Sophia  and 
repressing  the  Streltsi. 

First  trade  with  China. 

India: — Height  of  the 
Mogul  power  under  Au- 
rungzeb. 

China: — Great  in¬ 

fluence  of  Jesuits, 


i6o 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1690  A.D.— 


1690i 


1692 


1693 

1694 


Leibnitz,  German  philoso¬ 
pher. 

Bossuet, 
orator; 
critic. 

Purcell,  English  musician., 


French  pulpit 
La  Bruyere , 


1690.  The  Eng 
lish  settl  e 
m  e  n  t  s  o 
Schenectady, 
Casco,  Me., 
and  Salmon 
Falls,  N.  H., 
destroyed  by 
the  French. 

Port  Royal, 
Nova  Scotia , 
reduced  by 
Sir  William 
Phipps. 

E  x  p  edition 
against  Quebec 
unsuccessful. 

1691.  S  c  h  uy  1  e 

defeat  s  the 

French  at  La 
Prairie. 

Leisler  execut¬ 
ed. 

1692.  Maryland  a 
royal  province. 


Witchcraft  superstition  in  New  England. 
John  Locke  and  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  in  England. 

Boileau,  Fenelon,  and 
Bayle,  in  France. 


National  debt  of  England 
begins. 

Bank  of  England  founded. 

Publication  of  the  diction¬ 
ary  of  the  French  Acad¬ 
emy. 


1693.  N.  York:— 
Episcopacy 
introduced. 

Wrilliam  and 
Mary’s  College 
founded. 


1697.  Acadia  re¬ 
stored  to  the 
French  by  the 
Treaty  of 
Ryswick. 


1699.  French 
colony 
Louisiana 
Biloxi. 


in 

at 


1690.  William  in  Ire¬ 
land. — Battle  of  the 
Boyne.  James  de¬ 
feated,  returns  to 
France . 


1691.  Limerick  taken, 
and  William  acknow¬ 
ledged. 


1692.  Invasion  of  Eng¬ 
land  undertaken  by 
the  French  in  favor 
of  James. — N  aval 
victorybythe  Dutch 
and  English. —  The 
Glencoe  massacre. 


1694.  Bank  of  England 
incorporated.  Death 
of  Queen  Mary. 


1690.  Naval 
victory 
over  the 
Dutch  and 
English  at 
B  e  a  c  h  y 
Head. 
Victory  of 
Luxem¬ 
bourg,  at 
Fleurus. 


1692.  The 
French  fleet 
defeated  at 
La  Hogue. 
Marshal 
L  u  x  e  m  - 
bourg  de 
feats  W  i  1 
liarn  at  Ste 
enkirk,  and 

1693.  —  at 
Neerwin- 
den. 


1697.  General  peace  of  Ryswick — 

between 

1698.  First  partition  France  and 
treaty,  between  the  allies. 
Louis  XIV.  and 
William  III., 
to  dispose  of  the 
crown  and  posses¬ 
sions  of  Spain. 

1698.  Visit  of  Peter 
the  Great.  * 


1699  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY, 


l6l 


A.D. 


Italy,  Spain,  and 
Portugal. 


Germany. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1690.  Joseph  I. 
elected  king  of 
the  Romans  by 
the  Diet  of 
Augsburg. — 
Victories  of 
the  Turks  at 
Nissa,  Belgrade 
Widdin,  and 
other  places. 


1690.  Musta- 
pha  Kio- 
prili  drives 
the  Austri¬ 
ans  across 
the  Danube 
— recovers 
Belgrade. 


1691 


Incursion  of  the 
French  into  Ara¬ 
gon. 

Innocent  XII., 
pope. 


1691.  Ahmed 
I  I  . — D  e  - 
feat  and 
death  of 
K  i  o  p  r  i  1  i 
at  Szelan- 
kemen. 


1693 


Battle  of  Marsag- 
lia — the  allies  in 
Italy  defeated  by 
the  Marshal 
Catinat. 


1697 


Peace  of  Ryswlck 
Spain: —  Intrigues 
for  the  success¬ 
ion. 


1697.  Victory 
over  the  Sultan 
Mustapha  at 
Zenta,  by  the 
Prince  Eugene. 


1694.  Chios 
taken  by 
the  Vene¬ 
tians. 

1695.  Musta- 
pha  II. 

1696.  — leads 
his  own  ar¬ 
my. 

1697.  Defeat¬ 
ed  at  Zenta. 


1693.  Sweden: — The  king 
formally  declared  abso¬ 
lute. 


1695.  Holland: — Bombard¬ 
ment  of  Brussels  by  the 
French,  under  Villeroi. 

1696.  Poland: — Death  of 
Sobieski — succeeded  by 

1697.  Frederick  Augustus  I. 

Sweden: — Charles  XII. 

(15  years  old)  becomes 
king. 

Russia: — I  ntroduc- 
tion  of  various  manufac¬ 
tures — equipment  of  a 
fleet,  etc. 


1699.  Peace 
of  Carlo- 
witz. 

The  Ot- 
toman 
power 
broken. 


1699.  Denmark: — F  red- 
ericklV.  becomes  king. 

Alliance  of  Denmark, 
Russia,  and  Poland 
against  Charles  XII.  of 
Sweden. 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1700  A.D.— 


162 


A.D. 

1700 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


America. 


Great  Britain. 


France. 


Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Berlin  founded. 


1700.  A  British  fleet 
sent  to  assist  Charles 
XII.,  of  Sweden. 


Massillon,  pulpit  orator,  in 
France. 

Godfrey  Kneller,  English 
painter. 

Cotton  Mather’s  Magnalia: 
Clarendon’s  History  of 
the  Grand  Rebellion. 


1701.  Yale  Col¬ 
lege  founded . 


1701.  War  of  the  Spanish  succession. 


1702 


Incorporation  o  f 
United  British 
India  Company. 


the 

East 


1702.  Beginning 
of  Queen  Anne’s 
War. 


1702.  The  French  invade  Holland 
under  Boufflers  —  repulsed  by 
Marlborough. 

Anne  becomes  queen. 


1703 


St.  Petersburg  founded. 
Swift’s  Tale  of  a  Tub  pub¬ 
lished. 

Flourishing  period  of 
French  literature. — 
Great  splendor  in  the 
French  court. 


1705 


Death  of  Spener,  founder 
of  Pietism. 


1703.  Appalachian 
Indians  sub¬ 
dued  in  the 
Carolinas. 

Maine  ravag¬ 
ed  by  French 
and  Indians. 

1704.  Deerfield 
attacked  by 
the  French. 
Boston  News- 
Letter,  fi  r  s  t 
Am  erican 
periodical. 

1706.  Carolina 
threatened  by 
the  French  and 
Spanish. 


1703.  Methuen  treaty 
of  commerce  with 
Portugal. 


1703.  Revolt 
of  the 
Cam  i  sards 
suppressed 
by  Mar¬ 
shal  Villars, 


1704.  Marlborough  enters  Germany, 
gains  the  battle  of  Blenheim. 

Gibraltar  taken  by 
Rooke. 


1706.  Battle  of  Ramillies,  Villeroi 
defeated  by  Marlborough. 


1707  Isaac  Watt’s  Hymns. 


1707.  Unsuccess¬ 
ful  expedition 
against  Port 
Royal. 


1707.  Treaty  of  union 
with  Scotland. 

Victory  of  Almanza  over  the 
English  and  Portuguese  by  the 
French  under  Berwick. 

The  first  united 
parliament  of  Great 
Britain  meets. 


1708.  The  Say- 
brook  platform 
formed. 


1708.  Battle  of  Oudenarde, — French 
defeated. 

Sardinia  and  Minorca  captured 
by  the  English. 

Unsuccessful  at¬ 
tempt  of  the  Preten¬ 
der  to  land  in  Scot¬ 
land. 


1708  A.D, 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


163 


Italy,  Spain,  and 

Germany. 

Ottoman 

Portugal. 

Empire. 

The  World,  elsewhere. 


1700 


Clement  XI.,  pope. 

Death  of  Char¬ 
les  II.,  of  Spain, 
who  names  the 
duke  of  Anjou 
as  his  successor. 


1700.  Russia: — Peter  the 
Great  invades  Ingria — 
defeated  by  Charles  XII., 
at  Narva. 

War  of  the  Northern 
Powers. 


1701  j  Spain:--Philip  V. 


1702 


Victory  of  Luzzara 
gained  by  the 
French  over  the 
imperialists. 


1701.  Prussia  is 
-erected  into  a 
kingdom  under 
Frederick  I. 

Grand  alli¬ 
ance  of  The 
Hague,  be¬ 

tween  England, 

Holland,  and 
the  empire,  to 
prevent  the 
union  of 
France  and 
Spain. 

1703.  The  Hun¬ 
garians  rise 
under  Ragot- 
sky  and  threat-  1703.  Ahmed 
en  Vienna.  III. 


1701.  Charles  XII.  invades 
Poland — is  victorious  at 
Riga. 


1702.  — enters  Warsaw — 
takes  Cracow. 

Victory  of  Pultusk. 


1703.  Charles  wins  the 
battle  of  Clissow. 


1704 


The  archduke 
Charles  enters 
Spain  and  is  pro¬ 
claimed  king. 


1705 

1706 


1707 


Barcelona  taken  by 
the  allies. 

French  driven 
from  Italy  by 
Prince  Eugene 
after  the  battle 
of  Turin. 

P  ort  uga  1 : — 
John  V. 

English  and 
Portuguese  enter 
Madrid. 

All  the  Spanish 
possessions  in 
Italy  abandoned 
to  the  allies. 

Spain: — Battle  of 
Almanza  is  fol¬ 
lowed  by  the 
downfall  of  the 
archduke. 


1705.  Joseph  I. 


1708.  Hungarians 
under  Ragot- 
sky  defeated 
by  the  im¬ 
perial  forces. 


1704.  Poland: — The  throne 
declared  vacant  and 
Stanislas  Leszczynski 
elected  king. 


1706.  The  Swedes  victor¬ 
ious  over  the  Saxons  and 
Russians  at  Frauen- 
staat. 


1707.  Charles  XII.  con¬ 
cludes  peace  of  Altran- 

'  stadt  in  which  Augustus 
abandons  his  claims  to 
the  Polish  crown. 

1708.  Russia. — Revolt  of 
the  Cossack  Mazeppa. 


1708.  Charles  invades 
Russia,  crosses  the 
Dnieper,  and  is 


164 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1709  A.D.— 


A.D. 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

America. 

Great  Britain. 

France. 

1710 

Berkely’s  Principles  of 

1709.  First  paper 
money  in  New 
York. 

1710.  First  post- 

1709.  The  French  un¬ 
der  Villars  defeated 
at  Malplaquet. 

1710.  Victory  of  Venc 

ome  at  Villa* 

1713 


1717 


Knowledge. 


The  famous  bull  Unigeni- 
tus  against  the  French 
Jansenists. 


office  at  New 
York. 

Fruitless  ex 
pedition  against 
Canada 


1713.  Queen 
Anne’s  War 
closed  by 
the  treaty  of 
Utrecht  which 
gives  Acadia 
to  the  English. 


The  monastery  of  Mafra, 
“the  wonder  of  Portu¬ 
gal,’’  built. 

Prior,  Steele,  De  Foe 
Addison,  Pope,  flourish 
in  England.  Le  Sage 
publishes  his  Gil  Bias. 


viciosa. 

Dr.  Sacheverell’s 
trial. — Collision  of 
Whig  and  Tory  prin 
ciples. 


1713.  Peace  of  Utrecht. 

Perpetual  separation  of  the 

crowns  of  France  and  Spain. 
England  acquires  Newfoundland, 
Acadia,  and  Hudson’s  Bay,  also 
Minorca  and  Gibraltar.  Spanish 
Netherlands  ceded  to  Aus¬ 
tria;  Dutch  to  hold  Barrier 
forts  against  France;  England  ob¬ 
tains  assiento  from  Spain;  begin¬ 
ning  of  English  naval  and  colonial 
supremacy. 

1714.  Factions  at  court 
— disgrace  of  Harley, 
chancellor  of  the  ex¬ 
chequer. 

Death  of  the  queen. 

House  of  Han¬ 
over:— George  I. 

Townshend,  pre¬ 
mier. 


1715.  Indian  war 
in  South 

Carolina. 


e  s 
V- 
of 
on 


1715.  Insurrection  of| 
Jacobites. —  Battles 
of  Sheriffmuir  and 
Preston. 

War  against  Swe¬ 
den. 


1714.  Peace 
of  Ra~ 
stadt:  the 
em  p  eror 
ack  now- 
led  g 
Philip 
king 
Spain 
the  cession 
of  Lombar¬ 
dy,  Naples, 
and  Sar¬ 
dinia. 

1715.  Louis 
XV. 

Duke  of 
Orleans  re¬ 
gent. — Du¬ 
bois  ,  minis¬ 
ter. 


1717  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


165 


Italy,  Sp^in,  and 
Portugal. 


Germany. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1711 


Charles  leaves 
Spain  on  be¬ 
coming  emperor. 


1710.  Treaty 
of  The  Hague 
between  Eng¬ 
land,  Holland, 
and  the  empire. 

1711.  Charles  VI. 
Ministry  of 
Count  Zin- 
zendorf. 


1709.  Charles 
XII.  takes 
refuge  at 
Bender  — • 
hence  war 
with  Rus¬ 
sia. 


1709.  defeated  at  Pultowa. 
Sweden  at  war  with 
Denmark. 

Poland : —  Frederick 
Augustus  reascends  the 
throne. 


1713.  Pragmatic 
Sanction,  vest¬ 
ing  the  sue  - 
cession  to 
Austria  in  the 
daughters  of 
Charles. 


1713.  Prussia: — Frederick 
William  I. 


1714 


Barcelona  taken  by 
Berwick.  Alber- 
oni  prime  minis¬ 
ter  of  Spain. 


1714.  Peace  of 
Rastadt  and 
Baden  with 
France. 


1714.  War  of 
Venice 
with  the 
Porte. 


1714.  Russia: — Naval  vic¬ 
tory  over  the  Swedes. 
Aland  and  Finland  con¬ 
quered. 


1715.  Corinth 
taken  by 
the  Turks 
— the  em¬ 
peror  joins 
V  e  n  i  c  e — 
siege  of 
Corfu  rais¬ 
ed  on  the 
news  of 
their 

1716.  defeat  at 
the  battle 
of  Peter- 
wardein. 

1717.  Prince 
Eugene 
takes  Bel¬ 
grade. 


1715.  Netherlands: — Bar¬ 
rier  treaty  with  Austria. 

Sweden: — Return  of 
Charles — ;Prupsia  and 
England  join  the  alliance 
against  him. 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1718  A.D.— 


166 


A.D. 


America. 


Great  Britain. 


France. 


1718  The  “Appellants”  in 
France,  headed  by  the 
Cardinal  de  Noailles, 
appeal  from  the  bull 
U nigenitus  to  a  gen 
eral  council;  but  without 
effect. 

1719  Robinson  Crusoe. 


1718.  New  Or 
leans  settled  by 
the  French. 


1719.  First  Phil 
adelphia  news 
paper. 


1718.  Quadruple  alliance:  the  em* 
peror,  England,  Holland,  and 
France  against  the  designs  of 
Spain. 


1719.  Unsuccessful 
attempt  to  invade 
Scotland  by  the 
Spaniards. 

“The  South  Sea 
Scheme.” 


1 


1719  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


167 


Italy,  Spain,  and 
Portugal. 


Germany. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The  World  elsewhere. 


1718.  Quadruple 
al.iance  against 
Spain. 


1719.  Italy:—  Sicily 
invaded  by  the 
Spanish. 

Spain  :  —  A  1  b  e  r  - 
oni  falls  from 
power. 


1718.  Peace 
of  Passaro- 
witz,  be¬ 
tween  the 
Porte,  Ve¬ 
nice,  and 
the  empire. 

Hungary 
lost  to  the 
Turks. 


1718.  Charles  XII.  invades 
Norway;  is  killed  at  the 
siege  of  Fredericshall. 


1719.  Sweden: — Ulrica 
Eleonora  becomes 
queen. 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1720  A.D.- 


168 


A.D. 


America. 


England. 


1721 


1722 


1725 


1728 


1731 

1732 


1735 


1739 


Inoculation  introduced  by 
Lady  Montague.  The 
same  year  introduced 
into  Boston  by  Dr. 
Boylston. 

The  Moravian  establish¬ 
ment  at  Herrnhut  under 
the  protection  of  Count 
Zinzendorf. 


Giovanni  Battista  Vico’s 
Scienza  Nuova. 


Behring’sStrait  discovered. 


In  England: 
Pope,  Swift, 
Young, 
Thompson, 
Watts,  Lord 
Bolingbroke 
Doddridg  e. 
Chesterfield. 


In  France: 

J.  B.  Rous¬ 
seau,  Le 
Sage,  Rollin, 
Montes¬ 
quieu. 


Halley,  astronomer. 

First  lodge  of  Freemasons 

Birth  of  Washington. 


1723.  Increase  Mather 
died. 


1724.  War  against  the 
Abenaki  Indians  in 
Maine;  Father  Rale 
killed. 

Fort  Dummer  in 
Vermont  built. 

1725.  First  New  York 
newspaper. 


1727.  Great  earthquake  in 
New  England. 

1728.  Cotton  Mather  died. 
Discovery  of  diamond 

mines  in  Brazil. 

1729.  The  Carolinas  sepa¬ 
rated. 


1720.  Bursting  of  the 
“South  Sea  bubble.” 

1721.  Sir  Robert  Walpole’s 
ministry  begins. 


Linnaeus  publishes  his 
Systema  Natures. 


Hume’s  Treatise  on  Human 
Nature. 


in  America,  at  Philadelphia. 

1732.  Birth  of  Washington. 

1733.  Savannah  founded. 


1734.  Beginning  of  the 
Great  Awakening  in 
New  England. — Arrest 
of  the  printer  Zenger  in 
New  York. 


1724.  Swift’s  D  rapier's 

Letters. 


1725.  League  of  Hanover 
or  Herrenhausen  by 
England,  France,  and 
Prussia  against  Spain 
and  Austria. 

1727.  George  I.  dies  at 
Osnaburg. 

George  II.  king. 

1728.  Peace  of  Pardo  with 
Spain. 


1729.  Treaty  of  Seville,  be¬ 
tween  France,  Spain, 
England,  and  Holland. 


1731.  Treaty  of  Vienna 
with  Spain  and  the 
empire. 


1738  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY, 


169 


A.D. 

France. 

Spain  and 
Portugal. 

Germany. 

The  World,  elsewhere 

1720 


1723 


1724 

-25 


1726 


1728 

-29 


John  Law,  controller 
general  of  the  fi 
nances. 


Louis  XV.  assumes 
the  government 
and  the  Regency 
comes  to  an  end. 

Duke  de  Bourbon, 
minister. 

Congress  of  Cambray 
to  consider  claims 
of  Spain  and  Aus 
tria. 


xMinistry  of  Cardinal 
Fleury. 


Congress  of  Soissons, 
including  all  the 
great  powers  ex¬ 
cepting  Russia, 
meets,  and  is  dis¬ 
solved,  without 
effecting  anything 


1724.  Spain:— 
Philip  V.  ab 
dicates  but 
resumes  pow 
er  after  some 
months. 


1720.  Austria  ob¬ 
tains  Sicily  in 
exchange  for 
Sardinia  which 
is  ceded  to 
Savoy. 


1722.  Charles  VI. 
establishes  the 
Ostend  Com 
pany. 


1725.  Treaty  of 
Vienna, alliance 
between  Spain 
and  Austria. 


1720.  Sweden:-The  queen 
abdicates  in  favor  of  her 
husband,  Frederick  I. 

1721.  Italy: — Innocent 
XIII.,  pope. 

Peace  of  Nystadt  between 
Sweden  and  Russia. 

Russia: — Peter  as¬ 

sumes  the  title  “Empe¬ 
ror  of  all  the  Russias 
The  Danes  re-enter 
Greenland. 

1723. (Italy: — John  Gaston 
(de’ Medici),  grand  duke 
of  Tuscany. 

Turkey: — The  Turks 
and  Russians  attempt  to 
dismember  Persia. 

1724.  Italy: — Benedict 
XIII.,  pope. 


1725.  Russia: — Catherine 
I.,  widow  of  Peter. 

Turkey: — Invasion  of 
Persia. 

1726.  Russia: — Alliance 
with  Austria. 

Peter  II. 

1727.  Turkey: — Peace  of 
Bagdad  with  Persia. 


1730.  Denmark: — Chris¬ 

tian  VI. 

Italy: — Clement  XII. 
pope. 

Russia: — Anne. 


1733 


War  of  the  Polish 
succession:  France 
Spain,  and  Sardinia 
against  Austria. 


1734  Conquestof Lorraine. 

1735  Preliminaries  of 

peace  at  Vienna 
not  concluded  till 
1738. 


1734.  Conquest 
of  Naples 
and  Sicily  by 
Don  Carlos. 


1731.  Charles  VI. 
abandons  the 
Ostend  Com¬ 
pany. 

1733.  War  of  the 
Polish  succes¬ 
sion. 


1735.  Prelimina¬ 
ries  of  Vienna, 
final  peace  not 
concluded  till 
1738. 


1733.  Poland: — Frederick 
Augustus  II.,  The  diet 
elects  Stanislaus,  but  is 
compelled  by  the  Rus¬ 
sian  army  to  elect 
Frederick. 

1734.  Stanislaus  besieged 
in  Dantzic,  escapes  to 
Konigsberg. 

Turkey: — Turks  dri¬ 
ven  from  Persia  by 
Nadir  Shah. 

1736.  — war  with  Russia 
and  Austria. 

1737.  Italy: — Francis  of 
Lorraine,  grand  duke  of 
Tuscany. 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1739  A.D.- 


170 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


America. 


Great  Britain. 


1739.  War  with  Spain 
(War  of  Jenkin’s  Ear). 

Porto  Bello  taken  by 
Admiral  Vernon. 


L.  Holberg,  Danish  dra¬ 
matist. 

Frederick  the  Great  makes 
great  improvements  in 
military  tactics. 

Durante,  Handel,  and  Seb. 
Bach,  musical  compos¬ 
ers. 


1740.  Anson’s  voyage 
round  the  world,  and 
capture  of  the  Manila 
galleon. 


1747 


Indigo  first  produced  in 
Carolina. 


Swedenborg,  philosopher 
and  theologian. 


1742.  Invasion  of  Florida 
by  Indians  and  Span¬ 
iards — repulsed. 


Mosheim,  ecclesiastical  his¬ 
torian. 


1744.  Englisn  fleet  defeated 
near  Toulon. 


1745.  Louisburg  and  Cape 
Breton  taken  from 
France  by  the  English. 


1745.  Scotch  rebellion — 
Charles  Edward  lands  in 
Scotland. 


1746.  College  of  New  Jer-  1746.  He  is  defeated  at 
sey  at  Princeton  found-  Culloden. 
ed. 


17-7.  Victories  over  the 
French  off  Belle-Isle  and 
Cape  Finisterre. 


1748.  Peace  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle  restores  Louis¬ 
burg  to  France;  Ohio 
Company  founded. 

1749.  English  settlement 
in  Nova  Scotia  Halifax 
founded. 


1748.  Peace  of  Aix-la- 
restitution  of  conquests. 


1751  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


171 


A.D. 


France. 


Spain  and 
Portugal. 


Germany. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1739.  War 
with  Eng¬ 
land,  for  in¬ 
fractions  of 
the  assiento 
treaty. 


1740 


War  of  the  Austrian 
succession. 


174^ 


French  defeated  by 
the  allies  at  Det- 
tingen. 


1744 


War  declared  against 
England  and  Aus¬ 
tria. 


1740.  War  of  the 
Austrian  suc¬ 
cession.— Maria 
Theresa  suc¬ 
ceeds  to  the 
hereditary 
States. 

Frederick 
II.  invades 
Silesia. 

1741.  The  French 
and  Bavarians 
overrun  Aus¬ 
tria,  take  Pra¬ 
gue,  and 

1742.  crown  Char¬ 
les  VII  emperor 

Treaty  of 
Berlin  between 
Prussia  and 
Austria  gives 
greater  part  of 
Silesia  to  for¬ 
mer. 

The  French 
driven  across 
the  Rhine. 


1745 


Battle  of  Fontenoy, 
allies  defeated. 


1746  The  French  under 

Marshal  Saxe  over¬ 
run  the  Austrian 
Netherlands;  Mad¬ 
ras  taken  from  the 
English. 

1747  Marshal  Saxe  defeats 

the  duke  of  Cum¬ 
berland  at  Law- 
feld. 

French  fleet  defeated 
by  Hawke  off 
Belle-Isle. 


1746.  Ferdi¬ 
nand  VI.,  in 
Spain. 


1745.  Charles  VII. 
dies. 

House  of 
Lorraine: 

Francisl., 
husband  of 
Maria  Theresa, 
becomes  em¬ 
peror; 

Prussian 
vict  ories 
at  Hohenfried- 
berg,  Henners- 
d_o  r  f ,  and 

K  es  s  elsdorf. 
End  of  second 
Silesian  war. 


Chapelle. — m  u  t  u  a  1 


1748.  Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle; 
Spain  and  Prussia  the  only 
gainers  by  the  war. 


1739.  India: — Invaded  by 
Nadir  Shah  who  takes 
and  plunders  Delhi. 

Turkey: — Turks  vic¬ 
torious  at  Krotzka  and 
conclude  advantageous 
peace  of  Belgrade. 

1740.  Italy  : — Benedict 
XIV.,  pope. 

Russia: — Ivan  VI. 

under  regency  of  Biron. 


1741.  Sweden: — War  with 
Russia.  Swedes  driven 
out  of  Finland. 

Russia: — Elizabeth. 


1743.  — Peace  of  Abo  with 
Sweden  gives  to  Russia 
southern  Finland. 

Turkey: — War  with 
Persia.  Defeat  near 
Erivan. 

1744.  India: — Hostilities 
between  French  and 
English. 

1 1  a  1  y : — N orthem 
Italy  occupied  by 
French  and  Spaniards, 
who  take 

1745.  — Parma,  Milan,  and 
Piacenza.  Genoa  bom¬ 
barded  by  the  English. 


1746.  — French  and  Span¬ 
iards  driven  from  Lom¬ 
bardy. 

Denmark:  —  Fred¬ 
erick  V. 

1747.  Netherlands: — Wil¬ 
liam  IV.,  stadtholder. 

Persia: — Nadir  Shah 
assassinated. 


1751.  Netherlands: — Wil¬ 
liam  V.,  stadtholder. 

Denmark  :  — Ministry 
of  Count  Bemstorff. 

Sweden : — House  of 
Holstein-Gottorp:  Adol¬ 
phus  Frederick. 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1752  A.D.— 


172 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


America. 


Great  Britain. 


1752  Franklin’s  discoveries  in 

electricity. 

England  introduces  the 
“New  Style”  Calendar. 

1753  British  Museum  founded. 


British: 


French: 


Alan  Ram¬ 
say, 

Shenstone, 

Gray, 

Collins, 

Akenside, 

Churchill. 


Helvetius, 
J.  J.  Rous¬ 
seau. 
Germany: 

Gellert, 

Winck- 

elmann. 


Hogarth,  Wilson,  and 
Joshua  Reynolds,  paint¬ 
ers. 


1752.  Hostilities  between 


1753.  Washington’s  mis¬ 
sion  to  the  French  at 
Fort  Le  Bceuf. 

1754.  Washington  builds 
Fort  Necessity. — King’s 
College  (Columbia) 
founded. 

1755.  Defeat  of  Braddock. 


England  and  France  over 
1752.  The  new  style  intro¬ 
duced;  the  year  hereafter 
commences  Jan.  1. 


1756.  Oswego  taken  by  the 
French. 


1756.  “Seven  Years’ 
Subsidiary  alliance 
with  Prussia. 

Ministry  of  William 
Pitt,  the  elder. 


1757.  Fort  Wm.  Henry 
captured  by  the  French. 


1757.  Victory  of  Plassey, 
in  India,  won  by  Clive. 


1758.  Repulse  of  Aber¬ 
crombie  at  Ticonderoga. 

Fort  Du  Quesne 
taken  by  the  English ; 
Louisburg  captured  by 
Gen.  Amherst. 

1759.  .  Invasion  of  Canada 
— death  of  Wolfe — 
Quebec  taken. 

Capture  of  Niagara, 
Crown  Point,  and  Ticon¬ 
deroga. 


1759.  Naval  victories  over 
Lagos,  and  in  Quiberon 

Surat,  in  India,  taken. 

1760.  George  III. 


1761 


Niebuhr’s  travels  in  Ara¬ 
bia.  Wesley  and  Whitefield 
preachers. 


1763.  End  of 
French  War. 


1761.  Earl  of  Bute,  pre¬ 
mier. 


the 


Old 


1762.  War  with  Spain. 
Conquest  of  Havana, 

Trinidad,  and  Manila. 

1763.  Peace  of  Paris,  be- 
and  England;  Canada 
Britain. 


1765 


Philadephia  Medical 
School,  first  in  America. 
Appearance  of  Black- 
stone’s  Commentaries. 


1765.  Stamp  Act  resisted 
in  Massachusetts  and 
Virginia. 

Stamp  Act  Congress 
at  New  York. 


1765.  Bengal  ceded  to  the 
East  India  Company  by 
the  treaty  of  Allahabad. 


1765  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


173 


A.D. 


France 


Spain  and 
Portugal. 


Germany. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


the  Ohio  country. 


1754 


The  loss  of  Dupleix’s 
conquests  in  India. 


1754.  Turkey: — Othman 

III. 


War. 


>> 


1755.  Earth¬ 
quake  at 
Lisbon, 


1757  Invasion  of  Hanovex 
by  the  French; 
victorious  at 

Hastenbeck,  de¬ 
feated  at  Ross- 
bach. 


17581  Defeat  at  Crefeldt, 
on  the  Rhine. 


1756.  Seven 
Years’  War  be¬ 
tween  Austria 
and  Prussia. 

Invasion 
and  conquest 
of  Saxony,  by 
Frederick  II. 
Battle  of  Lo- 
bositz  won. 

Alliance  with 
France. 

1757.  Prussians 
victorious  at 
Prague,  Ross- 
bach,  and 
Leuthen;  de¬ 
feated  at  Kol- 
lin  and  Gross- 
jagerndorf. 

1758.  French  de¬ 
feated  at  Cre¬ 
feldt. 


1755.  Italy:  —  The  Corsi¬ 
cans  under  Paoli,  revolt 
against  Genoa. 

1756.  India:  —  Calcutta 
taken  by  Surajah  Dow- 
lah  of  Bengal;  the  Black 
Hole. 


1757.  Turkey: — Mustapha 

III. 


1758.  Italy  : — Clement 
XIII.,  pope. 


the  French  off  Cape  1759.  Charles 
Bay.  III.  in  Spain. 


1760  Loss  of  all  Canada. 


1761 


The  Bourbon  Fam¬ 
ily  Compact. 
Capture  of  Belle-Isle 
by  the  English. 


1764 


tween  France,  Spain, 
ceded  to  Great 
Expulsion  of  the 
Jesuits. 


1759.  and  at  Min- 
den. 

Russians  and 
Austrians  de¬ 
feat  Frederick 
at  Kunersdorf. 
Dresden  retak¬ 
en. 

1760.  Frederick 
defeated  at 
Landshut,  vic¬ 
torious  at  Lieg- 
nitz  and  Tor- 
gau. 

1762.  Prussians 
victorious  at 
Burkersdorf. 

1763.  Peace  of 
Hubertsburg. 


1765.  Joseph  II. 
emperor. 


1761.  India: — Siege  and 
capture  of  Pondicherry, 
by  the  English. 

1762.  Kingdom  of  Mysore 
founded  by  Hyder  Ali. 

Russia: — Peter  III. 
Catherine  II. 

1764.  Poland: — Stanislaus 
Poniatowski  elected 
king. 

1765.  India: — Treaty  of 
Allahabad. 

Establishment  of  a 
British  Empire. 

Italy  :  —  Peter  Leopold, 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany. 


174 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1 766  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


America. 


Great  Britain. 


1766  Wallis  and  Carteret’s  voy¬ 

age  of  discovery  in  the 
South  Seas. 

1767  Spinning -jenny  invented 
by  Hargreaves  in  Eng¬ 
land. 


1768 


1769 


1766.  Stamp  Act  repealed 
The  Declaratory  Act 


Cook’s  first  voyage  of  dis-  1768.  British  troops  in 
covery.  Boston. 

Bruce  begins  exploration 
of  the  Nile. 

Royal  Academy  of  Arts 
in  England;  Joshua 
Reynolds  first  president. 

Letters  of  Junius.  —  Ark- 1769 
wright’s  spinning  frame; 

Watt’s  steam  engine. 


1770  Whitefi eld  dies  at 
buryport. 


New 


Daniel  Boone 
plores  Kentucky. 


ex- 


1770.  Boston  Massacre. 


1766.  Stamp  Act  repealed. 
New  ministry  under  the 
earl  of  Chatham. 

1767.  First  war  with  Hyder 
Ali  in  Mysore  begins. 


1768.  The  Wilkes  agita¬ 
tion. 


1769.  Hyder  Ali  plunders 
the  Carnatic. 


1770.  Lord  North,  prime 
minister. 


1771  First  edition  of  the  Ency¬ 
clopaedia  Britannica. 


1772.  Hancock,  S.  Adams, 
and  Patrick  Henry  pro¬ 
mote  the  Revolution. 


1773.  Tea  destroyed  at 
Boston. 


1772.  Warren  Hastings 
head  of  government  in 
Bengal. 

The  Boston  Port  Bill 
passed. 

Warren  Hastings  gov¬ 
ernor-general  of  India. 


1774 


Priestley  discovers  oxygen . 


1774.  Boston  Port  Bill. 
Continental  Congress  at 
Philadelphia. 


1775.  American  Revolutionary  War. 


April  19,  skirmish  at 
Lexington. 

Second  Continental 
Congress. 

June  17,  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill. 


1775.  Lord  North’s  “con¬ 
ciliatory  measures’’  re¬ 
jected  by  the  colonies. 


Washington,  com¬ 
mander -in -chief. 

Montgomery  takes  St.  John’s  and  Montreal,  and 
falls  at  Quebec. 


1775  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


175 


A.D. 


France. 


Germany. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1766 


Lorraine  annexed  to 
France  on  the  death  of 
Stanislaus  Leszczynski. 


1768.  Genoa  cedes 
France. 


1766 


17701 


1778 


1774 


1775 


Corsica  to 


Paoli  defeated  and  Corsica 
subdued. 


Marriage  of  the  dauphin 
with  Marie  Antoinette. 

Fall  of  Choiseul ;  attack 
on  the  parlement;  Ma¬ 
dame  DuBarry  rules  the 
king. 


Avignon  ceded  to  the  pope 
after  the  suppression  of 
the  Jesuits. 


Louis  XVI.  becomes 
king;  Marie  Antoinette, 
queen.  —  Maurepas, 
prime  minister;  Turgot, 
minister  of  finance. 

Malesherbes,  minister  of 
the  interior. 


1772.  Joseph  II.  takes  part 
in  the  first  partition  of 
Poland,  the  territory 
acquired  being  made  in¬ 
to  the  kingdom  of  Gali 
cia. 


1774.  Austrians  occupy 
Bukovina. 


1766.  Denmark: — Chris¬ 
tian  VII. 

1767.  Spain: — Jesuits  ex¬ 
pelled. 

India: — Hyder  Ali  re¬ 
sists  the  English. 

1768.  War  between  Russia 
and  the  Ottoman  Em¬ 
pire. 

Ali  Bey,  ruler  of 
Egypt,  rebels  against 
Turkey. 

1769.  Pope  Clement  XIV. 

The  Russian  army  oc¬ 
cupies  Wallachia  and 
Moldavia. 


1771.  Sweden: — Gustavus 
III. succeeds. 

The  Russians  overrun 
the  Crimea. 

1772.  First  partition  of 
Poland,  among  Russia, 
Prussia,  and  Austria. 


1773.  Ottoman  Empire:  — 
The  Russians  are  re¬ 
pulsed  at  Varna  and 
Silistria. 

Pope  Clement  abol¬ 
ishes  the  order  of  Jesuits. 

Russia: — Revolt  of  the 
Cossack  Pugatcheff, 
calling  himself  Czar 
Peter. 

Ottoman  Empire: — • 
Abdul  Hamid  succeeds. 


1774.  India: —  Warren 
Hastings,  first  British 
governor-general. 

Peace  of  Kutchuk- 
Kainarji  between  Russia 
and  Turkey. 

1775.  Pope  Pius  VI. 

Bassora  taken  by  the 

Persians. 

1776.  india: — Lord  Pigot, 
governor  of  Madras,  im¬ 
prisoned  by  his  own 
council. 


176 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1776  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1776 


Appearance  of  Adam 
Smith’s  Wealth  of  Na¬ 
tions  and  the  first  vol¬ 
ume  of  Gibbon’s  Rome. 
In  England:  France: 


1776.  The  British  troops 
evacuate  Boston. 


1776.  The  city  of  London 
remonstrates  against  the 
American  war. 

Moultrie  defeats  the  English  at  Sullivan’s  Island. 


Goldsmith, 

Warburton, 

iohnson, 
<owth, 
Garrick, 
Hume, 
Robertson, 
Blackstone, 
Adam  Smith, 
Home  Tooke 
Priestley, 
Horsley, 
Burke, 

Pitt, 

Fox, 

Cooper, 

Sheridan, 

McPherson, 

Bums, 

Karnes 

Reid. 


1778 


1780 


1781 


1783 


1784 


Voltaire, 
Rousseau, 
Diderot, 
Condillac, 
Jussieu, 
Lavoisier, 

La  Harpe, 
Barthelemy, 
Buffon. 
Germany: 

Mosheim, 
Zimmermann, 
Kant, 
Klopstock, 
Lessing, 
Wieland, 
Herder, 
Goethe, 

Sw:  Linnaeus, 
It:Metastasio 
Russia: 

Kheraskov, 
Derzhavin, 
Bogdanovich 
Khemnitzer. 
Death  of  Voltaire  and 
Rousseau.  —  Discovery 
of  the  Sandwich  Islands 
by  Captain  Cook. 


Sunday  Schools  established 
in  England,  by  Robert 
Raikes. 


Herschel’s  discovery  of 
Uranus. 

Appearance  of  Kant’s 
Kritik  der  reinen  Ver- 
nunft. 


Air  balloon  of  Montgolfier. 


First  American  daily 
newspaper  in  Philadel¬ 
phia. 


The  British  arfny  takes 
possession  of  New  York. 

Hessians  hired  for 
service  in  America. 


Declaration  of  Inde 
pendence,  July  4. 

Americans  under  Put¬ 
nam  and  Sullivan  de¬ 
feated  on  Long  Island, 

Aug.  27. 

Battle  of  White  Plains 
Oct.  28. 

Battle  of  Trenton, 

Dec.  26. 

1777.  Arrival  of  Lafayette. 

Capture  of  Ticonderoga  by  the  British. 

Battles  of  Princeton,  January  3;  Bennington, 
Aug.  16;  Brandywine,  September  11,  and  Still¬ 
water,  September  19. 

Philadelphia  taken  by  the  English. — Battle  of 
Germantown,  Oct.  4;  Battle  of  Saratoga,  Oct.  7; 
Gates  receives  Burgoyne’s  surrender,  Oct.  17. 

Articles  of  confedera¬ 
tion,  adopted  Nov.  15. 


1778.  Capture  of  Pondi¬ 
cherry  in  India. 


1778 .  Alliance  with  France. 

Battle  of  Monmouth, 

June  28. 

Arrival  of  the  French 
fleet  under  D’Estaing. 

Massacre  of  W  yoming. 

Savannah  taken  by 
the  English. 

1779.  Wayne  recovers 
Stony  Point. 

Paul  Jones’s  victory 
off  Flamborough  Head, 

England. 

1780.  British  take  Charles¬ 
ton;  battle  of  Camden; 

De  Kalb  killed. 

Treason  of  Arnold. 

Battle  of  King’s  Moun¬ 
tain. 

1781.  Battle  of  Cowpens 
gained  by  Morgan;  bat¬ 
tles  of  Guilford  Court 
House,  Hobkirk’s  Hill, 
and  Eutaw  Springs. 

Surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown,  Oct.  19. 

1782.  Rodney  destroys  De 
Grasse’s  fleet  at  Domini¬ 
ca. 

1783.  Peace  of  Versailles: 

Independence  of  the  United  States  acknowledged 
by  Great  Britain. 

1783.  Pitt,  the  younger, 


1780.  War  with  Hyder  Ali, 
who  conquers  the  Car¬ 
natic. 

War  with  Holland. 

Gordon  “No-Popery” 
riots  in  London. 

1781.  Naval  victory  off  the 
Doggerbanlc. 


1784.  First  ordinance  for 
government  of  North¬ 
west  Territory. 


premier. 
1784.  Peace 
Sahib. 


with  Tippoo 


1784  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


1 77 


A.D. 


France. 


Germany. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1776  Necker,  director  of  finance. 
Silas  Deane  in  Paris  ob¬ 
tains  help  for  the  Ameri¬ 
can  cause. 


1777 


Franklin  in  France. 
Lafayette  sails  for  America. 


1777.  Portugal  :  —  Maria, 
queen. 

Spain: — Florida  Blanca, 
foreign  minister. 


1778 


Alliance  with  America. 


1778.  “  Wars  of  the  Bava- 
varian  succession”  re¬ 
sulting  from  Joseph  II. ’s 
attempt  to  acquire  ter¬ 
ritory  in  Bavaria. 


1778.  India: — War  between 
the  English  and  the 
Mahrattas. 


1779 


St.  Vincent  and  Grenada 
taken  by  D’Estaing. 


1779.  Congress  and  Peace 
of  Teschen  settles  the 
differences  arising  from 
the  Bavarian  question. 


1779.  Spain  :  —  Alliance 
with  the  American  colo¬ 
nists. 


1780  Rochambeau  sent 
America. 


1781  Necker  resigns. 


to 


1781.  Joseph  II.  proclaims 
freedom  of  religion  in 
his  territories. 


1780.  Declaration  of  the 
armed  neutrality  by 
Russia,  Denmark,  and 
Sweden  to  protect  neu¬ 
tral  flags  from  the  right 
of  search  claimed  by 
Britain. 

Hyder  AH  overruns 
the  Carnatic. 


1782 


Defeat  of  De  Grasse  in  the 
West  Indies,  by  Rodney. 


1783 


Peace  of  Versailles. 


1782.  Reforms  of  Joseph  II. 
Punishment  of  death 
abolished.  Monasteries 
suppressed. 

The  pope  visits  the 
emperor,  to  dissuade 
him  from  hostilities 
against  the  church. 

1784.  Joseph  II.  attempts 
to  open  the  Scheldt  to  I 
navigation.  1 


1782.  Gibraltar  held  against 
Spanish  and  French. 

India  : — Rise  of  chief 
of  Mahrattas. 

Tippoo  sultan  ofMysore. 

1783.  — alliance  with  the 
French. 

Crimea  united  to 
Russia . 

1784.  Pitt’s  India  Bill:  In¬ 
dian  affairs  placed  under 
the  Board  of  Control. 


178 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1785  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1785.  La  Perouse  begins  voyage 
of  exploration  in  the 
South  Pacific. 


1786  Bums’s  Poems  published. 


1785.  John  Adams,  first 
minister  from  the  United 
States  of  America  to 
Great  Britain;  Jefferson 
minister  to  France. 

1786.  Shays’s  Rebellion  in 
Massachusetts. 


1786.  Warren  Hastings 
succeeded  by  Cornwallis. 


1788 


Appearance  of  the  London 
Times. 


1787.  General  Convention 
at  Philadelphia. 

Federal  Constitution 
of  the  United  States, 
adopted. 

1788.  Marietta  in  Ohio  set¬ 
tled. 


1789 


Herschel’s  telescope. 
Talma,  the  celebrated 
tragedian. 


Tom  Paine, 
Fisher  Ames. 


1789.  George  Washington 
president: 

Jefferson,  Hamilton, 
Knox,  Randolph,  and 
Jay  form  the  cabinet. 


1787.  Warren  Hastings 
impeached. 

First  convicts  trans¬ 
ported  to  Australia 
(Botany  Bay). 

1788.  The  king  insane. 
Death  of  Charles  Edward 
the  last  pretender. 

Trial  of  Warren  Hast¬ 
ings. 


Hannah  More, 
Gainsborough, 

Morland. 

Boguslawski, 

Krasicki,  Polish  authors. 
Alfieri,  Italian  poet. 

Gluck, 

Haydn , 

Mozart, 

Beethoven. 


1791.  First  United  States  1791.  Death  of  John 
Bank.  Wesley. 

Vermont  admitted  to 
the  Union. 


1792.  Kentucky  admitted 
to  the  Union. 

United  States  Mint 
established. 


1792  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


179 


A.D. 


France. 


Germany. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1785 


1787 


The  affair  of  the  Diamond 
Necklace  increases  the 
unpopularity  of  Marie 
Antoinette. 


Financial  difficulties.  — 
New  taxation;  Calonne, 
Brienne,  and  Necker, 
ministers  successively. 


1785.  Joseph’s  plan  to  ac¬ 
quire  Bavaria  frustrated 
by  Frederick  II.,  who 
form=  the  “  Fursten- 
bund.” 

1786.  Prussia: — Death  of 
Frederick  the  Great. — 
Frederick  William  II. 


1787. 

the 


Russia: — War 
Porte. 


with 


1788 

1789^ 


1790 

1791 


1792 


Second  meeting  of  the 
Notables. 

French  Revolution.  July 
14,  the  Bastile  stormed; 
August  4,  the  Constitu¬ 
ent  Assembly  resolves  on 
the  abolition  of  feudal 
privileges;  Oct.  5-6, 
the  Paris  mob  marches 
on  Versailles  and  brings 
the  king  to  the  Tuileries; 
Nov.  2,  the  property  of 
the  church  confiscated.) 

July  14,  the  Feast  of  Fed¬ 
eration,  the  king  accepts 
the  newly  drafted  con¬ 
stitution;  Aug.  31, 
military  uprising  at 
Nancy  suppressed  by 
Bouille. 

April  2,  death  of  Mirabeau , 
the  radical  element  gain 
control  of  the  revolu¬ 
tion;  June  20,  the  royal 
family  flee  to  Varennes; 
they  are  brought  back; 
Sept.  14,  the  king  swears 
to  the  perfected  con  - 
stitution;  Oct.  1,  the 
Legislative  Assembly 

convenes. 

April  20,  war  declared' 
against  Prussia  and 
Austria;  June  20,  the 
mob  invades  the  Tuil¬ 
eries;  Aug.  10,  the 
Tuileries  stormed  and 
the  royal  family  lodged 
in  the  Temple;  Sept  2, 
the  Paris  mob  massacres 
the  royalists  in  the 
prisons;  Sept.  20,  the 
cannonade  of  Valmy,  a 
Republican  success; 
Sept.  21,  France  de¬ 
clared  a  Republic  by  the 
Convention;  Nov.  6, 
Dumouriez  defeats  the 
Austrians  at  Jemappes. 


1788.  War  against  Turkey. 
The  Austrian  Nether¬ 
lands  revolt. 


1790.  Leopold  II.,  empe- 
peror. 


1791.  Conference  of  Pilnitz 
between  Leopold  II.  and 
Frederick  William  II.  of 
Prussia  who  issue  a 
warning  to  the  revolu¬ 
tionary  party  in  France. 


1792.  Francis  II.,  emperor. 
French  take  Spires, 
Mainz,  and  Longwy. — 
Lafayette  imprisoned  at 
Olmutz. 


1788.  Spain: — Charles  IV. 
War  between  Sweden 

and  Russia. 

1789.  Ottoman  Empire: — 
Selim  III. 


1790.  Tuscany; — Ferdi¬ 

nand  III. 


1792.  Sweden: — Gustavus 
IV. 


i8o 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1793  a.d.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1793 


Whitney’s  cotton  gin. 


1793.  Washington  re-elec¬ 
ted. 

Neutrality  in  regard 
to  France. 


1793.  First  coalition  against 
France,  directed  by  Eng¬ 
land — Austria,  the  em¬ 
pire,  Prussia,  Sardinia, 
Spain,  and  Holland. 


1794 


Ecole  Polytechnique 
Paris  founded. 


at 


1794.  Jay’s  treaty  with  England. 

Commencement  of  the 

navy — 6  frigates  built. —  French  driven  from 

Whiskey  Insurrection  in  Corsica. 

Pennsylvania . 


1795 


1796 


Pestalozzi,  educator. 
Mungo  Park,  African 
traveller. 

Institute  of  Francefounded. 


Jenner  begins  vaccina¬ 
tion. 


1795.  Wayne’s  treaty  with 
the  Western  Indies. 


1796.  Washington  declines 
a  re-election. 

Tennessee  admitted  to 
the  Union. 

1797.  John  Adams,  second 
president. 

The  X  Y  Z  papers. 


1795.  War  with  Holland. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope 

taken. 

Warren  Hastings  ac¬ 
quitted. 

1796.  Outbreak  of  Irish 
rebellion. 


1798.  War  with  France. 
Washington  commander 
in-chief.  The  Alien  and 
Sedition  Laws;  the  Vir¬ 
ginia  and  Kentucky 
Resolutions. 


1798.  Irish  rebellion. — 
Nelson’s  victory  at  the 
battle  of  the  Nile. 


1799 


Voltaic  pile  invented. 


1799.  Death  of  Washington. 


1799.  Second  coalition 
against  France. — Serin- 
gapatam  taken  by  the 
English  and  Tippoo 
Sahib  killed. 


1800.  Seat  of  government 
transferred  to  Washing¬ 
ton,  D.  C. 


1800.  Union  of  England 
and  Ireland  effected . — 
Malta  taken. 


1 


ISOO  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


181 


A.D. 


France. 


Germany. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1793 


1794 


1795 


Jan.  21,  execution  of 


17961 


1797 


1793.  First  coalition  against 
France. 


Louis  XVI.;  March  18, 

Dumouriez  defeated  at 
Neerwinden;  •  April, 

Committee  of  Public 
Safety  under  Danton 
wields  supreme  power; 

July  13,  assassination  of 
Marat  by  Charlotte 
Corday;  Oct.  16,  Jour- 
dan  victorious  at  Watti- 
gnies;Nov.  10,  the  wor 
ship  of  Reason  at  Notre 
Dame. 

March  24,  execution  of 
Hebert  and  his  followers ; 

April  5,  execution  of  the 
Dantonists;  June  8,  Fes¬ 
tival  of  the  Supreme 
Being;  June  26,  Jourdan 
victorious  at  Fleurus, 

Belgium  conquered;  July 
27-28,  fall  and  death  of 
Robespierre,  end  of  the 
Reign  of  Terror. 

Oct.  5,  popular  insurrec¬ 
tion  suppressed  by  Bar- 
ras  and  Napoleon  Bona¬ 
parte;  Oct.  26,  Conven¬ 
tion  succeeded  by  Di¬ 
rectory. 

War  in  Italy. 

Battles  of  Lodi,  Castigli- 
one,  and  Arcole. 

Hoche  and  Moreau’s  cele¬ 
brated  passage  of  the 
Rhine. 

Revolution  of  18thFructi- 
dor. 

Peace  of  Campo  Formio  in  which  Austria  cedes 
Belgium  and  Lombardy  receiving  Venetia 


1795.  Prussia  concludes 
Peace  of  Basel  with 
France,  recognizing 
French  conquests  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Rhine 


1793.  Second  partition  of 
Poland  by  Russia  and 
Prussia. 

In  Hayti  freedom  for 
negroes  proclaimed  by 
French  Convention. 


1794.  Poland: — Revolt 
under  Kosciuszko  who  is 
defeated  at  Maciejowice. 
— P  r  a  g  a  (Warsaw) 
stormed  by  Suvoroff. 


1795.  Final  partition  of 

Poland — extinction  of 

the  kingdom. 

Holland  conquered 
and  the  Batavian  Re¬ 
public  proclaimed. 

1796.  Russia: — Paul  I. 

1797.  Venetian  Republic 
extinguished  by  the 
peace  of  Campo  Formio. 


1798 


1799 


1800 


Bonaparte’s  expedition  to  1799.  Second  coalition 
Egypt.  French  fleet  against  France, 
defeated  by  Nelson  at 
Aboukir,  Aug.  1-2. 


The  French  enter  Switzer¬ 
land  under  Massena 
and  Jourdan.  Return 
of  Bonaparte.  Revolu¬ 
tion  of  the  18th  Bru- 
maire.  Bonaparte,  first 
consul. 

Battle  of  Marengo,  Bonaparte  defeats  the  Austrians 
under  Melas. — Moreau’s  victory  of  Hohenlinden 
over  the  Austrians  under  the  Archduke  John. 


1798.  Switzerland : — 

General  revolution — 

The  French  erect  the 
Helvetian  Republic. 

P  r  u  s  s  i  a: — Frederick 
William  III. 

India:  —  Marquis 
Wellesley,  governor- 
general. 

1799.  Russians,  under 
Suvoroff,  win  the  battles 
of  Cassano  and  Novi,  but 
(under  Korsakoff)  are 
defeated  at  Zurich  by 
Massena. 

1800.  Armed  neutrality  of 
the  north. 

Pope  Pius  VII. 


182 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


ISOI  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1801 


Piazzi  discovers  the  aster¬ 
oid  Ceres. 


I 


1801.  Thomas  Jefferson, 
third  president. 


1801  Battle  of  Alexandria. 
French  defeated  by 
Abercromby.  Pitt  re¬ 
signs,  succeeded  by  Ad¬ 
dington, 
l 

1802.  Ohio  enters  the  1802.  Peace  of  Amiens. 
Union. 


1804 


1804 

-06 


First  locomotive  steam 
engine  used  on  the 
Merthyr  Tydvil  road  in 
Wales. 

The  Code  Napoleon  pro¬ 
mulgated  in  France. 

Lewis  and  Clark’s  expedi¬ 
tion  to  the  Rocky  Moun¬ 
tains. 


1803.  Purchase  of  Louisi¬ 
ana. 

U.  States  frigate 
Philadelphia  taken  by 
the  Tripolitans. 

1804.  Decatur  destroys 
the  Philadelphia. 

Preble  bombards 
Tripoli. 

Burr  kills  Hamilton. 

The  Lewis  and  Clark 
expedition  sets  out. 

1805.  Jefferson  re-elected 
president. 


1806 

-11 

1807 


General  University  (Uni¬ 
versity  of  France)  es¬ 
tablished  by  Napoleon, 
to  superintend  national 
education. 

Fulton’s  first  successful 
trial  of  steamboats. 


1806.  British  Orders  in 
Council  and  Napoleon’s 
decrees  seriously  impair 
American  commerce. 

1807.  Embargo  on  all  the 
ports  of  the  United 
States. 

Trial  of  Aaron  Burr 
for  treason. 

The  attack  on  the 
Chesapeake  by  the 
Leopard. 


1803.  Emmett’s  insurrec¬ 
tion  in  Ireland. 


1804.  Pitt  again  premier. 


1805.  Third  coalition. 
Nelson  defeats  the 

French  and  Spanish 
fleets  off  Trafalgar. 

1806.  Fourth  coalition 
against  France. 


1807.  Bill  for  the  abolition 
of  the  slave  trade,  passed. 


1808.  Importation  of 
slaves  abolished. 


1808.  The  English,  under 
Wellesley,  enter  Portu¬ 
gal  as  allies  and  win  the 
battle  of  Vimeiro. 


1809 


University  of  Berlin  found¬ 
ed. 


1809.  James  Madison, 
fourth  president. 

Embargo  repealed ; 
the  non-intercourse  act 
passed. 


1809.  Fifth  coalition. 

Walcheren  expedition. 
Battles  of  Corunna 
and  Talavera  in  the 
Peninsula. 


1809  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


183 


A.D. 


France. 


Germany. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1801 


1 

Peace  of  Luneville;  Germany  west  of  the  Rhine  in  the 
possession  of  France. 


1802 


1803 


Bonaparte  elected  presi¬ 
dent  of  the  Italian  Re¬ 
public. 

Peace  of  Amiens. 

Legion  of  Honor  instituted . 
Bank  of  France. 

War  with  England. 


1801.  Russia: — Alexander 

I. 

The  kingdom  of 
Etruria  erected.  Danish 
fleet  at  Copenhagen  de¬ 
feated  by  Nelson. 

1802.  Italian  Republic: — 
Bonaparte  president. 


1803.  India: — Great  Mah- 
ratta  war. 

French  driven  from 
Hayti. 


1804 


Duke  D’Enghien  shot. 
Bonaparte  crowned  as  Na¬ 
poleon  I.,  emperor  of 
the  French. 


1804.  The  German  em¬ 
peror  assumes  the  title 
of  emperor  of  Austria. 

End  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire. 


1804.  Russia: — War  with 
Persia  breaks  out. 

India: — War  between 
the  English  and  Holkar^ 


1805 


Austrian  campaign,  battle  of  Austerlitz. 

Peace  of  Presburg. 


1806 


Formation  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine. 
Victories  of  Auerstadt  and  Jena  over  the  Prussians. 
Berlin  decree  against  Brit¬ 
ish  commerce. 


1806.  Holland: — Louis  Bo¬ 
naparte,  king. 


1807 


Victories  of  Eylau  over 
the  Prussians  and  Rus¬ 
sians  and  of  Friedland 
over  the  latter  are  fol¬ 
lowed  by  the  peace  of 
Tilsit  in  which  Prussia 
loses  her  Polish  terri¬ 
tories  and  her  possessions 
west  of  the  Elbe. — The 
duchy  of  Warsaw 
created  for  the  king  of 
Saxony  and  the  king¬ 
dom  of  Westphalia  for 
Jerome  Bonaparte. 

Invasion  of  Portugal. 


1807.  Ottoman  Empire: — 
Mustapha  IV. 


1808 


Conference  at  Erfurt  be¬ 
tween  Napoleon,  Alex¬ 
ander  I.,  and  the  Ger¬ 
man  princes. 


1809 


Battles  of  Eckmuhl,  Aspera,  and  Wagram — Peace 
of  Vienna. — Austria  cedes  territory  to  Russia, 
Bavaria,  and  France;  the  Adriatic  territories  erected 
into  the  Illyrian  Provinces. 


1808.  Spain: — Ferdinand 
VII.  and  Charles  IV. 
compelled  to  renounce 
their  claims;  Joseph  Bo¬ 
naparte  made  king. 

Naples: — Murat  king. 

Denmark: — Frederick 
VI. 

Ottoman  Empire: — 
Mahmud  II. 

1809.  Sweden: — C  h  a  r  1  e  s 
XIII.;  Bernadotte  be¬ 
comes  prince  royal. 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


l8lO  A.D.— 


184 


A.D. 


Progress  op  Society,  etc 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1810.  George  III.  insane; 
battles  of  Ciudad  Rod¬ 
rigo  and  Busaco. 


1811 


Appearance  of  Niebuhr’s 
History  of  Rome. 


1812 


American  Board  of  Com¬ 
missioners  for  Foreign 
Missions,  founded. 


1813 


Shelley’s  Queen  Mab. 


1814 


The  Jesuits  re-established 
by  Pius  VII.  Words¬ 
worth’s  Excursion ; 
Scott’s  Waverley. 


1815 


The  North  American  Re¬ 
view  established. 

Safety  lamp  invented  by 
Sir  Humphrey  Davy. 

In  England: 

Keats,  Reg.  Heber,  Shelley, 
Crabbe.Sir  Walter  Scott, 
Byron,  Coleridge,  Lamb, 
Montgomery,  Hogg. 

In  France: 

Mad.  de  Stael,  Mad.  de 
Genlis,  Chateaubriand, 
Cuvier. 

Melendez  Valdez,  Spanish 
poet, 

Bilderdyk,  Dutch. 

In  Germany: 

W.  Schlegel,  F.  Schlegel, 
Richter,  Kotzebue; 
Weber  and  Spohr. 


1811.  Engagement  between 
the  President  and  the 
Little  Belt. 

Indians  on  the  "Wa¬ 
bash.  defeated  by  Gov. 
Harrison  at  Tippecanoe. 


1811.  George,  prince  of 
Wales, ,  prince  Regent, 
(the  king  being  insane). 

Battles  of  Fuentes  de 
Onoro  and  Albuera  in 
the  peninsula. 


1812.  War  with  Great  Britain 

Invasion  of  Canada  under  Gen.  Hull. 
Gen.  Hull  surrenders  Detroit  to  the  British. 
The  Constitution  captures  the  Guerri'ere . 


1 1812.  Lord  Liverpool  pre- 
|  mier. 

Wool  victorious  at  Queenstown.  Oct.  13. 
Captain  Jones,  in  the  Wasp  captures  the  Frolic, 
Oct.  18. 

The  United  States,  Captain  Decatur,  captures 
the  British  frigate  Macedonian.  _ 

The  Constitution,  Captain  Bainbridge,  captures 
the  British  frigate  Java. 


Louisiana  admitted  into 
the  Union. 

1813.  Perry’s  victory  on 
Lake  Erie. 

Battle  of  the  Thames. 
Tecumseh  killed. 


1814.  American  victories 
atChippewa  and  Lundy’s 
Lane;  McDonough’s  vic¬ 
tory  on  Lake  Champlain ; 
British  repulsed  from 
Baltimore;  Hartford 
Convention. 

City  of  Washington 
burnt  by  the  British. 

Peace  of  Ghent  signed, 

1815.  Battle  of  New  Or¬ 
leans;  British  defeated 
by  General  Jackson,  Jan 
8. 

War  against  Algiers. 

Fight  between  the 
Penguin  and  the  Hornet. 


Ciudad  Rodrigo  and 
Badajoz  stormed  by 
Wellington.  Battle  of 
Salamanca. 

1813.  Battle  of  Vittoria 
and  English  invasion  of 
France. 

Sixth  coal  i  t  ion 
against  France — Prussia 
Russia,  Sweden,  Great 
Britain,  and  Austria. 

1814.  Treaty  of  Chaumont 
between  Austria,  Prus¬ 
sia,  Russia,  and  Great 
Britain. 


Dec.  3. 

18 15. Wellington  victorious 
at  Waterloo,  June  18. 

Oppressive  Corn  Law 
enacted. 


»  n 


— — 


1 8  1 5  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


185 


1810 


1811 


1812 


1813 


Napoleon  marries  Maria 
Louisa . — Continental 
peace  except  with  Spain 


Birth  of  the  emperor  s 
son;  created  king  of 
Rome. 

Soult  victorious  in  Spain- 
takes  Badajoz:  is  de¬ 
feated  by  the  English 
at  Albuera. 

Russian  campaign. 

Battles  of  Smolensk  and 
Borodino. 

Moscow  entered  by  Na¬ 
poleon’s  army  —  and 
burned  by  the  Russians. 


1812.  Austria  in  alliance 
with  France  against 
Russia. 


1810.  South  America: — • 
Revolt  of  the  Spanish 
colonies;  uprisings  in 
Venezuela,  Uruguay, 
Paraguay,  Chile,  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  Mexico. 

1811.  Revolution  in  Peru. 


Victories  of  Lutzen,  Baut-  1813.  War  of  German  inde- 
zen,  and  Dresden,  over  pendence. 

the  allies.  Austria  joins  the  co¬ 

alition. 

Battle  of  Leipsic — Bonaparte  driven  to  the  Rhine. 


1812.  Invasion  of  Russia 
by  Napoleon. — Burning 
of  Moscow. 

Kutusoff  pursues  the 
retreating  French. 

Peace  of  Bucharest 
closes  six  years’  war 
with  Turkey  and  results 
in  acquisition  of  part  of 
Bessarabia  and  Mol¬ 
davia  by  Russia. 


1813. South  America:—  Bol¬ 
ivar  drives  the  Spaniards 
from  Caracas. — Mexico 
declares  its  indepen¬ 
dence. 


1814 


The  allies  enter  Paris. 
Napoleon  abdicates,  and 
retires  to  Elba. 

House  of  Bourbon  re¬ 
stored:  Louis  XVIII. 


1814.  Union  of  Holland 
and  Belgium. — Peace  of 
Kiel,  between  Denmark, 
Sweden,  and  England. 

Union  of  Sweden  and 
Norway  as  two  king¬ 
doms  underone  monarch. 


1815 


Bonaparte  returns  from 
Elba.  The  Hundred 
Days.  Napoleon  vic¬ 
torious  at  Ligny.  Bat¬ 
tle  of  Waterloo.  The 
allies  enter  Paris.  Bona¬ 
parte  banished  to  St. 
Helena. 


1815.  Congress  of  Vienna 
effects  the  political  re¬ 
construction  of  Europe. 

Germanic  Confedera¬ 
tion  organized. 


1815.  Netherlands:  — Wil¬ 
liam  I. 

The  “Holy  Alliance” 
— Russia,  Prussia,  and 
Austria,  later  joined  by 
France. 


1 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1815  A.D.— 


186 


a.d.  Progress  of  Society. etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1816 


1817 


1818 


1815.  Abolition  of  the  slave 
trade  by  the  Congress 
of  Vienna. 


Second  United  States  Bank 
chartered  for  20  years, 
capital  $35,000,000. 


Invention  of  the  kaleido¬ 
scope. 


Invention  of  the  stetho¬ 
scope. — Appearance  of 
Hallam’s  Europe  During 
the  Middle  Ages. — Uni¬ 
versity  of  Bonn  founded. 


1819 


First  passage  of  the  Atlantic  by  steam,  by 


Scott’s  Ivanhoe. 

Oersted  discovers  electro¬ 
magnetism. 


1822 


1816.  United  States  Bank 
incorporated. 

Indiana  admitted. 


1817.  James  Monroe,  5th 
president. 

Mississippi  admitted. 
First  Seminole  War 
begins. 


1818.  Illinois  admitted. 
Jackson  seizes  Pensa¬ 
cola. 


Hieroglyphics  deciphered 
by  Champollion. 


the  Savan- 
Y ork  to 


nah — New 
Liverpool. 

1819.  Cession  of  Florida 
by  Spain. 

Alabama  admitted. 

1820.  Missouri  Compro¬ 
mise.  Maine  admitted. 

1821.  Monroe  re-elected. 
Missouri  admitted. 


1816.  Bombardment  of 
Algiers. — Rise  of  popu¬ 
lar  agitation. — The  Spa- 
Fields  riots. 

1817.  Continued  rioting 
and  suspension  of 
Habeas  Corpus  Act. 


1819.  The  Peterloo  mas¬ 
sacre  and  the  Six  Acts. 


1820.  George  IV. 

Trial  of  Queen  Caro¬ 
line. 


1822.  _  Canning,  foreign 
minister. 


1823 


Huskisson’s  free  trade  sys¬ 
tem  in  England. 


1823.  The  enunciation  of 
the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

1824-25.  Lafayette’s  visit. 


1823.  Canning  opposes  the 
Holy  Alliance  and  fur¬ 
thers  the  independence 
of  the  South  American 
colonies  of  Spain. 

1824.  Burmese  war. 


1825 


Inland  navigation  of  the 
United  States:  the  Erie 
Canal  opened. 
Publication  of  P  e  p  y  s  '  s 
Diary. 


1825.  Erie  Canal  opened. 
J.  Q.  Adams,  6th 
president. 


1825.  Commercial  treaty 
with  Colombia  and 
Mexico. 


1 825  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


A.D. 


France. 


Austria,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


I 

1815.  The  Servians  rise 
against  Turkey  under 
Milosh  Obrenovitch. 


1816 


The  Chambre  Introuvable 
enters  on  a  course  of 
royalist  reaction. 


1816.  The  diet  of  the  Ger¬ 
man  Confederation  as¬ 
sembles  at  Frankfort. 


1817.  Rise  of  the  Burschen- 
schaft  in  Germany  and 
liberal  celebration  at 
the  Wartburg  in  con¬ 
nection  with  the  ter- 
centennary  of  Luther’s 
birth. 


1816.  Portugal: — John  VI. 
in  Brazil. 

Union  of  Naples  and 
Sicily  under  Ferdinand 
I.  (IV.). 

1817.  Republic  of  the 
Ionian  Islands. 


1818 


Congress  of  Aix-la-Chap- 
elle  decides  on  the  evac¬ 
uation  of  France  by  the 
foreign  troops. — France 
joins  the  “Holy  Al¬ 
liance.” 


1821 


Death  of  Napoleon  at 
Helena. 


St. 


1822 


Laws  against  the  freedom 
of  the  press. 


1823 


A 


French  army  enters 
Spain  and  restores  Fer¬ 
dinand  VII. 


1819.  Assassination  of 
Kotzebue  leads  to  the 
repressive  Karlsbad  De¬ 
crees  against  the  liberal 
movement. 

1820.  Congress  of  Troppau 
decides  to  intervene  in 
Naples. 

1821.  Congress  of  mon- 
archs  at  Laybach. — 
Greek  insurrection  in 
Moldavia  under  the 
leadership  of  Alexander 
Ypsilanti  who  is  speedily 
overthrown. 

1822.  Congress  of  Verona 
declares  itself  against 
the  Greek  and  Spanish 
uprisings. 


1818.  Sweden  : —  Charles 
XIV.  (Bemadotte). 

India: — The  Mahratta 
power  completely  over¬ 
thrown. 

South  America:  —  Chilean 
independence  established 
by  battle  of  Maypu. 

1819.  Republic  of  Colom¬ 
bia,  Bolivar,  president. 


1821.  Greek  revolt  in  the 
Morea. 

South  America:  — 
Peru  and  Guatemala 
independent. 


1822.  Brazil  declared  an 
independent  empire. 

Mexico: — Iturbide, 
emperor. 

Greek  declaration  of 
independence. 

Massacre  of  Scio  and 
capture  of  Acropolis  of 
Athens  by  patriots. 

1823.  Italy: — Leo  XII. 
pope. 


1824 


Charles 


X. 


1825 


An  indemnity  of  1,000,000- 
000  francs  granted  to 
the  emigres. 


1824.  Death  of  Lord  Byron 
at  Missolonghi. 

The  Spaniards  over¬ 
whelmed  by  General 
Sucre  at  Ayacucho  in 
Peru. 

1825.  Russia: — Nicholas  I. 


1 


1 88 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1826  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


1826 


Foundation  of  London 
University. 

Alexander  Volta  dies,  dis¬ 
coverer  of  the  Voltaic 
battery. 


In  England: 
Jeremy  Ben- 
tham, 
Thomas 
Chalmers, 
W.  Kirby, 
Hallam, 
Lingard, 
Wordsworth, 
Southey, 
Campbell, 
Moore, 

Leigh  Hunt, 
Mrs.  Hemans, 
Bulwer, 
"Barry  Corn¬ 
wall.” 

Russia: 
Karamsin, 
Pushkin, 
Lermontoff, 
Krilov. 

U.  S 

N.  Webster, 

jlrving, 

Cooper, 

Garrison, 

Wirt, 

Marshall, 


France: 
Talma,  tra¬ 
gedian, 
Segur, 

La  Place, 
Beranger, 
Lamartine. 


Germany: 

Meyerbeer, 

Gall, 

Spurzheim. 


Sweden: 

Tegner, 

Dahlgren. 


Italy: 

Rossini, 

Paganini. 

A.: 

Wheaton, 

Kent, 

Story, 

Gallatin, 

Livingston, 

Channing. 


1826.  Death  of  Jefferson 
and  John  Adams,  July 
4  The  Panama  Con¬ 
gress. 


1827.  Completion  of  first 
railway  in  America  at 
Quincy,  Mass. 


1828.  Enactment  of  a  high 
protective  tariff  —  the 
Tariff  of  Abominations. 


1829.  General  Jackson,  7th 

§  resident  of  the  United 
tates. 

Beginning  of  the 
Spoils  System. 


1830 


Liverpool  and  Manchester 
Railroad  opened. 

The  two  Landers  succeed 
in  tracing  the  Niger 
from  Lake  Tchad  to  the 
ocean. 


1830.  The  Webster-Hayne 
debate  in  Congress  con¬ 
cerning  States  Rights. 


Great  Britain. 


1826.  England  annexes 
Assam  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  Burmese  war. 


1827.  Canning  as  prime 
minister  furthers  the 
cause  of  Greece. 

Treaty  of  London, 
between  England,  Rus¬ 
sia,  and  France,  pre¬ 
pares  way  for  Greek  in¬ 
dependence. 

1828.  Wellington  ministry. 
Disturbances  in  Ireland. 


1829.  Catholic  emancipa¬ 
tion. 

England,  Russia,  and 
Spain  decide  upon  Greek 
independence. 


1830.  William  IV.— Earl 
Grey,  minister. 


1 


1830  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


189 


A.D. 

France. 

The  World,  elsewhere. 

1826.  Russia: — War  with  Persia. 

Portugal: — Maria  da  Gloria,  queen. 

Greece: — Missolonghi  and  Athens  (1827)  taken 
by  the  Turks. 

1827 


Disbanding  of  the  National 
Guard — creation  of  a 
new  chamber  of  Peers. 


1827.  Treaty  of  London  concluded  by  Russia,  France 
and  Great  Britain  in  relation  to  Greece. 

Greece: — Battle  of  Navarino. 

The  Russians  take  Erivan  and  Tabriz. 
The  Turkish  fleet  is  destroyed  at  Navarino  by  the 
allies;  Greek  independence  practically  accomplish¬ 
ed. 


1828 


Villele  ministry  succeeded 
by  one  under  Marti- 
gnac. 


1828.  Portugal: — Dom  Miguel  usurps  the  throne. 
Russia: — -War  declared  against  Turkey.  By  the 
peace  of  Turkmantchai  Persian  Armenia  is 
acquired. 


1829 


Polignac  ministry. 


1830 


The  French  enter  Algeria; 

Algiers  taken. 

Three  Days’  Revolution, 
July  27,  28,  and  29. 
Lafayette,  commander  of 
the  National  Guard. 
Charles  X.  abdicates. 
Louis  Philippe  I.  (House 
of  Orleans). 


1829.  Italy: — Pius  VIII.,  pope. 

The  Russians  cross  the  Balkans  and  enter 
Adrianople.  Turkey  recognizes  independence  of 
Greece  and  protectorate  of  Russia  over  Moldavia 
and  Wallachia. 

Venezuela  separates  from  Colombia  under  the 
leadership  of  General  Paez. 

1830.  Greek  independence  declared  by  the  Great 
Powers. 

Belgium  revolts  from  Holland,  and  is  declared 
independent  by  the  Great  Powers. 

Polish  struggle  for  nationality  begins,  November. 


190 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1831  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1S31 


1S32 


183: 


1834 


1835 


1836 


1837 


The  Factory  Bill  in  Eng¬ 
land,  limiting  the  hours 
of  labor  for  children. 


1831.  The  king  of  the  Netherlands  makes  his  award 
on  the  northeastern  boundary  between  the  United 
States  and  the  British  provinces. 

The  publication  of  the  [1831.  Lord  John  Russell’s 


Reform  Bill  in  England — 
Extension  of  suffrage. 
Trade  unions  in  England, 
France,  Germany,  Swit¬ 
zerland,  etc. 


Slavery  abolished  in  the 
British  colonies. 

Sirard  College,  at  Phila¬ 
delphia,  commenced. 


Inquisition 

Spain. 


abolished  in 


De  Tocqueville’s  History  of 
Democracy  in  A  merica. 

James  Smithson’s  bequest 
of  £100,000  tothe  United 
States  for  the  establish¬ 
ment  of  an  institution 
“for  the  increase  and 
diffusion  of  knowledge 
among  men,”  becomes 
operative. 

The  Luxor  obelisk  erected 
at  Paris. 


Liberator  begun  by  Gar¬ 
rison. 


1832.  Nullification  in  South 
Carolina.— General  Jack- 
son’s  celebrated  procla¬ 
mation.  —  Organization 
of  the  New  England 
Anti-Slavery  Society  — 
General  Jackson  enters 
upon  second  term  in  the 
Presidency. 

1833.  Clay’s  Compromise 
Tariff. 

Removal  of  the  de¬ 
posits  of  the  United 
States  from  the  U.  S. 
Bank. 


1834.  The  president  cen¬ 
sured  by  the  Senate  for 
removing  the  deposits. 

1835.  Great  Fire  in  New 
York. 

Beginning  of  the  sec¬ 
ond  Seminole  war. 


S.  F.  B.  Morse  takes  out  a 
patent  for  his  electro¬ 
magnetic  telegraph  (in¬ 
vented  1832). 

Appearance  of  Carlyle’s 
French  Revolution  and 
Dickens’s  Pickwick  Pa¬ 
pers. 


Reform  Bill  introduced. 

Cholera  first  appears 
in  England. 

London  Conference 
settles  affairs  of  Belgium 
and  Holland. 

1832.  Reform  Bill  passed. 


1833.  Captain  Ross  returns 
from  his  voyage  of  dis¬ 
covery  in  search  of  a 
Northwest  Passage. 


1834.  Sir  Robert  Peel, 
premier. 


1836.  The  national  debt  of  1836.  England  takes  part 
the  United  States  being  in  the  suppression  of 
paid,  the  surplus  revenue  the  Carlists  in  Spain, 
is  divided  among  the 
States. 

Massacre  of  the  Ala¬ 
mo  and  the  defeat  of  the 
Mexicans  by  the  Texans 
at  San  Jacinto. 

The  independence  of 
Texas  acknowledged. 

Arkansas  admitted. 

1837.  Martin  Van  Buren,  1837.  Victoria  queen, 

8th  president. 

Financial  crisis. 

Insurrection  in  Canada 
headed  by  Papineau. 

Michigan  admitted. 


1838.  Congress  refuses  to 
receive  anti-slavery  pe¬ 
titions. 


1838  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


I9I 


A.D. 


France. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1831.  Brazil: — Revolution;  Dom  Pedro  II.,  emperor. 
Belgium: — Leopold  I.,  king. 

The  Poles  defeated  at  Ostrolenka;  Warsaw 
capitulates. 

Italy: — Gregory  XVI.,  pope. 


1832 


Republican  uprising  in 
Paris  during  funeral  of 
General  Lamarque. 

Ministry  of  Marshal  Soult. 

French  enter  Belgium  to 
enforce  decision  of  Lon¬ 
don  Conference ;  they 
take  Antwerp. 


1832.  The  kingdom  of  Greece  founded;  Otho  I., 
Poland: — The  insurrection  crushed  and  Poland 
incorporated  with  Russia;  thousands  of  families 
sent  to  Siberia. 


1833 


Guizot  organizes  common 
school  education. 


1833.  Spain: — Isabella  II.,  queen;  Don  Carlos  claims 
the  throne. 

Portugal: — Dom  Pedro  overthrown  and  a  con¬ 
stitutional  monarchy  restored. 

Egypt: — Mehemet  Ali  receives  Syria  from  the 
Sultan. 

Mexico: — Santa  Anna,  president. 


1834 


Death  of  Lafayette. 


1834.  Quadruple  alliance — England,  France,  Spain, 
and  Portugal,  against  Dom  Miguel  and  Don  Carlos. 


1835.  Austria: — Ferdinand  I.,  emperor. 


1836 


Insurrection  attempted  by 
Louis  Napoleon  at  Stras- 
burg. 


1836.  Spain: — The  queen  regent  adopts  the  consti¬ 
tution  of  1812. 


1837 


Constantine 

taken. 


in  Algeria 


1838 


Talleyrand  dies. 

Difficulty  with  Mexico: 
capture  of  San  Juan 
d’Ulloa. 


1838.  Mexico: — The  castle  of  San  Juan  d’Ulloa  taken 
by  the  French. 


192 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1839  a.d  - 


1839 


1840 


1841 


1842 


1844 


1845 


1846 


The  daguerreotype 
vented  in  Paris. 


m- 


Penny  postage  system  in 
England. 

Wheatstone’s  improve¬ 
ment  of  the  electric 
telegraph  in  England. 


Appearance  of  Emerson’s 
Essays. 


The  old  Croton  Aqueduct 
in  New  York  completed. 

Bain’s  electro  -  magnetic 
telegraph  patented  in 
London. 

Gutta  percha  in  use. 

First  use  of  ether  as  an¬ 
aesthetic  by  Dr.  Long  of 
Danielsville,  Ga. 


A  great  defection  from  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church 
under  Ronge,  in  Ger¬ 
many,  who  founds  the 
German  Catholic  Church. 

Lord  Rosse’s  telescope. 


Discovery  of  the  planet 
Neptune,  predicted  by 
Leverrier  and  Adams. 


1839.  Disturbances  in  the 
“disputed  territory,” 
between  Maine  and  New 
Brunswick. — The  Liber¬ 
ty  Party  formed. 

Begininning  of  Anti- 
Rentism  in  New  York. 

1840.  Establishment  of  In¬ 
dependent  Treasury. 


1839.  The  British  take 
possession  of  Ghuzni  and 
Cabul  in  Afghanistan. — 
Outbreak  of  opium  war 
with  China. 

The  rise  of  the  Chart¬ 
ist  agitation. 

1840.  The  uniform  penny 
postage  system  estab¬ 
lished. 

Marriage  of  Queen 
Victoria  to  Prince  Al¬ 
bert  of  Saxe -Coburg. 

War  in  Syria:  Great 
Britain  taking  part  with 
Austria  and  Turkey 
against  Mehemet  Ali  of 
Egypt.  Lord  Palmer¬ 
ston’s  foreign  policy 
excites  the  ill-will  of 
France,  Chartist  riots. 

1841.  W.  H.  Harrison, 

9th  president. 

He  dies  April  4. 

John  Tyler  succeeds 
him,  as  10th  president. 

Failure  of  the  attempt 
to  restore  the  United 
States  Bank  owing  to 
the  opposition  of  the 
president. 

1842.  The  Dorr  Insur-  1842.  The  war  with  China 
rection  in  Rhode  Island.  ended:  Hong-Kong 

ceded  to  Great  Britain; 
Chinese  ports  opened  to 
trade. 

British  disasters  in 
Afghanistan. 

Webster-Ashburton  Treaty  between  the  U.  S. 
and  England,  settling  the  northeastern  boundary. 
End  of  the  Seminole 


war. 


1845.  Texas  annexed  to 
the  United  States. 

Anti-rent  riots  in  New 
York. 

James  K.  Polk,  11th 
president. 

Florida  admitted. 


1846.  War  with  Mexico. 
Hostilities  commence 
the  Rio  Grande  .April  24. 
Battle  of  Palo  Alto, 
May  8. 

Battle  of  Resaca  de  la 
Palma,  May  9. 


ont 


1843.  Great  “Repeal” 
agitation  in  Ireland. 
The  giant  meeting  on 
Tara  Hill  and  the  arrest 
of  O’Connell. 

The  British  gain  pos¬ 
session  of  Scinde. 

1844.  Daniel  O  Connell’s 
trial  and  imprisonment 
—the  sentence  reversed 
by  the  House  of  Lords. 

1845.  Sir  John  Franklin 
sails  in  search  of  the 
Northwest  Passage. 

The  outbreak  of  the 
Sikh  war. 

1846.  Famine  in  Ireland; 
the  repeal  of  the  Com 
Laws. 


I846  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


193 


A.D. 


France. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1840 


Prince  Louis  Napoleon  at¬ 
tempts  a  hostile  descent 
on  the  coast  of  France, 
near  Boulogne — is  taken 
prisoner,  and  imprisoned 
at  Ham. 

Thiers  retires  :  Guizot 
minister  for  foreign 
affairs. 

The  remains  of  Napoleon 
removed  from  St.  Hele¬ 
na,  and  deposited  with 
great  honours  at  the 
Invalides,  in  Paris. 


1839.  Peace  between  France  and  Mexico. 

China: — The  opium  trade  forbidden. 

Turkey  at  war  with  Egypt.  The  Turks  crushed 
by  Ibrahim  Pasha  at  Nisib.  Mahmud  II.  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  Abdul  Medjid  who  formulates  reforms 
in  the  Hatji-sherif  of  Gulhane. 

India: — Ghuzni  taken  by  the  British. 

Denmark: — Christian  VIII.  succeeds. 

1840.  China: — Canton  blockaded  by  the  English,  to 
compel  the  renewal  of  the  opium  trade. 

Holland: — William  I.  abdicates.  William  II. 
succeeds. 

Syria: — Acre  taken  by  the  English,  Austrians, 
and  Turks. 

Spain: — Carlist  insurrection  suppressed. 


1841.  China: — Canton  taken  by  the  British. 

Mexico: — Santa  Anna  enters  the  capital  and 
places  himself  at  the  head  of  the  government. 
Spain: — Espartero  made  regent. 

Turkey: — Mehemet  Ali  recognized  as  hereditary 
ruler  of  Egypt. 


1842 


The  duke  of  Orleans,  heir 
to  the  throne,  killed  by  a 
fall  from  his  carriage. 


1842.  India: — British  withdraw  from  Afghanistan. 
Natal  taken  by  the  British. 

China: — Peace  with  Great  Britain;  Hong-Kong 
ceded. 


1843.  Spain: — The  Regent  Espartero  overthrown  by 
Narvaez.  Personal  rule  of  Isabella  II. 

Greece: — King  Otho  compelled  to  accept 
constitution,  Sept.  15. 

India: — Scinde  annexed  to  the  British  Empire. 


1844 


Successful 

Morocco. 


war 


with 


1846 


Louis  Napoleon  escapes 
from  Ham,  May  25. 


1846.  Poland: — An  unsuccessful  insurrection  at 
Cracow.  The  city  deprived  of  its  independence 
and  annexed  to  Austria. 

Rome: — Pius  IX.,  pope;  he  inaugurates  a 
liberal  era. 


194 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1846  A.D.— 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1846 


The  planet  Neptune  dis¬ 
covered. — Grote’s  His 
tory  of  Greece  begun. 


1848 


Appearance  of  Thackeray’s 
Vanity  Fair ,  Lowell’s 
Biglow  Papers, and  Mill’s 
Political  Economy.  Gold 
discovered  in  California. 


Formation  of  the  Freei 
Soil  Party. 

Extensive  emigration  from  Europe  to  America  during 
this  year,  particularly  from  Ireland. 

Wisconsin  admitted. 


1846.  The  Oregon  Treaty  with  Great  Britain,  settling 
the  Northwestern  Boundary,  signed  at  London., 
June  18. 

Commodore  Sloat 
takes  possession  of  Cali¬ 
fornia,  July  6. 

New  tariff  bill  passed 
establishing  ad  valorem 
duties. 

Capture  of  Monterey, 

September  24. 

Tampico  occupied  No¬ 
vember  14. 

Iowa  admitted. 

1847.  Battle  of  Buena 
Vista,  February  23. 

Vera  Cruz  surrenders, 

March  29. 

Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo, 

April  18. 

Battle  of  Contreras, 

August  20. 

Battle  of  Molinos  del 
Rey,  September  8. 

Battle  of  Chapultepec, 

September  13 

Mexico  surrenders, 

September  14. 

1848.  Treaty  of  Peacewith  1848.  Disorders  in  Ireland 
Mexico  signed  at  Guada-  Chartist  meeting  in 
loupe  Hildalgo,  Feb.  2.  London,  April  10. 

John  Mitchell  tried 
and  condemned  to  trans¬ 
portation,  May. 

Postal  convention  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain. 


1847.  Severe  famine  con¬ 
tinues  in  Ireland.  Large 
supplies  of  food  sent  from 
the  United  States;  ex¬ 
tensive  emigration. 

Death  of  O’Connell. 


Corpus  Act 
in  Ireland, 


Habeas 
suspended 
July. 

Smith  O’Brien  arrest¬ 
ed  and  condemned,  Aug. 
5. 


1848  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


!95 


A.D. 


France. 


Austria,  Prussia, 
etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1846.  Austria  takes 
possession  of  Cra¬ 
cow. 


1847 


Reform  banquets  in  Stras- 
burg,  Chartres,  etc. 

Michelet’s  lectures  inter¬ 
rupted  by  the  ministers, 
Dec. 

Abd-el-Kader  surrenders, 
Dec.  22. 


1847.  Prussia : — Fred  - 
erick  William  as¬ 
sembles  theUnited 
Diet. 


1847.  Hayti: — Soulouque,  presi¬ 
dent,  March  2. 

Sardinia: — Charles  Albert 
initiates  reforms. 

Algiers:  —  A  b  d  -e  1-K  a  d  e  r 
made  a  prisoner,  Dec.  22. 


1848 


Debate  on  the  Reform 
Bill,  Feb.  8. 

Proposed  banquet  at  Pa¬ 
ris,  abandoned,  Feb.  21. 

Revolution  commenced, 
Feb.  22. 

Barricades  erected,  Feb. 
23.  Guizot  dismissed. 

Louis  Philippe  abdicates 
and  flies,  Feb.  24. 

Provisional  government 
established. 

Lamartine,  provisional 
president,  Feb.  24. 

French  Republic  pro¬ 
claimed,  Feb.  27. 

Meeting  of  the  National 
Assembly,  May  4. 

Socialist  insurrection,  May 
15. 

Bloody  insurrection  in 
Paris,  June  23-26. 

Cavaignac,  military  dicta¬ 
tor,  June  24. 

Paris  in  a  state  of  siege. 

New  Constitution  adopted, 
Nov.  4. 

Louis  Napoleon  Bonaparte 
elected  president,  Dec. 

10. 


1848.  Revolution  in 
Vienna  and  fall  of 
Mettemich,  March 
13;  revolution  in 
Buda-Pesth,  Mar. 
15-17 ;  insurrection 
in  Berlin,  Mar.  18- 
•19;  German  Vor- 
parlament  meets  at 
Frankfort  Mar.  31  , 
Prussia  at  war 
with  Denmark  , 
April;  Emperor 
flees  from  Vienna, 
May  17 ;  insurrec¬ 
tion  at  Prague ; 
meeting  of  Hun¬ 
garian  National 
assembly,  July  5 ; 
Hungarians  p  re¬ 
pare  for  war  against 
Austria,  Sept  . ; 
They  defeat  the 
Croatian  Ban 

Jellachich,  Sept. 
29. 

Insurrection  at 
Vienna,  Oct.  6. 

The  emperor 
leaves  the  city . 
The  Hungarian 
army  advances 
within  6  miles  of 
Vienna,  Oct.  11. 
Windischgratz  ap¬ 
pointed  comman¬ 
der  of  the  imperial 
army. 


1848.  Italy: — Sicily  in  revolu¬ 
tion — Constitutions  granted  in 
Sardinia,  Tuscany,  and  Rome; 
Northern  Italy  rises  against 
Austria — Charles  Albert  of 
Sardinia  declares  war  against 
Austria  in  March;  the  Sar¬ 
dinians  defeated  at  Custozza 
in  July  and  Austrians  occupy 
Milan.  Insurrection  in 
Rome  against  the  pope,  and 
assassination  of  his  chief 
minister,  Rossi,  Nov. 

Bavaria: — Disturbances  on 
account  of  Lola  Montez — the 
king  abdicates  in  favor  of  his 
son,  Maximilian  II,  March  20. 

Denmark: — Frederick  VII., 
king;  revolt  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein,  March. 

Poland: — Unsuccessful  re¬ 
volt  at  Cracow,  April. 

Sicily  declares  itself  inde¬ 
pendent,  April. 

Holland  receives  a  constitu¬ 
tion,  April. 

Sicily: — The  duke  of  Genoa 
elected  king,  July  10. 

Armistice  signed  between 
Denmark,  Prussia,  and  Swe¬ 
den,  Aug.  26. 

Sicily: — Messina  bombarded 
and  taken,  by  the  royal  forces 
Sept.  7. 


196 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1848  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1849 


Emigration  from  Europe  to  America  during  this  year 
at  the  rate  of  1000  a  day. 

1849.  Zachary  Taylor,  12th 
president. 


1849.  Moultan,  in  India, 
taken  Jan.  2;  battle  of 
Gujerat  ends  Sikh  war; 
the  Punjab  is  annexed. 


1850  Great  agitation  on  the' 
Slavery  Question  in  the 
United  States  Congress. 
A  University  founded  at 
Sydney,  New  South 

Vv  3  1  PC 

Deaths  in  1850: 

U.  S.  A.  EUROPE. 

A.  Judson,  Wordsworth, 
S.  M.  Fuller,  Jeffrey, 

John  C.  Neander, 

Calhoun,  Louis 
Zachary  Philippe, 

Taylor.  Balzac, 

Rob’t  Peel, 

Woman’s  Rights  Conven¬ 
tion,  held  at  Worcester, 
Mass.,  Oct.  23. 


1850.  Death  of  President 
Taylor. 

Millard  Fillmore,  13th 
president. 

California  admitted. 
T exas  boundary  settled , 
by  the  payment  of 
10,000,000  dollars  to 
Texas. 

New  Mexico  and  Utah 
organized  as  Territories 

Bill  for  the  arrest  of 
fugitive  slaves  passed  by 
Congress. 

Slave  trade  in  the 
District  of  Columbia 
abolished. 


1850.  A  British  fleet  block¬ 
ades  the  ports  of  Greece, 
to  enforce  the  alleged 
claims  of  British  sub¬ 
jects. 

Haynau,  *  ‘  the  Aus¬ 
trian  butcher,  ’  ’  chastised 
by  the  draymen  in  Lon¬ 
don,  Sept. 


1850  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


197 


A.D. 

France. 

i 

Austria,  Prussia, 
etc. 

The  World,  elsewhere. 

' 

1848.  The  emperor 

issues  a  proclama¬ 
tion  against  Vien¬ 
na.  Hungarians 

driven  from  Vien¬ 
na,  October  30. 

The  Imperialists 
under  Windisch- 
gratz  stormVienna, 
Oct.  31. 

Ferdinand  abdi¬ 
cates,  Dec.  2. 

Francis  Joseph 
becomes  emperor. 

The  Prussian 

king  promulgates 
a  constitution. 

1849.  The  Frankfort 
Parliament  offers 
the  imperial  crown 
of  Germany  to  the 
Prussian  king  who 
declines.  Insur¬ 
rections  in  Dresden 
and  Baden  sup¬ 
pressed;  National 
Assembly  ends 
June  18;  armistice 
between  Denmark 
and  Prussia,  July 
10.  Russia  brings 
aid  to  Austria 
against  the  Hunga¬ 
rians,  Feb.;  Hun¬ 
garians  defeated  at 
Kapolna,  Feb.  26- 
27 ;  Hungary  de¬ 
clares  its  indepen¬ 
dence,  April  14 ; 
Haynau  crushes 
the  Hungarians  at 
Temesvar;  Gorgey 
capitulates  to  the 
Russians  at  Vila- 
gos,  Aug.  13;  the 
Hungarian  revo¬ 
lution  is  crushed. 

1849.  Italy: — Republic  pro¬ 

claimed  at  Rome  under  Maz- 
zini  and  others,  Feb.  8. 

The  grand  duke  ®f  Tuscany 
flies.  Provisional  govern¬ 

ment  proclaimed,  Feb.  9. 

Charles  Albert  of  Sardinia 
defeated  by  Radetsky,  March 
21 — again  totally  defeated  at 
Novara,  March  23,  he  abdi¬ 
cates  the  throne  in  favor  of  his 
son,  Victor  Emanuel  I. 

Insurrection  in  Genoa, 

April  1. 

Rome: — The  French  army, 
despatched  to  the  aid  of  the 
pope,  arrives  under  the  walls 
of  Rome,  April  29. 

Rome  surrenders  to  the 
French,  July  2.  Garibaldi 

leaves  the  city,  July  3. 

The  government  placed  in 
the  hands  of  the  pope’s  com¬ 
missioners,  Aug.  3. 

Venice  capitulates  to  Rad¬ 
etsky,  Aug.  22. 

Austrian  power  in  Northern 
Italy  re-established. 

1850 

*  1 

Louis  Philippe  dies  in  Eng¬ 
land. 

French  ambassador  re¬ 
called  from  London,  in 
consequence  of  a  diffi¬ 
culty  connected  with  an 
English  claim  on  Greece, 
May  16. 

New  electoral  law,  re¬ 
stricting  the  right  of 
suffrage,  passed,  May  31. 

Arrangement  with  Eng¬ 
land  on  the  Greek  dis¬ 
pute,  June  21. 

Dotation  Bill,  giving  the 
president  2  ,  16  0,000 
francs  ($405,000)  per 
annum,  passed,  June  24. 

1850.  Prussia: — The 
king  takes  the  oath 
required  by  the 
Constitution,  Feb. 
6.  Attempt  to 

assassinate  him , 

May  22. 

Treaty  signed  at 
Munich  between 
Austria,  Bavaria, 
Saxony,  and  Wiir- 
temberg,  to  main¬ 
tain  the  German 
Union,  Feb.  27. 

1850.  Rome: — The  pope  returns, 
April,  and  revokes  liberal 
constitution. 

Greece  disputes  the  claims 
of  Great  Britain  for  losses  of 
British  subjects:  is  forced  to 
submit. 

China: — Outbreak  of  the 
Taiping  rebellion. 

198 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1850  A.D.- 


a.d.  Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


1850  Northwest  Passage  dis¬ 
covered  by  Capt.#  Mc¬ 
Clure  in  the  Investigator 
Oct.  26.  Imprisoned  in 
the  ice  and  does  not 
reach  England  till  1854. 

The  British  consul  at 
Charleston  calls  the  at¬ 
tention  of  the  governor 
of  South  Carolina  to  a 
law  of  that  State,  under 
which  British  seamen 
(colored)  are  imprisoned 
when  they  enter  her 
ports  for  trade  or  in  dis¬ 
tress,  Dec. 

Appearance  of  Tennyson’s 
In  Memoriam;  Dickens’s 
David  Copperfield ;  Wag¬ 
ner’s  Lohengrin. 


1851 


Jas.  Richardson,  the  Afri¬ 
can  traveller,  dies  at  the 
village  of  Ungouratona, 
six  days  distant  from 
Kuka,  the  capital  of 
Bomou,  March  4. 

According  to  the  evi¬ 
dence  of  Mr.  Baines  be¬ 
fore  a  Committee  of  the 
House  of  Commons 
there  were  in  Great 
Britain  13,193  places  of 
worship  dissenting  from 
the  tenets  of  the  Es¬ 
tablished  Church,  to 
which  may  be  added 
Roman  Catholic  chap¬ 
els,  597,  minor  sects  and 
Tews,  550;  total  non -con¬ 
formist  churches,  14,340. 

Exhibition  of  the 
Works  of  Industry  of  all 
Nations, inaugurated  by 
Queen  Victoria,  May  1, 
at  the  Crystal  Palace. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1850.  The  Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty  with  England  in 
regard  to  an  inter- 
oceanic  canal. 

Disunion  Meetings 
held  at  Natchez  (many 
present  opposed  to  dis¬ 
union);  at  Yazoo  City 
(resolutions  proposed 
voted  down),  Oct.  7;  at 
Nashville  (this  conven¬ 
tion  passed  resolutions 
recommending  a  con¬ 
gress  of  slaveholding 
States),  Nov.  19. 

The  Advance  and 
Rescue ,  American  ves¬ 
sels  in  search  of  Sir 
J.  Franklin,  completely 
fastened  in  the  ice,  Sept. 
13.  In  their  northerly 
drift  reach  lat.  75°  23', 
Oct.  1. 

Conventions  held  to 
amend  the  Constitutions 
of  the  States  of  Indiana 
(Oct.  7),  Virginia  (Oct. 
14),  Maryland  (Nov.  4), 
New  Hampshire  (Nov. 
6). 

Narcisso  Lopez  and 
others  tried  at  New  Or¬ 
leans  for  engaging  in  an 
expedition  against  Cuba, 
Dec.  17. 

W  ebster  replies  to 
Hiilsemann  on  the  rights 
of  neutral  nations,  Dec. 
21. 


1850.  Searches  for  Sir  J. 
Franklin — the  North 
Star  returns  to  Spithead 
unsuccessful,  Sept.  28. 
The  Prince  Albert  ar¬ 
rives  at  Aberdeen  with 
the  intelligence  that 
traces  of  his  party  had 
been  found  at  Cape 
Reilly  and  Beechy  Isl¬ 
and,  _  at  the  entrance  to 
Wellington  Channel,  Oct. 
1. 

Appointment  by  the 
pope  of  several  Roman 
Catholic  bishops  and 
archbishops  in  England 
causes  great  excitement, 
and  an  indignant  letter 
from  Lord  Russell,  the 
premier,  Nov. 


1851.  Lopez  lands  in  Cuba 
at  the  head  of  a  filibus¬ 
tering  expedition;  is 
captured  and  executed. 

General  Quitman  of 
Mississippi  arrested  for 
alleged  violation  of  the 
neutrality  law  of  1818, 
by  setting  on  foot  a 
military  expedition 
against  Cuba.  Heresigns 
his  office  of  governor, 
Feb.  3. 

Initial  point  of  the 
boundary  between  the 
United  States  and  Mexi¬ 
co  established  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Rio 
Grande  del  Norte,  in  32° 
22'  north  latitude,  and 
219.4  meters  from  the 
centre  of  the  bed  of  the 
river,  April  24. 


1851.  A  strong  force  of 
Kaffirs  attacks  Fort 
White,  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  and  are  repulsed. 
The  Kaffir  chief,  Her- 
manus,  attacks  Fort 
Beaufort,  but  is  re¬ 
pulsed,  he  and  his  son 
killed,  his  band  com¬ 
pletely  routed.  3000 
Kaffirs  attack  the  colo¬ 
nists  and  their  allies  near 
Fort  Hare;  driven  back 
with  the  loss  of  100  killed, 
Jan.  Col.  Somerset 
captures  and  bums  Fort 
Armstrong,  Feb.  23. 
Tne  Hottentots  of  the 
Theopolis  Mission  Sta- 
tionin  Lower  Albany  join 
in  the  insurrection,  May 
31.  They  are  defeated 
in  actions  with  the  Eng¬ 
lish  troops  on  the  3d  and 
5th  of  June. 


1 85  I  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


199 


A.D. 


France. 


Austria,  Prussia,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1851 


Presidential  Dotation  Bill, 
proposing  an  additional 
grant  of  1,800,000 
francs,  rejected  in  the 
Assembly,  Feb.  18. 


The  Sub -Committee  of  the 
Assembly,  appointed  by 
the  Committee  of  Re¬ 
vision  of  the  Constitu¬ 
tion  to  authenticate 
petitions,  reports  that 
up  to  July  1  the  petitions 
had  been  signed  by 
1,123,165  persons  thus 
classfied:  For  revision, 
741,011;  for  revision  and 
p-r^ongation  of  powers, 
370,511;  for  prolonga¬ 
tion  of  powers,  12,103-— 
July  5. 


1850.  Turkey: — Insurrec¬ 
tion  in  Bosnia. 


1850.W  urtemberg  denoun 
ces  the  ambition  of  the 
king  of  Prussia,  and 
announces  a  league  be¬ 
tween  Wurtemberg,  Ba 
varia,  and  Saxony,  un¬ 
der  the  sanction  of 
Austria,  March  15.  The 
Union  Parliament 
meets  at  Erfurt  in 
M  rch  and  April. 

Treaty  of  peace  between  Prussia  and  Denmark, 
July  2. 

Prussia  refuses  to  join 


of 


Denmark: — Bloody  bat¬ 
tle  of  Idstedt,  be¬ 
tween  the  Danes  and 
Schleswig-Holsteiners, 
July  25. 


the  restricted  Diet 
Frankfort,  Aug.  25. 

Difficulties  occurring 
in  Hesse-Cassel,  between 
the  elector  and  his  peo¬ 
ple,  in  regard  to  the 
mode  of  taxation,  Aus¬ 
tria  and  Prussia  re 
spectively  send  armies 
to  the  Electorate  to  take 
opposite  parts  in  the 
struggle,  Sept.-Nov. 

Austrian  ultimatum 
delivered  at  Berlin,  di¬ 
recting  that  Prussia 
evacuate  Hesse  in  eight 
days,  dissolve  the  Er 
furt  League,  and  recog¬ 
nize  the  Diet,  etc.,  re¬ 
plied  to  by  the  Prussian 
king’s  signing  the  order 
calling  out  the  whole 
military  force  of  the 
monarchy,  Nov.  6 
Prussian  prestige 
overthrown  by  Austria 
at  the  conference  of 
Olmutz,  Nov.  29. 

'  1851.  Denmark: — Schles¬ 
wig-Holstein  yields  to 
the  Commissioners 
of  the  Germanic  Con¬ 
federation,  Jan.  10. 
1851. The Austriangovemment  and  the  Ottoman  Porte 
come  to  the  following  settlement  respecting  the 
Hungarian  refugees:  Full  and  entire  amnesty  con¬ 
ditioned  on  their  not  attempting  to  enter  Hungary. 
Eight  excepted,  among  them  Kossuth  and  Bat- 
thyany,  Feb.  17. 


Charles  L.  Brace,  an 
American,  arrested  and 
imprisoned  in  Hungary 
on  a  charge  of  fomenting 
revolution,  May  23. 

Unveiling  of  Rauch’s 
colossal  statue  of  Fred¬ 
erick  the  Great,  at  Ber¬ 
lin,  May  31. 


Australia : — Discovery 
of  large  gold  fields  near 
Bathurst,  Feb. 

East  Indies: —  Fort  of 
the  celebrated  pirate 
sultan  of  Sulu  destroyed 
by  the  Spanish  govern¬ 
ment  of  Manilla,  Feb.  28. 


200 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1851  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain 


1851  Wyld’s  monster  globe 
erected  in  London;  em¬ 
ployed  300  men  nearly 
30  days  in  fitting  up  the 
interior. 

The  lord  mayor  of  London, 
with  several  of  the  alder¬ 
men  and  common  coun- 
cilmen,  the  royal  com¬ 
missioners  of  the  Expo¬ 
sition  of  Industry,  etc., 
and  the  executive  com¬ 
mittee  of  the  royal  com¬ 
missioners,  leave  Eng¬ 
land  for  France,  by 
invitation  of  the  prefect 
of  the  Seine. — Aug.  1. 

T  he  inauguration  of  the  rail  - 
way  between  St.  Peters¬ 
burg  and  Moscow,  in 
Russia, takes  place  Sept. 
1. 

The  town  of  Lagos,  on  the 
coast  of  Africa,  destroy¬ 
ed  by  an  English  force, 
because  the  native  chief 
refused  to  sign  a  treaty 
for  the  effectual  sup¬ 
pression  of  the  slave 
trade  in  his  domimjons. 
The  chief  is  deposed, 
and  another  substituted 
in  his  place,  Dec.  26-27. 


Deaths  in  1851. 


U.  S. 


J.  J.  Audu¬ 
bon, 

S.  Olin, 

J.  F.  Cooper, 

T.  H.  Gal- 
laudet, 

S.  G.  Morton. 


Lord  Bexley 
Joanna 
Baillie, 
Codrington, 
Sheil, 
Lingard, 
Daguerre, 
Soult, 
Oersted, 
Jacobi, 
Turner. 
Ruskin  begins  publication 
of  Stor.es  of  Venice; 
Helmholtz  invents  the 
ophthalmoscope. 


Europe. 


1851.  Presidentissuesapro- 
clamation,  warning  all 
persons  within  the  juris¬ 
diction  of  the  United 
States  not  to  aid  or  en¬ 
gage  in  any  expedition 
against  the  Island  of 
Cuba,  April  25. 

Convention  of  dele¬ 
gates  from  the  Southern 
Rights  Associations  of 
South  Carolina  meets  at 
Charleston,  May  5;  and 
adjourns  after  resolving 
that,  “with  or  without 
co-operation, they  are  for 
a  dissolution  of  the 
Union,  ”  May  8. 

Erie  Railroad  opened 
from  New  York  City  to 
Dunkirk,  469  miles,  by 
President  Fillmore, 
Daniel  Webster,  etc., 
May  15. 

Serious  conflagrations 
in  California.  San  Fran¬ 
cisco  alone  suffers  by 
them  in  May  and  June 
to  the  amount  of 
$12,000,000.  • 
“Vigilance  commit¬ 
tee”  at  San  Francisco, 
enforces  order  by  sum¬ 
mary  execution. 

Nicaragua  route,  be¬ 
tween  New  York  and 
San  Francisco,  opened, 
Aug.  12. 

Great  riot  in  New 
Orleans,  growing  out  of 
the  Cuban  expedition 
Houses  of  Spanish  resi¬ 
dents  attacked.  The 
Spanish  consul  is  obliged 
to  ask  protection,  and  is 
placed  in  the  city  prison 
for  safety,  Aug.  21. 

Riot,  with  loss  of  life 
at  Christiana,  Pa.,  upon 
an  attempt  to  arrest  a 
fugitive  slave,  Sept.  11. 

U.  S.  brig  Dolphin 
sails  on  an  expedition  to 
run  a  line  of  soundings 
for  telegraphic  purposes 
across  the  Atlantic,  Oct. 

U.  S.  steam  frigate 
Mississippi  sent  to  Tur¬ 
key  for  Kossut  h ,  receives 
him  on  board  in  the 
Dardanelles.  The 
French  government  re¬ 
fuses  to  allow  Kossuth 
to  pass  through  France. 


1851.  The  Russell  Ministry 
resign,  Feb.  22;  but  after¬ 
wards  resume  office,  the 
Earl  of  Derby  not  hav¬ 
ing  succeeded  in  forming 
a  Cabinet. 

Hostilities  with  the 
Burmese. 

1851.  “The  great  aggregate 
meeting”  of  Roman 
Catholics,  from  all  parts 
of  the  United  Kingdom, 
for  the  inauguration  01 
the  Catholic  defence  as¬ 
sociation,  is  held  at 
Dublin,  Aug.  19. 

The  American  yacht 
11  America,”  at  the  re¬ 
gatta  at  Cowes,  wins 
“  The  cup  of  all  nations,” 
Aug.  22. 

Kossuth  arrives  by 
English  steamer  from 
Gibraltar,  at  Southamp¬ 
ton,  Eng.  Ovations  are 
offered  him  in  various 
parts  of  the  country. 
He  leaves  for  the  United 
States,  Nov. 

The  submarine  tele¬ 
graph  between  Dover 
and  Calais  completed 
Oct.  17.  Opened  for 
public  use,  Nov.  13. 


1851  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


201 


A.D. 


France. 


Austria,  Prussia,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1851 


Revolution:  Louis  Napo¬ 
leon  by  a  coup  d’etat 
seizes  the  reins  of  gov¬ 
ernment;  dissolves  the 
National  Assembly;  de¬ 
clares  a  state  of  siege; 
arrests  the  leaders  of  the 
opposition;  consti¬ 
tutes  an  entire  new 
ministry.  The  president 
orders  the  restoration  of 
universal  suffrage;  an 
immediate  election  by 
people  and  army  of  a 
president  to  hold  office 
for  ten  years,  to  be  sup¬ 
ported  by  a  Council  of 
State  and  two  houses  of 
Legislature.  The  vote  of 
the  army  shows  a  large 
majority  for  Napoleon. 
Resistance  to  the  usur¬ 
pation  is  shown  in 
various  parts  of  France, 
but  the  overwhelming 
power  of  the  army  and 
a  “state  of  siege’’  in  33 
departments  crushes  all 
opposition.  The  election, 
under  various  controll¬ 
ing  influences,  results  in 
the  confirmation  of  Na¬ 
poleon  as  president  for 
ten  years,  by  a  vote  of 
about  seven  out  of  eight 
millions. — Dec.  2-21. 


1851.  The  Germanic  Diet 
in  answer  to  Lord 
Palmerston’s  protest 
against  annexing  the 
non-Germanic  provin¬ 
ces  of  Austria  to  the 
Germanic  Federation, 
says,  “That  no  foreign 
interference  should  be 
allowed  in  a  purely 
German  question.” — 
July  17. 

Marshal  Radetzky, 
by  proclamation  from 
Monza, 'declares  the  Lom- 
bardo-Venetian  king¬ 
dom  to  be  in  a  state  of 
siege,  July  19. 

The  emperor  of 
Austria  urges  the  minis¬ 
ter  president  to  take 
“into  ripe  and  serious 
consideration  the  possi¬ 
bility  of  carrying  out  the 
Constitution  of  March 
4,  1849.”— Aug.  20. 

Louis  Kossuth  and  35 
of  his  countrymen  sen¬ 
tenced  to  death  in  con¬ 
tumaciam,  at  Pesth,  for 
not  appearing  after  cita¬ 
tion,  Sept.  22. 


1851.  Hawaii: — The  diffi¬ 
culties  between  the  Ha¬ 
waiian  and  French 
governments  are  ar¬ 
ranged  according  to  the 
terms  of  a  “mutual  de¬ 
claration,”  published  at 
Honolulu,  March  25. 

New  Granada: — Con¬ 
gress  abolishes  slavery 
in  the  republic,  to  take 
effect  January  1,  1852. 
— May  29. 

Italy: — A  n  earth- 
quake  destroys  Melfi,  a 
city  of  10,000  inhabi¬ 
tants,  about  100  miles 
S.  E.  of  Naples,  and 
other  towns  in  its  vi¬ 
cinity.  Seven  shocks 
occurred  within  24 
hours.  Melfi  was  sepa¬ 
rated  by  a  ravine  from 
Mount  Vulture,  upon 
which  are  many  extinct 
craters.  Not  less  than 
3000  persons  supposed 
to  have  perished. — July 
14. 

Russia: — Her  troops 
repeatedly  defeated  by 
the  Circassians.  — June. 

Nicaragua  : — Gen. 
Munoz,  ex-minister  of 
war,  deposes  President 
Pineda,  and  sends  him 
and  most  of  his  cabinet 
prisoners  to  Tigre  Isl¬ 
ands  and  makes  Albau- 
naz  president.  The 
Senate  assembles  at 
Grenada,  and  elects 
Montenegro,  president 
Aug.  4. 

West  Indies: —  Volca¬ 
nic  eruptions  from  eight 
craters  in  the  mountains 
of  Martinique,  Aug.  5. 


202 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1851  A.D. 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1851.  Kossuth  arrives  at 
New  York  in  December. 
Ovations  are  offered  him 
in  the  principal  cities  of 
the  Union.  He  has  an 
interview  with  the  presi¬ 
dent  and  addre  jses 
Congress. 

Principal  room  of 
the  library  of  Congress 
destroyed  by  fire,  to¬ 
gether  with  paintings, 
statuary,  models,  and 
about  35,000  volumes  of 
books,  Dec.  24. 

Immigration,  June  1, 
1850,  to  Dec.  31,  1851, 
558,000. 


1852  Immigration  into  Cali¬ 
fornia,  from  Asia 
is  so  large  as  +o  require 
special  legislation.— April. 

Telegraphs  across  the  Eng¬ 
lish  Channel. 

First  national  agricultural 
convention  assembles 
at  Washington,  D.  C., 
consisting  of  151  mem¬ 
bers,  representing  22 
States,  and  the  District 
of  Columbia;  organized 
by  the  choice  of  Marshal 
P.  Wilder,  of  Mass., 
president.  June  24. 

At  Stafford  House  in  Lon¬ 
don,  some  English  ladies, 
headed  by  the  Duchess  of 
Sutherland,  adopt  an 
address  to  the  women  of 
America  on  the  subject 
of  negro  slavery.  It 
subsequently  receives: 
576,000  signatures.  Nov 
26. 

Punishment  of  death  re¬ 
stored  in  Tuscany. 


1852.  Deputations  from 
the  various  States,  m 
behalf  of  the  Irish  exiles , 
wait  upon  President 
Fillmore — Jan.  23. 

The  Ohio  State  House 
entirely  consumed  by 
fire. 

Gold  medal  presented 
to  Henry  Clay  by  citi¬ 
zens  of  New  York,  Feb. 
10. 

Memorial  presented  to 
House  of  Representa¬ 
tives  of  California,  from 
1218  citizens  of  South 
Carolina  and  Florida, 
asking  permission  “to 
colonize  a  rural  district 
with  a  population  of 
not  less  than  2000 
slaves.’’  Feb.  10. 

Southern  Rights  con¬ 
vention  at  Montgomery, 
Ala.,  passes  resolutions 
against  making  resist¬ 
ance  to  the  compromise 
measures  an  issue  of 
their  party,  and  against 
intervention,  March  5. 


1852.  Lord  Granville,  in 
relation  to  the  firing  on 
the  American  steamer 
Prometheus  by  the  Brit¬ 
ish  man-of-war  Express, 
states  to  Mr.  Lawrence, 
for  the  information  of 
his  government,  that 
her  majesty’s  govern¬ 
ment  entirely  disavow 
the  act.  Jan.  10. 

Dr.  Rae  returns  un¬ 
successful  from  his 
search  for  Sir  John 
Franklin,  down  the 
Mackenzie  River,  and 
from  its  mouth  eastward 
500  miles.  He  was  sent 
out  in  the  spring  of  1851 
Iqy  the  Hudson’s  Bay 
Company.  Feb. 

British  troops  occupy 
Rangoon  in  Burmah, 
April  14. 


1852  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


203 


A.D. 


France. 


Austria,  Prussia,  etc.  j  The  World,  elsewhere. 


1651.  Cuba:  —  Expedition 
against  Cuba  under  Gen¬ 
eral  Narcisso  Lopez,  500 
strong,  sails  from  New 
Orleans,  Aug.  3,  and 
Key  West,  10th;  effects 
a  landing  at  Cubanos, 
11th;  is  routed  on  the 
20th.  Lopez  is  taken, 
29th,  and  publicly  gar¬ 
rotted,  Sep.  1.  His  fol¬ 
lowers  shot  or  condemn¬ 
ed  to  ten  years’  labor  in 
Spain.  The  funeral 
obsequies  of  the  Span¬ 
iards  and  Cubans  who 
fell  in  the  contest  with 
Lopez  are  celebrated 
with  great  pomp  at  the 
Cathedral  in  Havana. 
$70,000  are  subscribed 
by  the  inhabitants  of 
Havana,  for  the  benefit 
of  their  widows  and 
children,  Sept.  9. 

Mexico:  —  General 
Mariana  Arista  inaugu¬ 
rated  president,  Jan.  15; 
Canales,  Carvajal,  and 
others  issue  pronuncia- 
mentos  against  the 
general  government. 
Some  fighting  follows 
with  varied  success. 
Sept.— Oct  .-Nov. 


1852  President  Bonaparte  or¬ 
ders  the  confiscation  of 
the  Orleans  property, 
Jan.  22. 

.  President  Bonaparte  com¬ 
mences  his  tour  through 
Southern  France,  Sept. 
16.  Visits  the  Chateau 
D’Amboise,  and  releases 
Abd-el-Kader,  who  had 
been  a  prisoner  for  five 
years,  Oct.  10.  Returns 
to  Paris,  making  a  pom¬ 
pous  entry  into  the  city, 
Oct.  16. 

A  decree  of  the  president 
convokes  the  Senate  for 
Nov.  4,  for  the  purpose 
of  deliberating  on  the 
restoration  of  the  em¬ 
pire.  Oct.  19. 


1S52.  Argentine  Confedera¬ 
tion: —  General  Urquiza 
completes  the  passage  of 
the  Parana  and  prepares 
to  approach  Buenos  Ay¬ 
res,  Jan.  8.  Battle  of 
Santos  Lugares,  (Mon¬ 
te  Caseros.)  between 
Urquiza  and  Rosas,  re¬ 
sults  in  the  total  defeat 
of  Rosas  and  his  flight  to 
England,  Feb.  3.  During 
the  night  the  city  is 
saved  from  pillage  by 
detachments  from  the 
various  ships  of  war  of 
all  nations  in  the  harbor. 
The  allied  army  enters 
Buenos  Ayres,  Feb.  18. 

— Urquiza,  director 
of  the  Argentine  Con¬ 
federation,  deposed. 
Sept.  1  1  . — B  u  e  n  o  s 
Ayres  leaves  the  Argen¬ 
tine  Confederation. 

— The  Chamber  of 
Representatives  of 
Buenos  Ayres  declares 
the  river  Parana  open  to 
the  navigation  of  all 
nations,  Oct.  13. 


1852.  The  emperor  of 
Russia  visits  the  em¬ 
peror  of  Austria  at 
Vienna,  May  8. 


204 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1852  A.D.— 


A.D. 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

United  States. 

Great  Britain. 

1852 

Deaths  in  1852. 

U.  S.  Europe. 

H.  Clay,  Thos. Moore, 

D.  Webster,  Schwart- 
S.  Nott,  zenberg, 

M.  Stuart,  Pradier, 

D.  Drake,  Wellington, 

J.  H.  Paine,  Dr.Mantell, 

H.Greenough,  D’Orsay, 
Amos  Law-  Lee, 
rence,  Gioberti. 

P.  Milledoler, 

J.  Vanderlyn, 

J.L. Kingsley, 

J.P.  Norton, 

HoseaBallou. 

Appearance  of  Uncle 

Tom's  Cabin. 

1852.  Kossuth  continues  to 
be  feted  in  different 
cities,  and  finally  quits 
the  country  under  the 
name  of  Alexander 
Smith,  July  16. 

Henry  Clay  dies,  June 
29.  Obsequies  cele¬ 

brated  at  New  York, 
July  20. 

Daniel  Webster  dies, 
Oct.  24.  Funeral  solem¬ 
nities  celebrated  at  Bos¬ 
ton,  Nov.  15. 

The  United  States 
declines  the  tri -partite 
convention  respecting 
Cuba  proposed  by  Eng¬ 
land  and  France,  Dec.  1. 

Immigration,  375,000. 

1852.  Submarine  telegraph 
wires  coated  with  gutta 
percha  laid  across  St. 
George’s  Channel  from 
Holyhead,  a  distance  of 
eighty  miles,  completing 
the  communication  be¬ 
tween  London  and  Dub¬ 
lin.  June  1. 

Queen  Victoria  issues 
her  proclamation  against 
“  Roman  Catholic  eccles¬ 
iastics, wearing  the  habit 
of  their  order,  exercising 
the  rites  and  ceremonies 
of  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion  in  highways  and 
places  of  public  resort.” 
June  15. 

Duke  of  Wellington 
dies,  Sept.  14.  His  ob¬ 
sequies  take  place  in 
London,  Nov.  18. 

Fall  of  the  Protection¬ 
ist  ministry  of  Lord 
Derby  and  Mr.  D’ Israeli, 
after  an  existence  of 
nine  months,  Dec.  17. 

By  a  decree  of  thegov- 
vernor  general  of  British 
India,  the  province  of 
Pegu  (Burmau)  is  an¬ 
nexed  to  tne  British 
dominions.  Dec. 

• 

1852  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


205 


A.D. 

France. 

The  World,  elsewhere. 

1852 

The  Senate  decrees  the  re¬ 
establishment  of  the  em¬ 
pire,  subject  to  the  rati¬ 
fication  of  the  people, 
Nov.  7.  The  vote  is 

taken  throughout  France 
and  Algeria.,  Nov.  21 
and  22;  result — 7,824,- 
129  in  favor  of  re-estab¬ 
lishing  the  empire 
against  253,149  negative 
and  63.126  void  ballots. 

At  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  in 
Paris,  Louis  Napoleon  is 
publicly  proclaimed  Em¬ 
peror  of  the  French,  un¬ 
der  the  name  of  Napo¬ 
leon  III.,  Dec.  2. 

1852.  Greece: — Signing  of  a  convention  in  London  by 
England,  France,  Prussia,  Bavaria,  and  Greece  in 
reference  to  the  affairs  of  Greece.  Nov.  18. 

Hawaii: — Eruption  of  Mauna  Loa;  lasts  several 
weeks.  Feb. 

India: — The  British  take  Prome  in  Burmah, 
October  9. 

Italy: — The  punishment  of  death  is  re-established 
in  Tuscany,  for  treason,  crimes  against  religion, 
murder,  and  robbery  with  violence,  Nov.  10. 

— The  pope  addresses  a  letter  to  the  king  of 
Sardinia,  strongly  adverse  to  the  bill  under  con¬ 
sideration  in  the  Piedmontese  parliament,  per¬ 
mitting  marriages  without  religious  ceremonies; 
it  is  consequently  withdrawn  by  the  ministry, 
Dec.  20. 

— At  Rome,  Bishop  Ives,  or  North  Carolina,  U.S., 
formerly  an  Episcopalian,  is  received  into  the 
Catholic  Church  by  the  pope,  Dec.  26. 

Liberia: — President  Roberts  attacks  and  gains 
possession  of  the  native  chief  Boyer’s  principal 
town,  Jan.  15. 

Mexico: — Carvajal  attacks  Camargo  and  is 
defeated,  Feb.  21. 

A  French  filibustering  expedition  under  Raous- 
set  de  Boulbon  in  Sonora  is  defeated  at  Her- 
mosillo,  Nov.  1. 

Spain: — Murderous  assault  on  the  queen  by  a 
priest,  Feb.  2. 

Switzerland: — The  Canton  of  Ticino  suppresses 
the  order  of  Capuchin  monks,  and  expels  all  of  that 
order  under  65  years  of  age,  Nov. 

Turkey: — War  breaks  out  between  the  Turks 
and  Montenegrins,  Dec.  15. 

206 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1853  A.D. 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1853  Firmans  accorded  to  all 
subjects  of  the  Porte 
(not  Mussulmans)  con¬ 
firming  their  religious 
rights,  June. 

The  first  Norwegian  rail¬ 
way  opened,  July  4. _ 

The  American  expedition 
under  Com.  Matthew 
Galbraith  Perry  arrives 
in  Japan,  July  8.  On  the 
14th  he  lands  and  deliv¬ 
ers  to  the  imperial  com¬ 
missioners  the  letterfrom 
the  American  president. 

The  first  Presbyterian 
Chinese  church  organ¬ 
ized  at  San  Francisco, 
U.  S„  Nov. 

Cholera  prevails  in  Europe. 

Several  new  asteroids  dis¬ 
covered. 

Deaths  in  1853: 


U.  S. 


Europe. 


C.B. Adams, 
Junius  Smith, 
W.  R.  King, 
B.  Bates, 

Sim.  Green- 
leaf. 


Tieck, 

Arago, 

Von  Buch, 
Mrs.  Opie, 
Ralph 
Wardlaw. 


1853.  Adverse  decision  of 
Napoleonlll.,  arbiter  be¬ 
tween  the  United  States 
and  Portugal,  in  case  of 
the  General  Armstrong, 
read  at  Washington,  Jan. 
17. 

Franklin  Pierce  and 
William  R.  King  de¬ 
clared  duly  elected 
president  and  vice- 

f resident  for  four  years 
rom  4th,  March  next, 
Feb.  9. 

Departure  of  Kane’s 
Expedition  in  search  of 
Franklin,  May  31. 

Important  amend¬ 
ments  to  the  city  charter 
of  New  York,  restraining 
the  power  of  municipal 
officers  in  money  matters 
adopted,  June  7. 

The  Koszta  affair,  in¬ 
volving  the  United 
States  and  Austria, 
July-Sept. 

Crystal  Palace  at  New 
York  opened  in  the  pres¬ 
ence  of  the  president  of 
theUnited  States  July  14. 

Remaining  portion 
of  “Table  Rock,  ”  at  the 
Falls  of  Niagara,  breaks 
off,  Sept.  9. 

Great  Republic,  clipper 
of  4,000  tons,  largest 
merchantman  in  the 
world,  launched  at  East 
Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  4. 

Captain  Gunnison  and 
party  massacred  by  the 
Indians  in  Utah,  Oct.  26. 

Yellow  fever  epidemic 
in  the  States  bordering 
on  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
carries  off  from  12,000  to 
15,000  persons. 

Bedini,  the  papal 
nuncio,  tries  to  influence 
the  Roman  Catholic 
laity  to  give  up  their 
church  property  to  the 
bishops,  but  does  not 
succeed.  He  quits  the 
country. 

The  Gadsden  Pur¬ 
chase  concluded  with 
Mexico,  Dec.  30. 

Immigration,  368,000. 


1853.  Kaffir  chiefs  send 
in  their  submission  to 
General  Cathcart,  there¬ 
by  closing  the  war  in 
South  Africa,  Feb.  10. 
Peace  concluded,  March 
9. 

Doncaster  church, 
built  in  1070,  destroyed 
by  fire,  Feb.  28. 

Warlike  stores,  sup¬ 
posed  to  be  for  Kossuth, 
seized,  April  14. 

Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe, 
authoress  of  Uncle 
Tern's  Cabin  received  at 
Stafford  House  by  many 
of  the  nobility  and 
statesmen  of  England, 
May  7. 

Dublin  Industrial  Ex¬ 
hibition  opened,  May  12. 

The  English  and 
French  fleet  co-operate 
in  the  East. 

The  “  strike”  at 
Stockport  ceases,  and 
20,000  men  resume  labor, 
having  accomplished 
their  object,  an  advance 
of  ten  per  cent,  in  their 
wages,  August  8.  Sim¬ 
ilar  strikes  occur  at 
Leeds,  Kidderminster, 
and  other  cities. 

Queen  Victoria  visits 
Ireland,  Aug. 

Captain  Inglefield,  of 
the  Phoenix,  arrives 
from  the  Arctic  regions 
with  the  news  of  the 
discovery  of  the  North¬ 
west  Passage,  by  Cap¬ 
tain  McClure  of  the 
Investigator,  Oct.,  1850. 

The  first  stone  of  a 
Roman  Catholic  cathe¬ 
dral  laid  at  Shrewsbury, 
by  Bishop  Brown,  Dec. 
12. 

The  Dublin  Exhibi¬ 
tion  building  is  formally 
opened  as  a  winter  gar¬ 
den,  by  the  Lord  Lieu¬ 
tenant  and  the  Countess 
St.  Germains,  Dec.  15. 


1853  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


207 


A.D. 


France. 


Austria, 
Prussia,  etc. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


iS53  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prus¬ 
sia  at  last  acknowledge 
Napoleon  III.  emperor 
of  the  French,  Jan. 
Marriage  of  the  emperor 
and  Eugenie  de  Montijo, 
countess  de  Teba,  cele¬ 
brated  at  Cathedral  of 
Notre  Dame,  Paris, 
Jan.  29. 

General  St.  Priest,  ana 
many  other  legitimists, 
secretly  arrested  in 
Paris,  on  the  charge  of 
political  communication 
with  the  count  of  Cham- 
bord,  and  some  of  having 
sent  false  intelligence 
to  foreign  journals,  Feb. 
Application  is  made  by  the 
French  government  to 
the  English  for  Napo¬ 
leon’s  will,  Feb.  Sub¬ 
sequently  granted. 
Funeral  of  Mme.  Raspail 
at  Paris,  the  occasion 
of  a  formidable  socialist 
demonstration.  40,000 
persons  march  in  pro¬ 
cession  to  Pere  la  Chaise, 
March. 

Preparations  to  oppose 
Russia  in  her  preten¬ 
sions  in  the  East. 

Fleet  sent  to  Turkish 
waters,  March. 

A  peace  address,  signed  by 
4000  English  merchants, 
bankers,  and  traders,  is 
presented  to  Napoleon 
III.,  at  the  Tuileries. 
March. 

A  bill  restoring  capital 
punishment  forattempts 
on  the  life  of  the  em¬ 
peror,  or  to  subvert  the 
imperial  government,  is 
passed,  May. 

Plot  to  assassinate  the 
emperor,  while  on  his 
way  to  the  Opera  Com- 
ique,  discovered  at 
Paris,  July  7. 

The  duke  de  Nemours,  on 
behalf  of  the  entire 
Orleans  family,  effects  a 
reconciliation  with  the 
count  de  Chambord, 
Nov. 

A  plebiscite  declares  in 
favor  of  the  empire  by 
a  large  majority,  Nov. 
Unveiling  of  the  statue  of 
Marshal  Ney,  on  the  spot 
where  he  was  shot,  and 
the  anniversary  of  his 
execution,  Dec.  7. 


1853.  Austria 
offers  herself 
as  a  mediator 
between  the 
Turks  and 
Montene¬ 
grins,  Feb.  1. 

Attempt 
on  the  life  of 
emperor  of 
Austria  at 
the  ramparts 
of  Vienna, 
Feb.  IS. 

Baden  :  — 
Prof.  Gervi- 
nus  tried  for 
high  treason 
in  publishing 
his  Introduc¬ 
tion  to  the 
History  of 
19th  Century. 
Sentence,  ten 
months’  im¬ 
prisonment, 
and  book  to 
be  destroyed 
March  5. 

Prussia: — 
Democra  tic 
conspiracy 
discovered  at 
Berlin,  Mar. 
29. 


1853  Belgium: — Marriage  of  the  duke 
of  Brabant,  heir-apparent  of  the 
throne,  and  the  Archduchess  Maria, 
Aug.  22. 

Canada: — Gavazzi  lectures  at 
Quebec  and  Montreal;  riots  ensue; 
military  called  out;  June  6-9. 

— The  first  sod  of  the  European 
and  North  American  Railroad 
turned  at  St.  Johns,  Sept.  14. 

China: — Nankin  taken  by  the 
Taipings,  March  21.  Amoy  cap¬ 
tured,  May. 

Denmark: — Parliament  pro¬ 
rogued  and  a  “fundamental”  law 
issued,  by  which  the  government 
becomes  hereafter  an  absolute  one, 
July. 

Holland  : — The  first  chamber 
adopts  the  much -disputed  law  on 
religious  liberty,  Sept. 

India: — Battle  of  Donabew,  in 
Burmah:  Sir  J.  Cheape  conquers 
Pegu,  March. 

Italy: — An  insurrection  breaks 
out  at  Milan,  but  is  vigorously  sup¬ 
pressed  by  Radetsky,  Feb.  6.  The 
property  of  the  Lombardo -Venetian 
refugees  sequestered  till  they  can 
prove  they  are  not  implicated  in 
this  outbreak,  and  10,000  Ticinese 
expelled  from  Austrian  Italy,  Feb. 
26.  Protracted  diplomatic  contro¬ 
versies  between  Austria  and  both 
Sardinia  and  Switzerland  _  follow— 
Sardinia  solemnly  protesting,  April 
1.6. 

— The  pope  prohibits  the  circula¬ 
tion  of  Uncle  Toms  Cabin  in  his 
dominions,  May  10. 

Guerazzi  tried  at  Florence  for 
high  treason,  and  found  guilty, 
June  11. 

— New  church,  built  for  the  Wal- 
denses,  opened  and  consecrated  at 
Turin,  Dec.  15. 

Mexico: — New  revolution;  Arista 
resigns  the  presidency,  Jan. 

— Santa  Anna,  haying  been  elect¬ 
ed  president,  is  received  in _  Mexico 
with  great  enthusiasm,  April. 


208 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1853  A.D.— 


A.  D. 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

United  States. 

Great  Britain,  • 

1854 

Deputation  of  “Friends” 
presents  to  the  emperor 
of  Russia  a  peace  me¬ 
morial,  Feb. 

Complete  equality  before 
the  law  secured  to  all 
subjects  of  the  Porte, 
without  distinction  of 
creed,  by  treaty,  March. 

Commercial  treaty  con¬ 
cluded  between  the  U. 
S.  and  Japan,  March; 
this  is  the  opening  of  the 
modem  era  in  Japan. 

The  first  railway  is  opened 
in  Brazil,  the  emperor 
and  empress  being 
present  at  the  inaugura¬ 
tion,  April. 

1854.  The  steamer  San 
Francisco  founders  at 
sea;  240  U.  S.  troops 
washed  overboard ;  the 
rest  of  700  rescued  by 
the  Three  Bells,  Kilby, 
and  Antarctic,  Jan.  5. 

Astor  Library  opened 
for  use  of  the  public,  in 
New  York  City,  Jan.  9. 

Massachusetts  Emi¬ 
grant  Society  organized 
and  incorporated  by 
Eli  Thayer,  April  20. 

Mass  meetings  at 
Boston,  Feb.  23;  New¬ 
market,  N.  Ft.,  Feb.  27; 
New  York,  May  13, 
against  the  Kansas-Ne- 
braslca  bill,  which,  how¬ 
ever,  becomes  a  law, 
May  30. 

Leavenworth,  Kansas, 
founded,  June  13. 

1854.  Parliament  opened 
by  queen,  who  expresses 
a  desire  that  exertions 
for  an  amicable  settle¬ 
ment  of  the  Eastern 
difficulties  should  be 
persevered  in,  Jan.  31. 

The  queen  reviews 
the  fleet  on  its  departure 
for  the  Baltic,  March  11. 

Treaty  of  alliance  be¬ 
tween  England,  France, 
and  Turkey,  March  12. 

War  declared  against 
Russia,  March  28. 

A  day  of  humiliation 
and  prayer  observed, 
April  26. 

Launch  of  the  Royal 
Albert,  the  queen  chris¬ 
tening  the  vessel,  May 
13. 

Crystal  Palace  at  Sy¬ 
denham  opened  by  the 
queen,  June  10. 

1854  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


209 


A.D. 

Austria,  Prussia,  etc. 

The  World,  elsewhere. 

_ 

1853.  Spain: — New  and  stringent  law  against  liberty 
of  the  press  published,  Jan.  2. 

Switzerland: — Insurrection  in  Fribourg  by  the 
Jesuit  party  speedily  suppressed,  April. 

Persia: — Earthquakes  at  Shiraz  (12,000  lives 
lost),  May  9;  and  Teheran,  July  11. 

Venezuela:— Earthquake  at  Cumana;  600  per¬ 
sons  killed,  July  15. 

Peru: — Difficulty  at  Chincha  Islands  between 
Peruvian  commandant  and  American  shipmasters, 
Aug.  17. 

China: — Shanghai  taken  by  Taipings,  Sept.  7. 

Portugal: — Maria  II.  (queen)  dies,  Nov.  10. 
Succeeded  by  Pedro  V. 

Eastern  Affairs: — War  between  Turkey  and 
Russia. — Prince  Menschikoff  sent  by  the  emperor 
of  Russia  with  demands  which  are  rejected  by  the 
Porte  and  he  leaves  Constantinople,  May  21.  The 
Russians  cross  the  Pruth,  July  2.  The  Porte  ad¬ 
dresses  a  protest  to  the  Russian  cabinet  against 
the  occupation  of  the  Principalities,  July  14.  The 
Conference  of  Vienna  draw  up  the  celebrated 
“Vienna  Note,”  for  the  joint  acceptance  of  Russia 
and  Turkey,  July  26.  Russia  at  once  accepts; 
Turkey  requires  modifications,  Aug.  19;  which 
Russia  will  not  accede  to,  Sept.  14.  Military  con¬ 
gress  at  Olmiitz,  Sept.  20.  The  note  is  dropped. 
Sept.  30.  Turkey  declares  war  against  Russia, 
Oct.  23.  The  allied  French  and  English  fleet 
enter  the  Bosporus,  Oct.  25.  Hostilities  commenced 
on  the  Danube,  Oct.  30.  Turks  captilre  Fort  St. 
Nicholas  in  the  Black  Sea,  Oct.  31.  Turks  defeat 
Russians  at  Oltenitza,  Nov.  4.  Turkish  fleet  de¬ 
stroyed  at  Sinope  by  Russians,  Nov.  30.  The 
Vienna  Conference  continues  its  efforts  to  effect 
an  arrangement  between  the  belligerents,  Dec. 
Decided  manifestation  of  the  people  of  Constanti¬ 
nople  in  favor  of  war,  Dec.  21.  The  religious 
fanaticism  of  both  parties  is  aroused. 


1854 


Alliance,  offensive  and  de¬ 
fensive,  between  Aus¬ 
tria  and  Prussia,  signed 
April  20,  for  the  exclu¬ 
sion  of  Russia  from 
the  permanent  occupa¬ 
tion  of  the  Danubean 
principalities. 

By  agreement  with 
Turkey,  Austria  occupies 
the  Danubian  princi¬ 
palities,  June. 


I 


1854.  Brazil: — San  Salvador  destroyed  by  an  earth¬ 
quake,  causing  a  loss  of  200  lives,  and  $4,000,000 
of  property,  April  16. 

Canada: — Parliament  House  at  Quebec  burnt, 
including  government  library  and  philosophical 
apparatus,  Feb.  1. 

India: — The  Ganges  Canal,  a  work  of  great 
magnitude,  opened,  April  8. 

Mexico: — Battle  of  Guayamas,  between  a 
filibustering  expedition  under  count  de  Boulbon 
and  the  Mexicans,  July  13'  The  count  is  defeated, 
taken  prisoner,  and,  Aug.  12,  shot. 

Spain: — The  insurrection,  of  the  people  at  Ma¬ 
drid  against  the  Regent  Maria  Christina  (July  17) 
triumphs,  and  the  Rivas  ministry  resign,.  July  19. 
Espartero  enters  the  city,  and  is  received  with 
great  enthusiasm,  July  29. 

— Maria  Christina,  the  queen  mother,  leaves  Ma¬ 
drid  for  Portugal. 

Venezuela: — Slaves  emancipated,  April  25. 

Saxony: — King  Frederick  Augustus  II.  killed 
in  the  Tyrol  by  a  fall  from  his  carriage,  Aug.  9. 


210 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1854  A.D. 


a.d.  Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1854 


Deaths  in  1854: 

U.  S.:— 

N.  B.  Blunt,  Jacob  Bur¬ 
nett,  John  Davis,  Com. 
Downes,  J.  Harrington, 
last  survivor  of  battle 
of  Lexington,  Mrs.  E. 
Judson,  Bishop  Wain- 
wright. 

Europe: — 

Anglesey,  Cockbum,  E. 
Forbes,  Jameson,  Mait¬ 
land,  Melloni,  Mont¬ 
gomery,  Paixhans,  Pel- 
lico,  Plunkett,  Rubini, 
Schelling,  Mme.  Sontag, 
Mrs.  C.  Southey,  Tal- 
fourd,  Wilson,  St.  Ar- 
naud,  Denman,  Lock¬ 
hart. 

“Immaculate  Conception 
of  the  Virgin  ”  proclaimed 
as  a  dogma  by  the 
pope,  Dec.  8. 


1854.  San  Juan,  Nicaragua, 
bombarded  and  burnt  j 
by  the  U.  S.  sloop-of- 
war,  Cyane,  July  13. 

Lawrence,  Kansas, 
settled  by  anti-slavery 
men,  July  30. 

Giulia  Grisi  and  Giu¬ 
seppe  Mario,  the  two 
most  renowned  lyric 
artists  of  Europe,  arrive 
at  New  York,  Aug.  19. 

Cholera  prevails  June- 
Nov. ;  yellow  fever  pre¬ 
vails,  Aug. -Nov. 

Immigration  about 
500,000. 

Ostend  Manifesto  by 
the  American  ministers 
in  Europe,  Buchanan, 
Mason,  and  Sould,  call¬ 
ing  for  the  purchase  of 
Cuba  by  the  United 
States. 


1854.  Treaty  between  Ja¬ 
pan  and  Great  Britain. 

England  consents  to 
the  establishment  of  the 
Orange  River  republic, 
Feb.  23. 

Law  passed  for  the 
enlistment  of  foreigners 
in  the  British  service, 
Dec.  22. 


i 


1854  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


2  1 1 


a.d.  I  Eastern  Affairs. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1854 


The  Anglo-French  fleet  en¬ 
ters  the  Black  Sea,  Jan. 
5.  Turks  defeat  Rus¬ 
sians  at  Citate,  Jan.  6. 
Negotations  for  peace 
continue  through  the 
Vienna  Conference,  Jan. 
Russian  ambassadors 
quit  London,  Paris,  Feb. 
7.  English  and  French 
ambassadors  dismissed 
St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  16. 
England  and  France  re¬ 
solve  to  summon  Russia 
to  evacuate  the  Princi¬ 
palities  by  the  30th 
Anril,  Feb.  28.  Russians 
crossthe  Danube,  March. 
Treaty  of  alliance  con¬ 
cluded  between  England, 
France,  and  the  Porte, 
March  12.  Anglo-French 
ultimatum  forwarded  to 
St.  Petersburg.  Russia 
refuses  a  reply.  Eng¬ 
land  and  France  declare 
war  against  Russia, 
March  28.  Counter  dec¬ 
laration  of  war  by  Rus¬ 
sia  against  England  and 
France,  April  12.  Con¬ 
vention  between  Eng¬ 
land  and  France,  April 
18.  Odessa  bombarded, 
April  22.  Anglo-French 
fleet  scours  the  Baltic, 
May,  June.  Austro- 
Turkish  Convention, 
June  4.  Russians  raise 
the  siege  of  Silistria, 
June  22,  and  re-cross  the 
Danube,  July  7.  Rus¬ 
sians  defeated  by 
Turks  at  Rutschuk,  July 
12  and  13.  Are  com¬ 
pelled  to  evacuate  the 
Principalities  and  re¬ 
cross  the  Pruth,  Aug.  16. 
Bomarsund  capitulates 
to  the  allied  fleet  and 
French  army,  Aug.  16. 
Austrian  armies  enter 
the  Principalities,  Aug. 
23.  Allies  land  in  the 
Crimea,  Sept.  14.  De¬ 
feat  the  Russians  at  the 
Alma,  Sept.  20.  Com¬ 
mence  the  siege  of  Se¬ 
bastopol,  Sept.  28.  Fire 
opened,  Oct.  17.  Battle 
of  Balaklava,  Russians 
repulsed,  Oct.  25.  Bat¬ 
tle  of  Inkermann,  Rus¬ 
sians  again  repulsed, 
Nov.  5. 


212 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1855  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1855 


Panama  railroad  complet¬ 
ed,  first  train  on  it  Jan. 

28. 

Financial  panic  in  Califor¬ 
nia,  Feb. 

Suspension  Bridge  at 

Niagara  first  crossed, 
March  14. 

Difficulty  in  Phila.  about 
slaves  of  J.  H.  Wheeler 
of  N.  Carolina,  July  18. 

Bessemer’s  process  for 

manufacturing  steel, 
patented. 


Deaths  in  1855: 


U.  S.: 

S.  H.  Cone, 
Abbott  Law¬ 
rence, 

John  C. 
Spencer, 

T.  R.  Beck. 


Europe: 
Jos.  Hume, 
MissMitford 
Nicholas  I. 
Charlotte 
Bronte 
Lord  Raglan 
Sami.  Rog¬ 
ers, 

Ans.  Roths¬ 
child, 

Mickiewicz. 


1855.  Southern  Com¬ 
mercial  Convention  at 
New  Orleans,  Jan.  8. 

U.  S.  S.  Waterwitch 
fired  on,  on  the  Paraguay, 
Feb.  1. 

U.  S.  Dist.  Court  in 
Wisconsin  pronounces 
the  Fugitive  Slave  Law 
unconstitutional,  Feb.  3. 

Missourians  invade 
Lawrence  and  perpetrate 
frauds  at  the  elections 
for  a  legislature  in  Kan¬ 
sas. 

Free -State  convention 
at  Lawrence,  Kansas, 
Aug.  14. 

William  Walker  (fili¬ 
buster)  takes  possession 
of  Granada,  Nicaragua, 
Oct.  16. 

Kansas  Free-State 
convention  at  Topeka. 
Oct.  23,  draws  up  con¬ 
stitution. 

Proclamation  against 
filibustering  by  Presi¬ 
dent  Pierce,  Dec.  8. 

British  Arctic  vessel 
Resolute  found  and 
brought  to  New  London 
by  an  American  whaler, 
Dec.  23. 


1855.  Resignation  of  the 
Aberdeen  ministry,  Jan. 

29. 

Formation  of  the 
Palmerston  ministry, 
Feb. 

Visit  of  the  emperor 
and  empress  of  France, 
April  16. 

Introduction  of  Civil 
Service  Reform,  May  21. 

Death  of  Lord  Raglan, 
commander-in-chief  at 
Sebastopol,  June  28. 

The  queen  and  Prince 
Albert  visit  the  emperor 
Louis  Napoleon  at  Paris, 
Aug.  18. 

Visit  of  the  king  of 
Sardinia  to  England, 
Nov.  30. 

Captain  McClure  re¬ 
ceives  the  reward  of 
£5,000  for  discovery  of 
“the  N.  W.  passage,” 
and  is  knighted,  Nov. 


1856 


Submarine  telegraph  cab¬ 
le  laid  from  Cape  Breton 
to  Newfoundland,  July 
12. 

Dudley  Observatory  inaug- 
at  Albany,  Aug.  28. 

N.  Y.  and  Newfoundland 
telegraph  line,  17  15 
miles,  opened  to  St. 
John’s,  Nov.  10. 

Revival  of  the  African 
slave  trade  recommend¬ 
ed  by  Gov.  Adams  in  S. 
Carolina. 

Arctic  discovery  ship 
Resolute  presented  to 
Queen  Victoria  by 
Lieut.  Hartstene  for  the 
U.  S.  Government,  Dec. 

30. 


1856.  N.  P.  Banks,  Jr.,  of 
Mass.,  elected  Speaker 
of  House  of  Repre¬ 
sent.  of  U.  S.,  after  a 
contest  of  9  weeks,  by 
plurality  of  3  votes,  Feb. 
2. 

Free  State  Legisl.  at 
Topeka,  Kansas,  elect 
Reeder  and  Lane  as 
delegates  to  Congress, 
Feb.  8. 

Kansas  Investigation 
Committee  appointed, 
Mar.  19. 

Lawrence,  Kansas, 
captured  and  plundered 
by  the  slavery  men. 

Personal  assault  on 
Senator  Sumner  of  Mass, 
in  the  U.  S.  Senate  by 
Brooks  of  S.  Carolina, 
May  22. 


1856.  Annexation  of  the 
kingdom  of  Oudh  in 
India,  Feb. 

Seizure  of  a  vessel 
under  the  British  flag  by 
Chinese  authorities  the 
cause  of  a  war  between 
the  two  countries  Oct.  8. 

British  fleet  bombard 
and  partially  destroy 
Canton,  China,  Oct.  23. 

Occupation  of  Herat 
by  Persians  leads  to 
declaration  of  war  by 
the  British,  Nov.  1. 


1856  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


213 


A.D. 

France. 

Europe,  elsewhere. 

The  World,  elsewhere. 

1855 

Industrial  Exhibition 
opened  at  Paris,  May  15. 

1855. Russia:  — Death  of  the 
Emperor  Nicholas  I., 
March  2. — Alexander  II. 
succeeds. 

— The  Sardinian  troops 
join  the  allied  forces  in 
the  Crimea. 

— The  allies  take  pos¬ 
session  of  Kertch  , 
May  24. 

—  The  allies  repulsed 
in  an  assault  on  the 
outposts  of  Sebastopol, 
June  18. 

- — Kars  invested  by 
the  Russians,  June  23. 

Russians  in  the  Cri¬ 
mea  defeated  in  the  bat¬ 
tle  of  the  Tchernaya, 
Aug.  16. 

Fall  of  Sebastopol — 
The  Malakhoff  carried 
by  the  French,  Sept.  8. 

Terrific  attack  of  the 
Russians  on  Kars  re¬ 
pulsed,  Sep.  29.  Town 
capitulates  to  Russians, 
Nov.  28. 

Austria: — Death  at 
Trieste  of  Don  Carlos 
claimant  of  the  Spanish 
throne,  March  10. 

1855.  Mexico; — Santa  Anna 
abdicates  ,  Aug.  9. 
Carrera  chosen  to  suc¬ 
ceed  him. 

Alvarez  resigns  the 
presidency  and  is  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  Comonfort, 
Dec. 

1856 

Peace  conference  at  Paris 
opened  Feb.  25. 

Birth  of  an  heir  to  the 
throne,  March  16. 

Treaty  of  peace  marking 
the  end  of  the  Crimean 
War,  signed  at  Paris, 
March  30.  Black  Sea 

neutralized;  Kars  re¬ 
stored  to  Turkey;  Se¬ 
bastopol  to  Russia; 
Danubian  Principalities 
freed  from  Russian 
protectorate;  navigation 
of  the  Danube  free. 

Destructive  floods  near 
Lyons,  etc.,  whole  vil¬ 
lages  destroyed,  June. 

1856.  Preliminaries  of 
peace  signed  at  Vienna, 
Feb.  1. 

Austria  issues  a  de¬ 
cree  of  amnesty  for  the 
Hungarian  revolution¬ 
ists  of  1848-49  (July). 

The  Crimea  wholly 
evacuated  by  the  allies, 
July  12. 

Gunpowder  explosion 
at  Salonica,  Turkey,  700 
killed  and  wounded, 
July  17. 

Russia:  —  Alexander 
II.  crowned  emperor, 
Sept.  7. 

Spain:  — Narvaez  suc¬ 
ceeds  O’Donnell  in  the 
government. 

Naples: — French  and 
English  ministers  leave, 
Oct.  28. 

1856.  Costa  Rica:— 
Walker’s  invasion  de¬ 
feated  at  Guanacaste, 
March  20. 

— Walker  defeats  3000 
Costa  Ricans  at  Rivas, 
April  11. 

Panama: — Riot  on  the 
Panama  R.  R.,  30  pas¬ 
sengers  killed,  April  15. 

Walker  elected  presi¬ 
dent  of  Nicaragua,  June 
25. 

Earthquake  in  Egypt, 
Syria,  and  isles  of  Medi¬ 
terranean  Sea.  About 
1200  lives  lost,  and 
many  thousand  build¬ 
ings  destroyed,  Oct.  12. 

214 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1856  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


1856 


Deaths  in  1856: 
U.  S — 


J.  M.  Berrien,  Ogden  Hoff¬ 
man,  Com.  Morris,  J.  G. 
Perceval,  Jno.C.  Warren, 
J.  M.  Clayton,  U.  S.  S., 
George  Steers,  naval 
architect,  T.  Crawford, 
sculptor,  Louis  M’Lane. 

Europe: — 

Heinrich  Heine,  Jno.  Bra- 
ham,  Sir  W.  Hamilton, 
metaphysician,  Von 
Biela,  astronomer,  Lord 
Hardinge,  Father  Mat¬ 
thew,  Hugh  Miller,  Sir 
John  Ross,  Westmacott, 
Yarrell,  Delaroche. 


1857 


Geo.  Peabody  gives  $300,- 
000  to  establish  a  free 
Literary  and  Scientific 
Institute  at  Baltimore, 
Feb.  12. 

The  Atlantic  telegraph 
cable  first  joined  at  sea 
by  the  Niagara  and 
Agamemnon,  Aug.  5, 
but  breaks,  Aug.  11. 

Loss  of  the  Central  America 
and  450  lives,  Sept.  8. 


1856.  Buchanan  nominated 
for  president  by  Dem. 
Convention  at  Cincinnati 
June  7. 

Fremont  nominated 
for  president  by  Repub. 
Convention  at  Philadel¬ 
phia,  June  17. 

H.  of  Repres.  pass  a 
bill  admitting  Kansas 
under  Topeka  Constitu¬ 
tion,  July  3. 

Topeka  legislature  dis¬ 
persed  by  U.  S.  troops 
under  Col.  Sumner,  July 
4. 

John  W.  Geary  con¬ 
firmed  as  Gov.  of  Kan¬ 
sas,  July  31. 

Whitefield  and  Reeder 
both  rejected  by  H.  of 
Repres.  as  delegates 
from  Kansas,  Aug.  1. 

U.  S.  troops  in  Kansas 
arrest  and  disarm  par¬ 
ties  of  emigrants  from 
New  England,  Oct.  10. 

Buchanan  elected 
pres.  Nov.  4. 

Barrier  Forts,  near 
Canton,  China,  destroy¬ 
ed  by  U.  S.  squadron 
for  an  attack  on  an 
American  boat,  Dec.  6. 

1857.  Buchanan  inaugu¬ 
rated  president,  March 
4. 

The  Dred  Scot  De¬ 
cision  delivered  by  Chief 
Justice  Taney,  March  6. 

R.  J.  Walker  accepts 
appointment  as  Govern¬ 
or  of  Kansas,  March  26. 

General  financial  pan¬ 
ic  beginswith  suspension 
of  Ohio  Life  and  Trust 


Deaths  in  1857. 

U.  S.  Europe. 


C.  Colton, 
E.K.Kane, 

W.  L.  Marcy, 
Thos.  J.Rusk, 
Eli  Smith. 


De  Musset, 
Beranger, 
J.W.  Croker 
Marshall 
Hall, 
Douglas 
Jerrold, 
Eugene  Sue, 
Cavaignac, 
Aug.  Comte, 
Chris. 
Rauch. 


Co.,  Aug.  24. 

Lecompton  Conven¬ 
tion,  Kansas,  meets  Sept. 
7,  and  adopts  pro-slavery 
constitution,  Nov.  7. 

Suspension  of  Phila¬ 
delphia  banks,  Sept.  25 
and  26,  followed  by  gen¬ 
eral  suspension  of  banks 
in  Pa.,  Md„  D.  C.,  R.  I. 

Suspension  of  N.  Y. 
city  banks,  Oct.  13-14, 
and  Massachusetts  bank 
same  day. 

Payments  resumed, 
Dec.  12. 


Great  Britain. 


1857.  Palmerston  ministry 
outvoted  on  the  Chinese 
question,  March  3. 

Treaty  of  Peace  with 
Persia  signed  March  4 
after  a  four  months’ 
war. 

New  septennial  Parlia¬ 
ment  meets,  April  30. 

The  Manchester  Art 
Exhibition  opened,  May 
5. 

Sepoy  Rebellion  in 
India,  mutiny  at  Meerut 
May  10;  King  of  Delhi 
proclaimed  sovereign  of 
India,  May  12;  Mutiny 
at  Lucknow,  May  30;  at 
Cawmpore,  June  5  ; 
Massacre  at  Cawnpore, 
July  15. 

Havelock  defeats  the 
rebels  under  Nana  Sahib, 
and  recapturesCawnpore 
July  17. 

Sir  Colin  Campbell 
the  new  com. -in -chief, 
arrives  at  Calcutta,  Aug. 
14. 

Delhi  taken  after  an 
assault  of  6  days,  Sept. 
20. 


1 857  A-D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


215 


A.D. 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1856.  Granada,  Nicaragua, 
destroyed  by  Walker, 
Nov.  20-25. 


1857 


Congress  for  the  purpose  of 
settling  the  controversy 
between  Prussia  and 
Switzerland  over  Neuf- 
chatel,  meets  at  Paris, 
March. 

Commercial  treaty  be¬ 
tween  France  and  Rus¬ 
sia,  June. 


1857.  Austria:— Amnesty 
to  political  offenders  in 
Lombardy,  &c.,  Jan.  25. 

Denmark  abolishes 
the  Sound  Dues,  March 
14. 

Prussia  renounces  its 
claims  to  Neufchatel, 
May. 

Sweden  and  Norway: 
— Charles  Louis,  prince- 
royal,  made  Regent, 
Sept.  26. 


1857.  Mexico: — New  con¬ 
stitution  promulgated, 
March  11. 

Costa  Rica: — Walker 
surrenders  Rivas,  and 
agrees  to  leave  Nicara¬ 
gua,  May  1. 

Nicaragua:  —  Walker 
and  his  men  surrender  to 
U.  S.  ship  Wabash,  Com. 
Paulding,  Dec.  8. 

China: — Canton  bom¬ 
barded  by  the  English 
and  French  and  taken, 
Dec.  28-29. 


{ 


21 6 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1857  A.D.— 


a.d.  Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


185S 


1S5i 


Commercial  failures  in  one 
year,  ending  Dec.  25, 
1857,  amount  to  5123: 
liabilities,  $291,750,000. 

Launch  of  the  monster 
steamer  Great  Eastern  at 
London,  Jan.  31. 

Crawford’s  monument  to 
Washington,  at  Rich¬ 
mond,  inaugurated,  Feb. 
22. 

Donati’s  comet  seen  in 
June  and  July. 

Burton  and  Speke  discover 
Lakes  Tanganyika  and 
Victoria  Nyanza. 

Atlantic  telegraph  laid 
successfully  Aug.  5. 

National  Teachers’  Associ¬ 
ation — 1st  Ann.  Conven¬ 
tion  at  Cincinnati,  Aug. 
11. 


1858.  Mr.  Buchanan’s 
“  Kansas  Message”  to  H. 
Reps.,  with  Lecompton 
Constitution  Feb.  2. 

“  Anti-Lecompton  De¬ 
mocratic”  meetings  in 
Phila.,  N.  Y.,  etc.,  Feb. 
and  March. 

Bill  to  admit  Kansas 
as  a  State,  under  Le¬ 
compton  Const.,  passes 
the  Senate,  March  23. 

The  House  passes 
another  bill. 

New  Free  State  Con¬ 
vention  of  Kansas,  at 
Leavenworth,  March  25. 

The  "English  Kansas 
bill ’’passed  both  Houses 
of  Congress,  April  30. 


1857.  Lucknow  relieved  by 
Havelock,  Sept.  25. 

Havelock  in  Luck¬ 
now  relieved  by  Camp¬ 
bell,  Nov.  17 ;  Campbell ’s 
victory  at  Cawnpore, 
Dec.  6. 

1858.  The  Princess-Royal 
of  England  married  to 
the  Prince  of  Prussia, 
Jan:  25. 

Steamer  Great  Eastern 
first  floated,  Jan.  31. 

Resignation  of  Pal¬ 
merston’s  ministry,  Feb. 
22,  and  accession  of 
Lord  Derby,  March  1. 

Lucknow  taken  by 
the  British,  March  21. 

Suppression  of  the 
Sepoy  mutiny,  July. 

Eng.  steam.  Cyclops 
bombards  Jeddah,  July 
25-26. 

Baron  Rothschild 
takes  his  seat  in  H. 
of  Commons,  July  26, 
the  first  Jewish  member 
of  Parliament. 


Queen  Victoria’s  message  to  President  Buchanan  sent  and  received,  August  16. 


Slaver  Echo  captured  and  carried  to  Charleston, 


Minnesota  admitted, 
Minnesota  State  Gov¬ 
ernment  organized  at  St. 
Paul,  May  23. 


August  27. 

First  overland  mail  for 
California  leaves  St. 

Louis,  Sept.  16. 

Boston  Public  (Free)  Li¬ 
brary  opened,  costing 
$450,000,  Sept.  17. 

Deaths  in  1858. 

U.  S.— 

T.  H.  Benton,  Rob.  Hare, 

H.  W.  Herbert,  Freeman 
Hunt,  Com.  M.G.  Perry, 

Gen.  Quitman,  Gen.  P. 

F.  Smith,  N.  W.  Taylor, 

B.  F.  Butler,  Parker 
Cleveland,  Wm.  Jay. 

Europe — 

R.  Brown,  botanist,  Geo. 

Combe,  Rachel,  Reschid 
Pacha,  Radetsky,  Ary 
Scheffer,  Robt.  Owen, 

Sir  W.  Reid,  Foresti. 

Appearance  of  Buckle’s 
Introduction  to  the  His¬ 
tory  of  Civilization. 

U,  S.  Agricultural  Conven-  1859.  New  hall  of  the  U. 

tion  at  Washington,  D.C.  S.  Senate  first  occupied, 

Jan.  3.  Jan.  4 

Slidell’s  bill,  giving  $30,000,000  to  facilitate  the  ac¬ 
quisition  of  Cuba,  introduced,  Jan.  10. 

Oregon  admitted. 

Mr.  McLane  recog¬ 
nizes  the  Juarez  govern¬ 
ment  in  Mexico,  April  4. 

Southern  Convention  at  Vicksburgh  discusses  the 
opening  of  the  slave  trade,  May  11. 


The  East  India  Com¬ 
pany  ceases  to  exist,  and 
its  vast  possessions  pass 
into  the handsofthe  Brit¬ 
ish  Government,  Aug.  2. 


Atlantic  telegraph  fleet  sails  from  Plymouth, 
England,  June  10. 


Queen  Victoria  and 
Prince  Albert  visit  the 
French  emperor  at 
Cherbourg,  Aug.  4. 


The  President  sends  a 
message  announcing 
peaceable  settlement  of 
trouble  in  Utah,  June  10. 

Treaty  of  Peace  and 
Amity  with  China,  sign¬ 
ed,  at  Tien-T  sin,  June  13. 

Modified  Lecompton 
Constitution  rejected  by 
people  of  Kansas,  Aug.  2 

News  of  the  completion  of  Atlantic  telegraph  re¬ 
ceived  with  joyful  demonstrations,  Aug.  5. 

Magnificent  celebra¬ 
tion  at  New  York,  Sept. 

1. 


1859.  Disraeli  introduces 
a  new  Reform  Bill,  Feb. 
28. 

England  protests 
against  Austrian  men¬ 
aces  of  Sardinia,  April 
21. 


1 859  A-D* 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


217 


A.D. 


France. 


1858 


Attempt  by  Orsini  and 
others  to  assassinate  the 
emperor  with  a  han  d 
grenade:  8  persons  k. 
and  156  wounded,  Jan. 


14. 


Meeting  between  Napoleon 
III.  and  Cavour  at 
Plombieres  where  an 
alliance  is  determined  on 
against  Austria  on  con¬ 
dition  of  the  cession  of 
Savoy  and  Nice  to 
France,  July. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1858.  Russia: — Process  of 
emancipation  begun, 
Jan. 

Outbreak  of  war  be¬ 
tween  Turkey  and  the 
Montenegrins,  Feb. 

Spain  :  —  O’Donnell 
again  at  the  head  of  the 
government,  June. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1858.  Mexico: — Revolu¬ 

tion,  Comonfort  gives  up 
the  government  to  Ju¬ 
arez;  Zuloaga  proclaim¬ 
ed  president  by  a  H.  of 
Representatives;  war  be¬ 
tween  the  liberals  under 
Juarez  and  the  reaction¬ 
aries  under  Miramon. 

China  :  —  The  Pei-ho 
forts  captured  by  the 
English  and  the  French, 
May  19;  treaty  of  Tien 
Tsin  (June  26)  between 
China  and  Great  Britain, 
France,  Russia,  and  the 
United  States.  Russia 
obtains  the  Amur  prov¬ 
ince. 

Turkey: — Massacre  of 
Christians  at  Jeddah — 
45  killed,  June  15. 

Japan  concludes  treat¬ 
ies  with  the  United 
States,  Great  Britain, 
France,  and  Russia. 

Egypt:  —  First  train 
on  the  Suez  railroad 
crosses  the  isthmus  in 
eleven  hours  from  Suez 
to  Alexandria,  Dec.  5. 

Hayti:  —  Revolution; 
Faustin  banished;  Gen¬ 
eral  Geffrard  proclaimed 
president,  Dec.  21. 


185.) 


The  emperor’s  New  Year’s 
speech  to  Hubner,  Aus¬ 
trian  minister,  causes  a 
war  sensation,  Jan.  1. 

Prince  Napoleon,  cousin  of 
the  emperor,  marries 
the  Princess  Clothilde, 
daughter  of  the  king  of 
Sardinia,  Jan.  30. 

French  troops  reach  Turin  and 


1859.  Austria  demands 
that  Sardinia  shall  dis¬ 
arm,  April  23.  England 
protests  against  this 
menace. 

Sardinian  army  on  a 
war  footing. 


Genoa  April  26-30. 


1859.  Peru: — Earthquake 
destroys  part  of  Quito, 
March  29. 

Mexico: — M  i  r  a  m  o  n 
fails  in  his  attempt  on 
Cuba  but  shares  in  the 
victory  of  Tacubaya, 
April  11. 


218 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1859  A.D.— 


A.D. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1859  [Great  fire  at  Key  West, 
110  houses;  loss  $2,750,- 
000,  May  16. 

Several  slavers  captured 
by  U.  S.  vessels. 
Remarkable  religious  re¬ 
vival  in  Ireland,  June, 
July,  etc. 

Excessive  heat  in  Califor¬ 
nia  and  in  Europe, 
June-July. 

Wise  travels  1200  miles  in 
a  balloon  from  St.  Louis 
to  New  York  state, 
July  11. 

Celebration  of  100th  birth¬ 
day  of  Schiller,  Nov.  10. 
Darwin’s  Origin  of  Species. 
Discovery  of  oil  in  Penn¬ 
sylvania. 

Deaths  in  1859: 


1859.  Gen.  Harney  takes  possession  of  the  island 
of  San  Juan  (now  Vancouver’s  island)  July  9. 


U.  S. 

J.  W.  Alex¬ 
ander, 
Rufus 
Choate, 
Bp.  Doane, 
Hor.  Mann, 
Den.  Olms¬ 
ted, 

W.  H.  Pres¬ 
cott, 

Rich.  Rush, 
Geo.  Bush, 

J.  Y.  Mason, 
Washington 
Irving. 


Europe. 

H.  Hallam, 
Dr.  Abbott, 
T.  K.Hervey, 
Humboldt, 
Leigh  Hunt, 
Lady  Morgan 
De  Tocque- 

ville, 

Metternich, 
De  Quincey, 

I.  K.  Brunei, 
Carl  Ritter, 
Louis  Spohr, 
Sir  J.Stephen, 
Macaulay, 
Robert  Ste¬ 
phenson. 


Kansas  Const.  Con 
vention  meets  at  Wyan¬ 
dotte,  July  5.  Constitu¬ 
tion  ratified  by  the  peo¬ 
ple,  Oct.  4. 

Gen.  Harney  proclaims 
possession  of  the  island 
of  San  Juan  for  the  U. 
States,  July  27. 

Mr.  Ward,  U.  S.  min¬ 
ister,  reaches  Pekin,  July 
30. 

Treaty  with  China 
ratified,  Aug.  16. 

J.  Y.  Mason,  U.  S. 
minister  to  France,  dies 
at  Paris,  Oct.  3. 

John  Brown  seizes  the 
arsenal  at  Harper’s  Ferry, 
Va.,Oct.  16-17.  Captur¬ 
ed,  Oct.  18;  executed 
December  2. 

Congress  assembles 
Dec.  5. 


1859.  The  Derby  ministry 
defeated  on  the  second 
reading  of  the  Reform 
Bill,  March,  and  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  a  Palmerston 
ministry,  June. 

Captain  Me  Clintock 
returns,  bringing  relics 
of  Franklin’s  expedition, 
Sept.  21. 

Steamer  Royal  Charter 
wrecked  in  British  Chan¬ 
nel;  445  persons  lost. 

Separation  of  Queens¬ 
land  from  New  South 
Wales,  Dec.  4. 

Death  of  Lord  Ma¬ 
caulay,  Dec.  28. 


1860 


Law  passed  in  Arkansas, 
Jan.  1,  to  banish  free 
negroes  from  the  state. 

Decree  by  the  Emperor  of 
Austria  in  favor  of 
rights  of  the  Jews,  Jan. 
10. 


1860.  Pennington  of  N. 
Jersey  elected  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Repre¬ 
sentatives,  after  a  bal¬ 
loting  for  nearly  two 
months,  Feb.  1. 


1860.  Lord  Clyde  pro¬ 
claims  the  rebellion  in 
India  subdued,  Jan.  7. 

French  commercial 
treaty  ratified  in  the 
Commons,  Feb. 


i860  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


219 


A.D. 


1859 


1860 


War  declared,  in  alliance  1859.  Tuscany: — Grand 
against 


with  Sardinia, 

Austria,  May  3. 

Subscriptions  for  loan  of 
500  million  francs  ex¬ 
ceed  four  times  that  sum 
from  525,000  persons. 


Duke  flees;  his  troops 
fraternize  with  revolu¬ 
tionists,  April  27. 

Austria  declares  war 
against  Sardinia,  and 
her  troops  cross  the  Ti¬ 
cino,  April  29. 

The  Emperor  L.  Napoleon  arrives  at  Genoa  May  12. 
Empress  made  regent. 

Battle  of  Montebello:  Austrians  defeated  May  20. 

Garibaldi  entersComo, 
May  27. 

Battle  of  Palestro:  Austrians  defeated.  May  30. 
Battle  of  Magenta:  Allies  victorious  June  4,  and 
enter  Milan  June  8. 

Perugia  sacked  by  papal  troops,  June  20. 

Battle  of  Solferino,  June  24.  Austrians  under  the 
emperor  in  person  defeated  by  the  allies: 
great  loss  on  both  sides. 

Preliminaries  of  Peace  signed  by  the  emperors  of 
France  and  Austria,  at  Villafranca,  July  11. 
Confirmed  by  conference  at  Zurich,  Nov.  10. 


The  emperor  returns  to 
St.  Cloud,  July  27. 

Entrance  of  the  “Army  of 
Italy”  into  Paris,  Aug. 
14. 

Political  amnesty,  Aug.  17. 

Treaty  with  Japan,  rati¬ 
fied  at  Jeddo,  Sept.  22. 

The  emperor  urges  on 
Victor  Emanuel  a  pro¬ 
gramme  for  the  Regener¬ 
ation  of  Italy,  October. 

Exchange  of  ratifications 
of  the  Treaty  of  Zurich, 
Nov.  21. 


Treaty  with  Nicaragua 
ratified,  Jan.  11. 
Commercial  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  signed 
Jan.  23. 


Tuscan  y : — Council 
of  State  votes  in  favor  of 
annexation  to  Sardinia, 
July  12. 

Sardinia: — Cavour  re¬ 
signs  from  the  ministry. 
July  13. 

_  Tuscany: — The  Na¬ 
tion.  Assem.  decrees  the 
permanent  exclusion  of 
the  Austrian  dynasty, 
Aug.  16. 

Modena: — Farini  dic¬ 
tator,  opens  the  Nat. 
Assembly,  Aug.  16,  and 
assumes  government  of 
Parma,  Aug.  18. 

Rome: — Co  n  c  o  r  d  a  t 
between  the  pope  and 
Spain,  Aug.  26. 

Russia: — S  c  h  a  m  y  1 
gives  himself  up  pris¬ 
oner  in  Caucasia,  Sept.  6. 

Bologna: — A  s  s  e  m  . 
Nat.  under  pres,  of 
Minghetti  decree  in¬ 
dependence  from  the 
pope,  Sept.  7. 

Romagna: — Decree  of 
annexation  to  Sardinia, 
Oct.  7. 

Spain  declares  war 
against  Morocco,  Oct. 
22.  O’Donnell  named 
com. -in-chief  of  Spanish 
army. 

1860.  Spain: — The  Moors 
defeated  at  Castellejor 
Jan.  1. 

Sardinia: — Cavour  re¬ 
called  to  the  premier¬ 
ship,  Jan.  15. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1859.  Naples: — Death  of 
Ferdinand  II.,  and  ac¬ 
cession  of  Francis  II., 
May  22. 

Swede  n: — Oscar  1., 
died  July  8;  succeeded 
by  his  son  Charles  XV. 

Mexico: — Juarez  de¬ 
crees  the  confiscation  of 
church  property,  July 
12. 

V  enezuela : — Civil  war; 
downfall  of  Castro,  the 
president,  July. 

Costa  Rica:  —  Revo¬ 
lution — fall  of  Mora, 
Aug.  14. 

Japan: — The  ports  of 
Yokohama,  Nagasaki, 
and  Hakodate,  opened 
to  trade. 

Buenos  Ayres: — Bat¬ 
tle  with  troops  of  Argen¬ 
tine  Confederation,  Oct 
28. — Buenos  Avres  com¬ 
pelled  to  ioin  the  Con¬ 
federation. 


1860.  Argentine  Confed. 
Derqui  president  Feb.  5. 

Mexico: — Miramonat- 
tacks  Vera  Cruz,  March. 

— Zuloaga  proclaims 
himself  president,  May  1. 


220 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


i860  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1860 'First  “Pony  Express”  reaches  Carson  Valley  in  eight 
and  a  half  days  from  Missouri;  and  news  thence 
by  telegraph  reaches  San  Francisco  in  nine  days 
from  New  York. 

1860. U.S.  corvette  Saratoga 
captures  Miramon’s 
vessels  at  Vera  Cruz, 
March  7. 

Japanese  Embassy  arrives  at  San  Francisco.  March  28; 
at  Washington,  May  14;  at  Baltimore.,  June  8;  at 
Philadelphia,  June  9;  at  New  York,  June  16.  Sails 
for  Japan,  in  the  U.  S.  frigate  Niagara ,  June  30. 


1860.  Lord  J.  Russell  pro 
poses  a  new  Reform 
Bill,  March,  but  aban¬ 
dons  it,  June. 

Great  Britain  in  al¬ 
liance  with  France 
makes  war  in  China  for 
the  enforcement  of  the 
treaty  of  Tien  Tsin, 
Aug.  Nov. 


Papal  bull  against  agita¬ 
tors  and  reformers. 

Fight  of  Heenan  and  Say¬ 
ers  for  the  champion¬ 
ship  of  England,  April 
17. 


Democratic  Conven¬ 
tion  at  Charleston, 
April  23. 

Mr.  McLane’s  treaty 
with  Mexico  (Juarez) 
rejected  by  the  Senate, 
May  31. 

National  Republican 
Convention  at  Chicago 
meets  May  16,  and  nom¬ 
inates  Abraham  Lin¬ 
coln  for  president,  and 
Hannibal  Hamlin  for 
vice-president  of  U.  S. 
Law  of  Maryland  prohibiting  the  manumission  of 
slaves  takes  effect,  June  1. 

Nat.  Democratic  Con¬ 
vention  (adjourned)  at 
Baltimore,  June  18, 
nominates  Douglas  and 
Fitzpatrick:  a  seceding 
Convention  nominates 
Breckenridge  and  Lane. 
The  Great  Eastern  arrives  at  New  York,  from 
Dr.  Hayes’s  Arctic  Expedition  from  Boston,  sails 
July  7. 

Remarkable  meteor  in  various  northern  states,  July  20. 

Visit  of  the  Prince  of 
America  and  the  United 
ohn’s,  July  24;  arrives 
'ontreal,  24th;  Ottawa, 
tember  14;  Detroit. 
September  20;  Washing¬ 
ton,  Oct.  3;  Philadelphia, 
Oct.  9;  New  York,  Oct. 
11;  Boston,  17th;  Port¬ 
land,  20th;  Plymouth, 
England,  Nov.  15. 

Lincoln  and  Hamlin 
elected  pres,  and  v.- 
pres.  of  the  U.  S.  by  the 
votes  of  all  the  Northern 
StatesexceptNew  Jersey, 
which  chose  3  electors 
for  Douglas  and  4  for 
Lincoln,  Nov.  6. 

This  election  is  made 
the  cause  for  the  seces¬ 
sion  of  the  Southern 
States — S.  Carolina  lead¬ 
ing,  and  adopting  in  Con¬ 
vention  an  ordinance  of 
secession  from  the  U.  S., 
Dec.  20. 


Deaths  in  1860: — - 


J 


U.  S. 

A.  Alex¬ 
ander, 
W.E.  Burton 
C.  A.  Good¬ 
rich, 

S.  G.  Good¬ 
rich, 

Theo.  Parker 
J.K.  Pauld¬ 
ing, 

W.  C.  Preston 


Europe. 

Sir.  C.  Barry, 
Lady  Noel 
Byron. 

G. P.R. 
James, 

Anna  Jame¬ 
son, 

SirW. Napier, 
Baden  Pow¬ 
ell, 

H.  H.  Wilson 


Jc 

M 


Southampton,  June  28. 


Wales  to  British  North 
States.  He  lands  at  St. 
at  Quebec,  August  18; 
August  31;  Niagara,  Sep- 


i860  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


221 


A.D. 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1860 


Negotiations  respecting 
annexation  of  Nice  and 
Savoy.  Treaty  for  ces¬ 
sion  to  France  signed  at 
Turin,  March  24;  but 
Switzerland  protests. 

Nice  votes  for  annexation 
to  France  24,448  for, 
and  160  against. 

Savoy  gives  131,744  for 
and  233  against. 


French  troops  sent  to 
Syria  to  punish  the 
Druses,  Aug.  5. 

Napoleon  III.  concedes 
greater  freedom  of 
speech  in  the  Legislative 
Chambers. 


1860.  Spain: — Decisive 

victory  over  the  Moors  at 
Tetuan,  Feb.  6. 

Tuscany: — Result  of 
voting  on  annexation  to 
Sardinia:  For,  366,571; 
against,  14,925  (for 
separate  kingdom.) 

Spain: — Peace  with 
Morocco  ratified,  March 
29. 

Rome:  —  Papal  bull 
against  revolutionists, 
March  29. 

Revolution  in  Sicily 
begins  at  Palermo,  Mes¬ 
sina,  and  Catania,  April 
4. 

Rome: — Antonelli  pro¬ 
tests  against  Sardinian 
annexation  of  Romagna. 

Sicily: —  Garibaldi 
lands  at  Marsala,  with 
2000  men  from  Genoa, 
May  10.  Proclaims  him¬ 
self  dictator  on  behalf  of 
Victor  Emanuel,  14th. 

Naples: — Concessions 
proclaimed  to  the  people 
May  19. 

Garibaldi  takes  Paler¬ 
mo,  June  6. 

A  liberal  ministry 
formed  at  Naples,  June 
28.  The  king  grants 
new  constitution  and 
amnesty,  June  25. 

Garibaldi’s  victory  at 
Melazzo,  July  20-21. 

Sicily  (excepting  the 
citadel  of  Messina) 
evacuated  by  the  Nea¬ 
politans,  July  30. 

Garibaldi’s  troops 
land  in  Calabria,  Aug.  8. 
—  Enters  Naples,  Sept. 
7. 

The  King  of  Naples  re¬ 
tires  to  Gaeta,  Sept.  6, 
and  is  besieged  there  by 
the  troops  of  Garibaldi 
and  Victor  Emanuel. 

Sardinians  defeat  pa¬ 
pal  forces  under  Laro- 
miciere  at  Castelfidardo 
Sept.  18;  Ancona  surren¬ 
ders  Sept.  29. 

Garibaldi  resigns  his 
power  to  Victor  Eman¬ 
uel,  and  retires  to  Ca- 
prera. 


1860.  Syria: — Massacre  of 
the  Christians  of  Da¬ 
mascus  and  the  Maro- 
nites  of  Lebanon  by  the 
Druses,  May-July.  3000 
killed  at  Damascus, 
July  9. 

War  between  the  al¬ 
lied  English  and  French 
against  China,  Aug.  12; 
Taku  forts  taken  by  the 
allies,  Aug.  21  Rallies  ad¬ 
vance  on  Pekin  which 
surrenders,  Oct.  12; 
Treaty  of  Tien  Tsin  rati¬ 
fied,  Oct.  24;  allies  leave 
Pekin,  Nov.  5. 

Honduras: — W.  Wal¬ 
ker  the  “filibuster,” 
taken  prisoner  and  shot. 
Sept.  12. 

Syria: — Fuad  Pasha 
sent  against  the  Druses, 
Aug.  5.  167  Moslems 

implicated  in  the  mas¬ 
sacres  are  executed  at 
Damascus,  Aug.  20. 


222 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


l86l  A.D.— 


A.D. 


ProgressofSociety. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1861 


Deaths  in  1861: 
Prince  Albert, 

Mrs.  Browning, 
Count  Cavour, 
Czartoryski, 

Dr.  J.  W.  Francis, 
Geof.  St.  Hilaire, 
Pr.  Gortchakoff, 
Nathaniel  Lyon, 
Eugene  Scribe. 

Emancipation  of  the 
serfs  in  Russia, 
March  3. 


July — F  irst  War 
Loan  of  the  United 
States  Govern¬ 
ment,  $250,000,- 
000. 

Oct.  1.  Commercial 
treaty  between 
France,  England, 
and  Belgium  in 
force. 

Nov.  1.  Telegraph 
between  Malta  and 
Alexandria  opened. 


i 


1861.  Example  of  secession  set  by 
South  Carolina  followed  by  Missis¬ 
sippi,  Jan.  9,  Florida,  Jan.  10,  Ala¬ 
bama,  Jan.  11,  Georgia,  Jan.  19, 
Louisiana,  Jan.  26,  Texas,  Feb.  1. 

Kansas  admitted. 

Attempt  to  carry  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
Tennessee,  N.  Carolina,  Missouri,  and 
Arkansas  for  secession  defeated,  Jan.- 
March,  1861.  Confederate  Congress 
at  Montgomery,  Ala.,  Feb.  4;  Peace 
Conference  meets  at  Washington, 
Feb.  4. 

Jefferson  Davis  chosen  president, 
Feb.  9.  Gen.  Twiggs  surrenders  the 
U.  S.  forces  in  Texas,  and  the  mil¬ 
tary  stores,  to  the  State,  Feb.  18. 

Inauguration  of  Lincoln  (Repub.)  presi¬ 
dent  U.  S.,  March  4. 

April  12.  bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter 
begins. 

April  14,  Fort  Sumter  surrenders. 

April  15,  75,000  men  called  for  by  proc¬ 
lamation. 

April  17.  Virginia  secedes. 

April  18.  Harper’s  Ferry  arsenal  burned 
by  its  garrison. 

Great  meeting  in  New  York  to  sup¬ 
port  the  Government. 

April  19.  Attack  on  Massachusetts  troops 
in  Baltimore. — Blockade  of  Southern 
ports  declared. 

May  6.  Arkansas  secedes. 

May  21.  North  Carolina  secedes. 

June  8.  Tennessee  secedes. 

June  10.  Big  Bethel  defeat. 

July  4.  Congress  meets. 

July  11.  Rich  Mountain  victory  (Mc¬ 
Clellan). 

July  21.  Bull  Run  defeat. 

Aug.  10.  Battle  of  Wilson’s  Creek,  Mo., 
and  death  of  Gen.  Lyon. 

Aug.  29.  Fort  Hatteras  taken  by 
Butler. 

Oct.  21.  Ball’s  Bluff  disaster. 

Nov.  1.  McClellan  commander-in-chief. 

Nov.  7.  Port  Royal  forts  taken. — Bat¬ 
tle  of  Belmont,  Mo. 

Nov.  8.  Wilkes  seizes  Slidell  and  Mason. 

1S62. 

Jan.  1.  Mason  and  Slidell  released. 

Jan.  19.  Mill  Spring  victory. 

Feb.  6.  Fort  Henry  taken. 

Feb.  8.  Roanoke  Island  taken  by 
Burnside. 

Feb.  16.  Fort  Donelson  taken. 

Feb.  23.  Nashville  taken. 

March  7-8.  Battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Ark. 

March  8.  The  Cumberland  and  Con¬ 
gress  destroyed  by  the  Virginia 
{Merrimac). 

March  9.  Battle  between  Monitor  and 
Merrimac. 

March  11.  McClellan  takes  command 
of  Army  of  Potomac. 

March  14.  Newbem  taken  by  Burnside. 

April  5.  McClellan  besieges  Yorktown. 

April  6-7.  Battle  of  Shiloh. — A.  S. 
Johnston  killed. 


1861. 

May  13.  Queen’s 
proclamation  of 
“neutrality”  in 
the  American 
conflict. 


Nov. — Excitement 
about  seizure  of 
Mason  and 
Slidell  in  British 
steamer  T  rent. 

Dec.  14.  Death  of 
Prince  Albert. 


1862. 

April  7.  Treaty 
with  U.  S.  to  sup¬ 
press  slave  trade. 


1 862  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


223 


A.D. 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1861 


Speech  of  Prince  Napoleon 
in  favor  of  Italian  unity 
and  against  the  popes’ 
temporal  government. 


1861.  Frederick  William 
IV.,  of  Prussia,  dies; 
succeeded  by  William  I. 

Gaeta  surrenders  to 
Victor  Emanuel’s  troops, 
Feb.  13. — The  king  of 
Naples  escapes  on  board 
a  French  frigate. 

End  of  Bourbon  rule 
in  Italy. 

The  Italian  parlia¬ 
ment  declares  Victor 
Emanuel  king  of  Italy, 
Feb.  26. 

Austria:  —  February 
patent  of  the  emperor 
outlining  a  consti  - 
tutional  scheme  for  the 
monarchy. 


Treaty  of  commerce  con¬ 
cluded  with  Turkey 
(April). 


1861. 

Mexico: — Juarez  en¬ 
ters  Mexico  and  is  elec¬ 
ted  president,  Jan.; 
Juarez  made  dictator, 
June;  suspends  pay¬ 
ments  on  foreign  debt, 

July-  _  . 

Santo  Domingo  de¬ 
clared  annexed  to  Spain 
by  Santana,  March. 


June  10.  “Neutrality”  in 
American  conflict  pro¬ 
claimed  by  the  emperor. 


Oct.  31.  Convention  with 
England  and  Spain,  for 
intervention  in  Mexico. 


1862 


Jan.  7.  French  army  lands 
at  Vera  Cruz. 


Death  of  Cavour, 
June  6. 

Turkey: —  June  25. 
Sultan  Abdul  Med  j  id 
dies;  succeeded  by  Ab¬ 
dul  Aziz. 

Portugal: — Pedro  V. 
dies;  succeeded  by 
Luis  I. 

Moldavia  and  Wal- 
lachia  united  as  Rou- 
mania  under  Alexander 
I. 


1862. 

Feb.  13.  Military  revolt  in 
Greece. 


China: — Oct.  21.  Canton 
restored  to  the  Chinese 
by  the  French  and 
English. 


March  28.  French  vic¬ 
tories  in  Cochin  China — 
six  provinces  ceded  to 
France  by  Annam  (June) . 


April  16.  War  against 
Mexico  declared,  Eng¬ 
land  and  Spain  retiring 
from  Mexico. 


224 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1862  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progressof  Society. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1862 


1863 


May  1.  Interna¬ 
tional  Exhibition 
at  London. 


Deaths  in  1862:  Bro- 
die  (surgeon),  M. 
Van  Buren,  T. 
Hartwell  Horne, 
Sam  Houston,  T 
J.  Jackson, A.  Sid 
Johnston,  Phil. 
Kearny,  Duchess 
of  Kent,  J.  Sher. 
Knowles.  Sir  James 
Ross,  Joseph  Wolff. 
Herbert  Spencer’s 
First  Principles. 


Jan.  1.  Abolition  of 
slavery  in  the 
subjugated  States 
by  proclamation 
of  Lincoln. 


April  7.  Island  No.  10  taken  by 
Unionists. 

April  11.  Fort  Pulaski  taken. 

April  16.  Congress  abolishes  slavery 
in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

April  25.  New  Orleans  taken. 

May  5.  Yorktown  occupied  by  Mc¬ 
Clellan — Battle  of  Williamsburg. 

May  10.  Norfolk  taken — the  Merrimac 
burnt — Farragut  ascends  the  Mis¬ 
sissippi — Little  Rock  taken. 

May  27.  Battle  of  Hanover  C.  H.,  Va. 

May  30.  Corinth,  Miss.,  occupied  by 
the  Union  forces. 

May  31-June  1.  Battle  of  Fair  Oaks 
or  Seven  Pines. 

June  8.  Battle  of  Cross  Keys,  Va. 

June  26-July  1.  ‘‘Seven  Days’  Battle”: 
Mechanicsville,  June  26;  Gaines’s 
Mill,  June  27 ;  Savage  Station,  June 
29;  Frazier’s  Farm,  June  30;  Malvern 
Hill,  July  1. 

July  2.  300,000  more  volunteers  called 

for. 

July  11.  Halleck,  commander-in-chief. 

July  17.  Confiscation  Act  signed  by 
the  president. 

Aug.  9.  Banks  defeated  at  Cedar 
Mountain. 

Aug.  16.  McClellan  retreats  from 
Harrison’s  Landing. 

Aug.  29-30.  Second  defeat  at  Bull 
Run. 

Aug.  30.  Union  defeat  at  Richmond, 

ky. 

Sept.  1.  Battle  of  Chantilly 

Sept.  2.  McClellan  again  commander- 
in-chief. 

Sept.  4-5.  Confederates  begin  invasion 
of  Maryland. 

Sept.  14.  Union  victory  at  South 
Mountain,  Md. 

Sept.  15.  Harper’s  Ferry  taken  by 
the  Confederates. 

Sept.  17-18.  Antietam,  Union  victory. 
Lee  recrosses  the  Potomac. 

Sept.  19.  Battle  of  Iuka,  Miss. 

Sept.  22.  Lincoln’s  preliminary 
Emancipation  Proclamation  issued. 

Sept.  24.  Habeas  Corpus  suspended. 

Oct.  3-4.  Battle  of  Corinth,  Miss. 

Oct.  8.  Battle  of  Perryville,  Ky. 

Nov.  4.  Democratic  victory  in  New 
York  elections. 

Nov.  7.  Burnside  supersedes  McClellan. 

Dec.  13.  Battle  of  Fredericksburg. 

Dec.  31-Jan.  2.  Battleof  Murfreesboro, 
Tenn. 

1863 

Jan.  1  Proclamation  of  Emancipation 
issued. 

Jan.  26.  Hooker  supersedes  Burnside. 

April  7.  Monitors  repulsed  at  Charles¬ 
ton. 

April  20.  President’s  proclamation 
admitting  West  Virginia  into  the 
Union. 


1862 

May  1.  Internation¬ 
al  Exhibition 
opened  at  Lon¬ 
don. 


Great  distress  in 
the  cotton  manu¬ 
facturing  dis¬ 
tricts.  Famine 
at  its  height  in 
December. 

1863 

Mar.  10.  Marriage 
of  Prince  of 
Wales  to  Alex¬ 
andra  of  Den¬ 
mark. 


I863  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


22S 


226 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1863  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


! 

1863  Feb.  9.  The  Geo.  Gr is- 
wold,  with  food 
given  by  New 
Yorkers  for  Lan¬ 
cashire  operatives, 
arrivesat  Liverpool 
Mar.4.  Nat.  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Scien¬ 
ces  founded  by 
Congress. 

June— Grant  and 
Speke  arrive  in 
England  from  the 
sources  of  the  Nile. 


Deaths  in  1863:  R. 
Hildreth,  Mar. 
Lansdowne,  Mul- 
ready,  Mrs.  Trol¬ 
lope,  Archbishop 
Whately,  Thack¬ 
eray,  Jakob 
Grimm,  H.  Vernet. 


1863  May  2-4.  Chancellorsville  defeat. —  1 
Jackson  killed. 

May  18.  Vicksburg  invested  by  Grant. 

June  13—15.  Battle  of  Winchester. 

Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  in¬ 
vaded  by  Lee. 

West  Virginia  admitted. 

June  27.  Meade  supersedes  Hooker. 

July  1-3.  Gettysburg  victor y. 

July  4.  Vicksburg  surrendered  by 
Pemberton. 

July  8.  Port  Hudson  taken. 

July  13-16.  Draft  riots  at  New  York. 

Sept.  7.  Fort  Wagner,  S.  C.,  taken 

Sept.  19-20.  Battle  of  Chickamauga. 

Oct.  17.  President  calls  for  300,000 
more  volunteers. 

Nov.  23-25.  Battles  of  Chattanooga. 
Lookout  Mountain,  Nov.  24;  Mission¬ 
ary  Ridge,  Nov.  25. 


1864 


Feb.  29.  Peabody 
fund —  Dwel  lings 
for  the  poor  in 
London  —  First 
block  opened. 

April  3.  Garibaldi’s 
visit  to  England. 

May  16.  Conven¬ 
tion  between 
France,  Brazil  , 
Italy,  Portugal, 
and  Spain,  for 
telegraph  to 
America. 


Deaths  in  1864: 
Frank.  B  a  c  h  e, 
Josh’a  Bates,  W. 
J.  Fox,  T.  C.  Grat¬ 
tan,  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne,  Edw. 
Hitchcock,  Leon¬ 
ard  Horner,  Arch¬ 
bishop  Hughes, 
Jasmin  (poet),  C. 
M.  Kirkland,  W. 
Savage  Landor, 
John  Leech,  J.  R. 
Macculloch,  Mey¬ 
erbeer,  W.  Curtis 
Noyes,  Pellisier, 
Josiah  Quincy, 
Edw.  Robinson, H. 
R.  Schoolcraft,  R. 
B.  Taney,  J.  G. 
Totten.  , 


1864. 

Feb.  1.  Draft  for  500,000  men  ordered. 

Feb.  20.  Olustee  (Fla.)  defeat. 

March  2.  Grant  succeeds  Halleck  as 
commander-in-chief, 

April  8.  Battle  of  Sabine  Cross  Roads 
(Red  River  Expedition). 

April  12.  Massacre  at  Fort  Pillow. 

May  5-6.  Battle  of  the  Wilderness. 

May  6.  Sherman  begins  his  march  to 
the  sea. 

May  9.  Battle  of  Dalton,  Ga. 

May  10.  Battle  of  Spottsylvania. 

May  13—16.  Engagements  at  Resaca, 
Ga. 

June  2-3.  Battle  of  Cold  Harbor. 

June  15.  Grant  before  Petersburg. 

June  19.  Kearsa/ge  sinks  the  Alabama. 

June  27.  Battle  of  Kenesaw  Mountain, 

Johnston  replaced  by  Hook. 

July  —  Early  raids  Maryland  and 
Pennsylvania. 

July  9.  Battle  of  Monocacy. 

July  22-28.  Sherman’s  victories  at 
Atlanta,  Ga. 

July  30.  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  burnt  by 
Early. 

July  30.  Grant’s  mine  at  Petersburg, 
Va.,  exploded. 

Aug.  5.  Farragut’s  victory  in  Mobile 
Bay. 

Aug.  31.  McClellan  nominated  for 
president  by  Democratic  Convention 
at  Chicago. 

Sept.  2.  Atlanta  captured  by  Sherman. 

Sept.  19.  Sheridan’s  victory  at  Win¬ 
chester. 


1864 


April  24.  European 
conference  at 
London  on 
Schleswig-Hol¬ 
stein  question. 


July —  Palmer- 
ston  sustained 
in  the  general 
election. 


Aug.  15.  English 
fleet  visits  Cher¬ 
bourg. 

Aug.  30.  French 
fleet  visits  P  orts 
mouth. 


1864  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


227 


A.D. 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1863 


Thiers,  Ollivier,  Faure, 
and  other  opposition 
candidates  are  elected, 
May  31. 

French  overrun  Mexico 
and  occupy  the  capital, 
June  10. 


1863 

March  30.  Greece:  George 
I.,  of  Schleswig-Holstein, 
proclaimed  king — 
England  agreeing  to 
give  up  Ionian  Isles  to 
Greece. 


1863 

Mexico: — A  National 
Assembly  offers  the 
imperial  crown  to  Max¬ 
imilian  of  Austria,  July 
10. — Resistance  by  the 
Nationalists  under 

Juarez. 

June  10.  French  enter 
Mexico. 


Aug.  16.  Congress  of  Ger¬ 
man  sovereigns  at 
Frankfort. — “One  Fed¬ 
eral  State”  proposed. 


Nov. — Thiers  and  his 

friends  form  a  new  op¬ 
position. 


Nov.  15.  Denmark:  Chris¬ 
tian  IX.  succeeds 
Frederick  VII. 


* 


1864 


May  20.  Convention  be¬ 
tween  France  and  Japan 
signed. 

May  22.  Death  of  Marshal 
Pellisier. 


1864 

Jan. — War  of  Austria  and 
Prussia  against  Den¬ 
mark  about  Schleswig- 
Holstein  —  German 
troops  enter  Holstein 
and  Schleswig. 

March  10.  Louis  II.,  king 
of  Bavaria. 

April  18.  Lines  of  Duppel 
taken  by  Prussians. 


1864 

Peru: — Chincha  Isl¬ 
ands  seized  by  Spain  as 
pledge  for  the  satisfac¬ 
tion  of  pecuniary  claims. 


June  1.  Ionian  Isles  made 
over  to  Greece. 


Mexico: — June  12. 
Emperor  Maximilian 
enters  the  capital. 

Final  conquest  of  the 
Circassians  by  Russia. 


July  8.  Prussians  take  Al- 
sen. 


Sept.  15.  Franco -Italian 
Convention  signed — 

French  troops  to  quit 
Rome  in  two  years. 

Florence  made  the  capital 
of  Italy,  May;  riots  at 
Turin  in  consequence, 
Sept.  21-22. 


July  18.  China: — Nankin 
taken  (“a  heap  of  ruins”; 
by  Gordon  for  the  Im¬ 
perialists;  end  of  the 
Taiping  Rebellion. 


Japan: — In  retaliation 
for  firing  upon  foreign 
ships,  Americans,  Eng¬ 
lish,  French,  and  Dutch 
bombard  Shimonoseki 
Sept.  4. 


228 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1864  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society. 


United  States. 


British  Empirb. 


1865 


Slavery  abolished  in 
the  United  States. 
Deaths  in  1865: 
Richard  Cobden, 
Bishop  Brownell, 
Adm.  Dupont, 
Val.  Mott,  Edw. 
Everett,  Mrs.  Gas- 
kell,  Sir  W.  J. 
Hooker,  Kiss 
(sculpt.),  Leopold 
I.  Ab.  Lincoln,  Dr. 
Lindley. 


1864 

Oct.  19.  Cedar  Creek  defeat  made  a 
victory  by  Sheridan. 

Oct.  21.  Rebel  raid  ait  St.  Albans,  Vt. 

Oct.  31.  Nevada  becomes  a  State, 

Nov.  8.  Lincoln  re-elected  president. 

Nov.  30.  Schofield  repulses  Hood  at 
Franklin,  Tenn. 

Dec.  13.  Fort  McAllister  stormed. 

Dec.  15-16.  Hood  crushed  by  Thomas 
at  Nashville. 

Dec.  21.  Sherman  enters  Savannah. 

Dec.  24-5.  Butler  and  Porter  repulsed 
at  Fort  Fisher,  N.  C. 

1865. 

Jan.  15.  Fort  Fisher  taken  by  Terry. 

Feb.  2-3.  Peace  conference  between 
President  Lincoln  and  Southern 
representatives  in  Hampton  Roads. 

Feb.  18.  Charleston  occupied  by  Union 
forces. 

Feb.  22.  Wilmington  captured  by 
Schofield. 

March  19.  Battle  of  Bentonville,  N.  C. 

March  31-April  1 .  Battle  of  Five  Forks. 

April  2.  Selina,  Ala.,  taken. 

April  3.  Richmond  and  Petersburg 
occupied  by  U.  S.  forces. 

April  9.  Surrender  of  Lee  with  his 
whole  army. 

April  12.  Mobile  taken. 

April  14.  Fort  Sumter  occupied. 

Assassination  of  President  Lincoln 
and  attack  on  Seward;  death  of 
Lincoln  on  following  day. 

April  15.  Andrew  Johnson  sworn  in  as 
president. 

April  26.  Johnston’s  surrender  to 
Sherman  at  Durham  Station,  N.  C. 

April  26.  Booth,  the  assassin,  shot. 

May  4.  Gen.  Richard  Taylor  surren¬ 
ders. 

May  10.  Jefferson  Davis  captured. 

May  26.  Kirby  Smith  surrenders  in 
Texas. 


End  of  the  Rebellion. 


Aug. — Treaty  of  com¬ 
merce  between 
Italy  and  Japan. 

Sept. -Several  South¬ 
ern  States  pass 
ordinances  annul¬ 
ling  secession,  and 
abolishing  slavery. 

Rinder-pest  or  cattle 
plague  in  England, 
July,  1865,  to  Feb., 
1866. 


May  22.  Proclamation  opening  South¬ 
ern  ports  and  exceptional  amnesty. 

June  1.  National  fast. 

June  29.  Trial  of  assassins  of  Lincoln 
ended. 

July  7.  They  are  hung. 

July  29.  Prisoners  of  war  released  on 
oath  of  allegiance. 

August — Rebel  privateer  Shenandoah 
destroyed  about  thirty  vessels. 

Nov.  2.  National  thanksgiving. 

Nov.  9.  Shenandoah  at  Liverpool — 
crew  released. 

Nov.  10.  Capt.  Wirz  executed  for 
cruelty  to  U.  S.  prisoners  in  Ander¬ 
son  ville. 

Dec.  18.  Thirteenth  Amendment  rati¬ 
fied. 


1 


1865 


March — F  e  n  i  a  n 
outbreaks  in  Ire¬ 
land. 


May  6.  Reform 
League  meeting 
in  Hyde  Park  in 
defiance  of  Gov¬ 
ernment. 


Oct. -Movements  of 
Fenians  at  New 
York,  Phila.,  etc. 

Oct.  7.  Riots  in 
Jamaica  ;Gordon, 
a  Baptist  minis¬ 
ter,  hanged  by 
Governor  Eyre 
as  a  rioter. 

Oct.  18.  Death  of 
Lord  Palmer¬ 
ston. — Lord  John 
Russell,  premier. 

Nov.  27.  Trial  of 
Fenians  at  Dub¬ 
lin. 


1865  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


229 


A.D. 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


World,  elsewhere. 


1864 

Oct.  30.  Peace  between  Den¬ 
mark  and  the  allies,  to  whom 
Schleswig-Holstein  and  Lauen- 
burg  are  surrendered. 


1864 

Paraguay: — O  u  t  -  1 
break  of  war 
with  Brazil,  Nov. 

Mexico:— Dec.  27. 
Imperialists  de¬ 
feated  by  Repub¬ 
licans  at  San 
Pedro. 

Famine  in  Bengal 
and  Madras. 


1865 


1865 


1865 


Apr.— Paraguayans 
under  Lopez  in¬ 
vade  Argentina, 
which  concludes 
alliance  with 
Brazil  and  Uru¬ 
guay. 


May. — Napoleon  III. begins 
his  visit  to  Algeria. 


May  7.  Hayti: — 
Military  insur¬ 
rection  against 
Geffrard. 


Sept. — NapoleonHI,  meets 
Bismarck  at  Biarritz; 
consents  to  the  Italo- 
Prussian  alliance  against 
Austria. 

Sept.  11.  Death  of  Lamori- 
ciere. 


Aug.  14.  Convention  of  Gastein 
between  Prussia  and  Austria 
with  regard  to  the  administra¬ 
tion  of  Schleswig  and  Holstein; 
Lauenburg  sold  to  Prussia. 


Dec.  10.  Leopold  II.  succeeds  his 
father  Leopold  I.  in  Belgium. 


Sept.  18. Paraguay¬ 
ans  defeated  by 
allies  at  Santa- 
yuna. 

Japan: — Rat  ifies 
treaties  with 
foreign  powers, 
Nov.  25. 


230 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1866  A.D.- 


A.D. 


ProgressofSociety. 


United  States. 


British  Empire, 


1866 


July  28.  Atlantic 
Telegraph  suc¬ 
cessfully  complet¬ 
ed  ;  cable  landed  at 
Newfoundland 
and  reports  peace 
between  Prussia 
and  Austria, 
-.eaths  in  1866: 
Marquis  D’Azeglio, 
Tare  d  Sparks .  W  m . 
Whe'well,  Gibson. 


1866. 

April  9.  Civil  Rights  Bill  passed. 

May  3.  Colorado  bill  vetoed. 

May  29.  Death  of  Winfield  Scott. 

June  13.  Fourteenth  Amendment 
adopted  by  Congress. 

July  28.  Congress  adjourns,  having 
passed  Freedmen’s  Bureau  (continua¬ 
tion)  Bill;  Civil  Rights  Bill;  Pacific 
Railway  (supp.)  Bill;  Army  Bill,  and 
other  important  measures. 

July — Grant  appointed  general -in -chief 
Sherman,  lieut. -general  ;  Farragut, 
admiral;  Porter,  vice-admiral. 

Aug.  14.  “National  Union  Conven¬ 
tion”  at  Philadelphia. 

Sept.  3.  Southern  Loyalist  Convention 
at  Philadelphia. 

Sept.  6.  Corner-stone  of  Douglas  monu¬ 
ment  laid  at  Chicago  by  President 
Johnson. 

Oct.  6.  Elections  in  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Iowa  result  in 
increased  Republican  majorities. 

Nov. — Republicans  also  victorious  in 
Mass.,  N.  H.,  N.  Y„  N.  J.,  Mich., 
Minn.,  Nevada,  and  Mo.  In  Delaw. 
and  Md.  the  Democrats  are  success¬ 
ful. 

Dec.  8.  Suffrage  given  to  colored  men 
in  Dist.  of  Columbia,  by  act  of 
Congress. 


1866 

Jan.  6.  Gov.  Eyre 
in  Jamaica  super¬ 
seded  by  Stork?; 
hot  discussions 
in  England  as  to 
his  conduct  in 
the  riots. 

June  26.  Fall  of 
Lord  John  Rus¬ 
sell.  Lord  Derby 
enters  on  his 
third  ministry. 


1867 


April  1.  Opening  of 
the  Great  Exposi¬ 
tion  of  Industry  of 
all  nations  at 
Paris. 


July  1.  Awards  of 
the  juries  in  the 
Great  Exposition. 

July. — 1800th  anni¬ 
versary  of  St.  Pe¬ 
ter’s  martyrdom 
celebrated  at 
Rome. 

July.  —England  visit¬ 
ed  by  the  sultan. 

Reform  in  England. 

Deaths  in  1S67: 
Victor  Cousin, 
Charles  A  n  t  h  o  n, 
Faraday. 


1867 

Feb.  9.  Nebraska  admitted  into  the 
Union. 

March  2.  “Tenure  of  Office”  Bill 
passed. 

Military  government  for  the  South: 
“Reconstruction  Act”  passed  over 
the  president’s  veto. 

March  23.  Supplementary  Bill  on 
Military  Government  of  the  South, 
passed  over  President’s  veto. 

Southern  States  divided  into  five  mili¬ 
tary  districts,  under 

Gen.  Schofield,  at  Richmond;  Sickles,  at 
Columbia,  etc.;  Pope,  at  Montgomery; 
Ord,  at  Vicksburg;  Sheridan,  at  New 
Orleans. 

March  30.  Treaty  for  purchase  of 
Alaska  signed. 

May  13.  Jefferson  Davis  released  on 
bail. 

July  3.  Congress  meets  in  extra  special 
session,  and  enacts,  over  president’s 
veto,  a  bill  to  confirm  and  strengthen 
the  Military  Government,  passed 
in  March  (July  19). 

Aug.  10.  Jury  in  trial  of  Surratt  (as¬ 
sassination  of  Lincoln)  disagree. 
Surratt  discharged,  Nov.  6,  1868. 

Aug.  12.  Sec’y  of  War  Stanton  sus¬ 
pended  after  refusing  to  resign. 

Sept.  7.  Pres.  Johnson  proclaims  gen¬ 
eral  amnesty. 

Sept.  17.  Antietam  cemetery  dedicated. 


1867. 


May  11.  Conference 
at  London  on 
the  question  of 
Luxemburg. 
Treaty  signed 
making  the 
duchy  neutral 
territory — fort¬ 
ress  to  be  razed. 

May  21.  Proclama¬ 
tion  of  the  newly 
established  Do¬ 
rn  i  n  i  o  n  of 
Canada. 

July.  —  i  he  viceroy 
of  Egypt  and  the 
sultan  of  Turkey 
visit  London. 

July  15.  Passage  of 
New  Reform 
Bill  in  the  House 
of  Commons. 

Sept.  24-27.  Pan- 
Anglican  synod 
at  Lambeth. 

Sept.  — Hostilities 
against  Abys¬ 
sinia  begun. 


1867  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


23i 


1867 


July  5.  Venetia  ceded  to 
France  by  Austria. 


D’Azeglio, 


Dec.-France  withdraws  its 
forces  from  Rome. 


1S66 

Jan.  15.  Death  of 
Italian  statesman. 

June  18.  Prussia  and  Italy  declare 
war  against  Austria. 

June  24.  Italians  defeated  at 
Custozza. 

July  3.  Battle  of  Sadowa  or 

Koniggratz,  Austrians  totally  de¬ 
feated  by  the  Prussians. 

July  4.  Austria  cedes  Venetia  to 
France. 

July  11.  Prussians  defeat  Bavar¬ 
ians  at  Kissingen. 

July  14.  Prussians  occupy  Frank¬ 
fort. 

July  20.  Italian  fleet  defeated  off 
Lissa. 

Aug.  23.  Treaty  of  Prague  be¬ 
tween  Prussia  and  Austria. 

Oct.  3.  Treaty  of  peace  between 
Austria  and  Italy,  signed  at 
Vienna. 

Nov.  5.  Venetia  proclaimed  to  be 
part  of  kingdom  of  Italy. 

Nov.  7.  Victor  Emanuel’s  pub¬ 
lic  entry  into  Venice 


1867 

Feb.  18.  Hungarian  constitution 
restored  by  Austrian  emperor. 
Feb.  24.  First  parliament  of  the 
North  German  Confederation 
opened  by  king  of  Prussia. 


Jan.  — Railway  between 
Boulogne  and  Calais 
opened. 

Jan.  19.  Emperor  decrees 
greater  freedom  of  dis¬ 
cussion  in  Legislature 
and  the  Press. 

April  1.  Great  Exposition 
opened  by  the  emperor. 

May  11.  France  adopts 
treaty  providing  for  the 
neutralization  of  Lux¬ 
emburg. 

June  6.  Attempt  on  life  of  the  Czar,  while  riding  with  the 
emperor,  in  Paris. 

The  sultan,  viceroy  of  Egypt,  king  of  Prussia,  prince  of 
Wales  and  other  notables,  also  visit  the  Great  Exposition 
in  Paris  in  June  and  July. 


July  1.  The  emperor  dis¬ 
tributes  medals  of  honor 
at  the  Great  Exposition. 

Oct.  30.  French  troops 
enter  Rome. 

Nov.  18.  Pacific  speech  of 
emperor  on  opening 
Chambers. 

Dec.  5.  Rouher  declares 
(for  government)  that 
Italy  shall  never  seize 
upon  Rome. 


June. — Promulgation  of  the  con¬ 
stitution  of  the  North  German 
Confederation. 

July. — Great  excitement  in  Europe 
respecting  the  death  of  Maxi¬ 
milian  in  Mexico. 

Russian  America  sold  to  the 
United  States. 

Aug.  6.  Violent  outbreak  of  chol¬ 
era  at  Albano,  Italy. 

Sept.  24.  Garibaldi  arrested  while 
preparing  to  invade  Papal  States 
and  sent  to  Caprera. 


1866 

Chile: — Valparaiso 
bombarded  by 
the  Spanish. Mar. 
31. 

Peru: — Callao  bom¬ 
barded  by  the 
Spanish,  May  2. 


Sept.  18.  Brazil: 
Uruguayano  sur¬ 
renders  to  the 
allies. 

Sept. — Greeks  in 
Crete  rise  in  re¬ 
volt  against  the 
Turks. 

Oct.  7.  Jamaica 
riots. 


1867 

Feb.  5.  Mexico  : — ■ 
The  city  of  Mex¬ 
ico  evacuated  by 
the  French 
troops. 

May  15.  Mexico: — 
Maximilian  and 
his  generals  cap¬ 
tured  at  Quere- 
taro. 

June  19.  Execution 
of  Maximilian  in 
Mexico. 

Ruler  of  Egypt  re¬ 
ceives  from  sul¬ 
tan  the  title  of 
khedive,  with 
the  succession 
in  direct  line. 

July  1.  Cuba:  De¬ 
cree  of  the queen 
of  Spain  free¬ 
ing  all  children 
of  slave  parents 
born  after  this 
date. 

Oct.  29.  Destruc¬ 
tive  hurricane  in 
West  Indies. 

Japan: — Nov.  19. 
Reiki,  the  last 
shogun,  resigns. 


232 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1867  A.D.- 


A.D. 

ProgressofSociety. 

United  States. 

British  Empire. 

1867 

Dec.  Treaty  for  purchase  of  Danish 
islands,  St.  Thomas  and  St.  John, 
for  $7,500,000,  signed. 

1868 

Jan.  15.  Education 
conference  opens 
at  Manchester, 
England. 

June  25.  Luther 
monument  in¬ 
augurated  at 
Worms. 

Oct.  5.  Papal  emis¬ 
saries  and  Greek 
patriarch  of  Con¬ 
stantinople  dis¬ 

agree  as  to  general 
council. 

Deaths  in  1868: 
Ex-Pres.  Buchan 
an,  Thad.  Stevens, 
Ex-Sec’y  Bates. 
Lord  Broughan, 
Rossini. 

1868. 

Feb.  24.  House  votes  to  impeach  Pres. 
Johnson. 

March  5.  Senate  constitutes  itself  a 
court  of  impeachment. 

May  21.  Republican  Convention  nomi¬ 
nates  Grant  and  Colfax. 

May  26.  Senate  adjourns,  after  ac¬ 
quitting  President  Johnson. 

June  5.  Chinese  embassy  received  at 
Washington. 

July  9.  Democratic  Convention  nomi¬ 
nates  Seymour  and  Blair. 

July  20.  Fourteenth  Amendment  rati¬ 
fied. 

Nov.  3.  Grant  and  Colfax  elected. 

1868 

Jan.  28.  More  than 
one  hundred 

thousand  special 
constables  sworn 
in  in  the  United 
Kingdom  from 
apprehension  of 
Fenians. 

Feb.  25.  Derby 
ministry  resigns 
— D ’Israeli  pre¬ 
mier,  29th. 

Dec.  2.  D ’Israeli 
ministry  out; 

Gladstone’s  suc¬ 
ceeds,  9th. 

1869 

Jan.  24.  First  Pro¬ 
testant  meeting 
for  public  worship 
in  Madrid. 

Apr.  3.  Bibles  in 
foreign  languages 
admitted  into 
Spain. 

May  10.  Railway 
connection  com¬ 
pleted  in  U.  S.  be¬ 
tween  Atlantic  and 
Pacific. 

July  14.  French  At¬ 
lantic  telegraphic 
cable  completed. 

Deaths,  1869:  W.  P. 
Fessenden;  Ad¬ 

miral  Stewart 
(“Old  Ironside”) 
G.  Peabody,  Ex- 
Pres.  Pierce,  Gen. 
Wool,  Ex-Sec’y. 
Stanton,  Lamar¬ 
tine,  Sainte-Beuve. 

1869 

Feb.  11.  Nolle  prosequi  ends  prosecu¬ 
tion  against  Jefferson  Davis. 

Feb.  26.  Fifteenth  Amendment  (negro 
suffrage)  passed  by  Congress. 

April  15.  Naturalization  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  ratified. 

May  10.  Union  Pacific  Railway  thrown 
open  to  traffic. 

June  15.  Peace  Jubilee  at  Boston. 

Sept.  24.  “Black  Friday,”  in  New 
York. 

Nov.  Wyoming  grants  complete  suf¬ 
frage  to  women. 

1869 

July  26.  Irish 

Church  dises¬ 

tablishment  bill 
passed. 

Nov.  —  Expiration 
of  the  Charter  of 
Hudson’s  Bay 
company  and  in¬ 
corporation  of 
its  territory  in 
the  Dominion  of 
Canada. 

1869  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


233 


A.D. 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


World,  elsewhere. 


1867 

Oct.  13.  Garibaldi  escapes  from 
Caprera ;  26 ,  defeats  pope’s  troops 
at  Monte  Rotondo;  30,  French 
troops  enter  Rome. 

Nov.  3.  Garibaldi  beaten  and 
taken  prisoner  at  Mentana. 


1868 


1869 


June  1.  New  press  law, 
less  stringent. 

Aug.  1.  Rochefort’s  Lan- 
ierne  suppressed;  he 
escapes  to  Belgium. 


1868 

Austria-Hungary: — the  Ausgleich 
of  Dec.  21  reorganizes  the  mon¬ 
archy  on  a  dualistic  basis. 

Mar.  21.  Defeat  of  papal  party  at 
Vienna  on  civil  marriage  bill. 

Serrano  and  Prim  head  revolution 
in  Spain;  royal  forces  defeated 
by  Serrano,  Sept.  28;  queen  of 
Spain  flees  into  France  Sept.  30; 
provisional  government  set  up. 

Dec.  30.  Final  surrender  of  revo¬ 
lutionary  Cretan  government 
announced  at  Constantinople. 


June  9.  Violent  election 
riots  at  Paris. 

June  26.  Great  increase  of 
opposition  in  Assembly. 

July  13.  Ministerial  re¬ 
sponsibility  introduced 
by  the  emperor. 

Aug.  15.  Centenarv  of 
birth  of  Napoleon  I.; 
pensions,  amnesty,  etc. 

Sept.  10.  New  constitution 
promulgated. 

Sept.  30.  Pere  Hyacinthe 
protests  against  papal 
infallibility  and  en¬ 
croachments. 


1869 

May  20.  Spanish  Cortes  votes  for 
monarchical  government. 

June  16.  Serrano  chosen  regent  of 
Spain. 

Dec.  8.  Vatican  Council  opened  at 
Rome. 


1868 

Japan:  The  mikado 
assumes  sole 
power;  civil  war 
between  ad¬ 
herents  of  mika¬ 
do  and  shogun. 

Feb.  19.  Brazilians 
force  the  pass  of 
Humaita  agaihst 
Paraguayan  bat¬ 
teries. 

Apr.  13.  Capture  of 
Magdala,  Abys¬ 
sinia,  by  British; 
death  of  King 
Theodore. 

May  22.  Russians 
occupy  Samar- 
cand. 

June  25.  Paraguay¬ 
ans  evacuate 
Humaita,  after 
over  2  years, 
siege. 

Sept. — Outbreak  of 
insurrection  in 
Cuba. 

1869 

Japan:  Mikado  tri¬ 
umphs;  Tokio 
(Yedo)  made  the 
capital. 

Nov.  17.  Suez 
canal  formally 
opened. 


234 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1870  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1870 


Apr.  2.  Railway  from 
Calcutta  to  Bom¬ 
bay  opened. 

May  25.  Organization 
of  English  com¬ 
mittee  to  revise 
authorized  version 
of  Bible. 

Dec.  25.  Mount  Cenis 
tunnel  completed. 

Deaths,  1870:  Ad¬ 
mirals  Dahlgren 
and  Farragut, 
Gen.  Lee,  Chas. 
Dickens,  Alexan¬ 
dre  Dumas. 


1870 


1870 


Jan.  26.  Darien  canal  scheme  ap¬ 
proved  by  Congress. 

Feb.  25.  Mr.  Revels,  first  colored  mem¬ 
ber  of  United  States  Senate  (from 
Mississippi),  takes  his  seat;  his  first 
speech  for  universal  amnesty  and 
suffrage. 

March  30.  Fifteenth  Amendment  rati¬ 
fied. 

July. — New  tariff  adopted,  to  take  effect 
Jan.  1,  1871. 

Oct.  1.  Internal  taxation  begins  to  be 
reduced. 

Nov.  5.  J.  L.  Motley,  minister  to  Eng¬ 
land,  recalled. 

Republican  majority  in  Congress 
greatly  reduced  by  the  fall  elections. 

Dec.  5.  President  Grant’s  message 
regrets  failure  of  proposal  to  annex  St. 
Domingo. 

Dec.  22.  General  Schenck  minister  to 
London. 


July  19.  Neutrality 
in  Franco-Prus- 
sian  war  pro¬ 
claimed. 

Aug.  1.  Irish  Land 
Act  passed. 

Aug.  9.  Elementary 
Education  Act 
passed. 


1870  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


235 


A.D. 


France. 


World,  elsewhere. 


18. u  1870  1870 

Jan.  2.  Liberal  (Ollivier)  Jan.  12.  Pope’s  decree  condemn-  Jan.  15.  Salnave 
ministry  formed.  1  ing  the  Fenians.  shot  in  Hayti; 

Jan.  10.  Victor  Noir^mur- June  25.  Queen  Isabella  of  Spain  Saget  president. 

abdicates  in  favor  of  her  son  Mar.  1.  Defeat  and 


Alfonso. 

July  18.  Vatican  Council  votes 
the  pope’s  infallibility. 

July  30.  Austrian  government 
dissolves  the  concordat  with 
Rome. 

Sept.  20.  Italian  troops  occupy 
Rome. 

Oct. — Vote  of  people  of  Papal 
States  for  annexation  to  Italy, 
133,681  yeas  to  1,507  nays. 
Oct.  31.  Russia  refuses  to  be 
bound  by  the  provisions  of  the 
Treaty  of  Paris,  ofl856,  neutral¬ 
izing  the  Black  Sea. 

Nov.  16.  Prince  Amadeus,  of 
Italy,  elected  king  of  Spain  by 
the  Cortes ;  accepts,  Dec.  4. 

Nov.  23.  Pope  excommunicates 
all  concerned  in  annexing  Rome 
to  Italy. 

Dec.  28.  Marshal  Prim  assassinat¬ 
ed  at  Madrid. 

Dec.  31.  King  Victor  Emanuel 
arrives  at  Rome. 


death  of  the 
Paraguayan 
president  Lopez, 
near  the  Aquida- 
ban. 

May  25.  Fenian 
raid  into  Canada 
repulsed  by  vol¬ 
unteers. 

June  21.  Mob  at 
T  i  e  n-T  sin  in 
China;  French 
consul  and  resi¬ 
dents  murdered. 


dered  by  Prince  Pierre 
Bonaparte. 

Jan.  22.  Rochefort  fined 
and  imprisoned  for  libel. 

[May  8.  Plebiscite  on  gov¬ 
ernment  amendments  to 
constitution,  adopted  by 
5  to  1. 

May  14.  Riots  and  barri¬ 
cades  in  Paris. 

May  15.  Duke  of  Gramont 
becomes  foreign  minis¬ 
ter. 

July  2.  Orleans  family  de¬ 
mand  permission  to  re¬ 
turn  to  France;  refused 
by  Assembly. 

July. — Prince  Leopold  de¬ 
clines  candidacy  for 
Spanish  throne;  Prussia 
refuses  guaranties;  13, 

Benedetti’s  interview 
with  King  William  of 
Prussia  at  Ems;  19, 

France  declares  war. 

July  23.  Empress  regent; 
emperor  joins  army, 

26,  first  skirmish  at 
Niederbronn. 

Aug.  2.  Action  at  Saar- 
briick;  4,  Germans  de¬ 
feat  French  at  Weissen- 
burg;  6,  severe  defeat  of 
French  at  Woert’n;  and 
at  Forbach  or  Spic-i 

heren;  Bazaine  in  command  at  Metz;  10,  new  ministry  under  Palikao; 
12,  Germans  pass  the  Vosges;  14,  Germans  gain  battle  of  Courcelles;  16,  of 
Vionville  or  Mars-la-Tour;  18,  of  Gravelotte  and  Rezonville;  Trochu  governor 
of  Paris;  22,  Bazaine  isolated  at  Metz;  25,  Germans  occupy  Chalons;  30, 
several  engagements  lost  by  parts  of  MacMahon’s  army  retreating  north;  31, 
they  retreat  to  Sedan;  Aug.  31  and  Sept.  1,  Bazaine  repulsed  and  driven  into 
Metz.  Sept.  1,  Battle  of  Sedan;  2,  surrender  of  MacMahon’s  army  and 
Napoleon  III.;  Sept.  4.  revolution  at  Par's;  republic  declared,  and  gov¬ 
ernment  of  defence,  Trochu  president;  19,  siege  of  Paris  formed;  19, 
Paris  completely  invested;  23,  Dumouf  gets  out  of  Paris  with  mails  by  bal¬ 
loon;  levee  en  masse  in  French  departments  ordered;  28,  Strasburg  capitu¬ 
lates;  red  republican  rising  put  down  at  Lyons. 

Oct.  7,  Gambetta  escapes  from  Paris  by  balloon;  9,  organizes  a  government  at 
Tours;  7,  great  sortie  from  Metz  repulsed;  10,  11,  red  republican  attempt 
to  establish  the  commune  at  Paris  defeated;  11,  Germans  take  Orleans;  16, 
take  Soissons;  21,  French  sortie  from  Mont  Valerien  (Paris)  repulsed;  27, 
Metz  and  army  surrendered  by  Bazaine;  31,  uprising  in  Paris;  Nov.  9,  battle 
of  Coulmiers;  28,  battle  of  Beaune-la-Rolande;  Nov.  30,  Dec.  2,  unsuccessful  at’ 
tacks  on  the  German  lines  of  investment. 

Dec. 2-4.French  defeated  at  Orleans;  9-10,  removal  of  seat  of  government  tc 
Bordeaux;  23,  battle  of  Pont-Noyelles. 


236 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1871  A.D.— 


A.r>. 


Progressof  Society 


United  States, 


British 


Empire. 


1871 


Sept.  22.  Old  Catho¬ 
lic  meeting  at  Bonn 
againstnew  dogma 
of  infallibility. 

Sept.  28.  Gradual 
slav  e-emancipa¬ 
tion  law  passed  in 
Brazil. 

Deaths,  1871:  G. 

Ticknor,  Alice  and 
Phoebe  Cary,  Gen. 
R.  Anderson,  R. 
Chambers,  Scha- 
myl,  the  Circas¬ 
sian  chief,  Omer 
Pasha,  Thalberg, 
Herschel,  Auber, 
G.  Grote,  Princess 
Belgiojoso.Paul  de 
Kock,  R.  Bentley, 
C.  Babbage,  Sir  R. 
Murchison,  Mar¬ 
shal  Benedelc,  G. 
Hudson  (“railway 
king”). 


1871 

A  pril  5.  Report  of  commissioners  to  St. 
Domingo,  in  Senate. 

May  8.  Treaty  of  Washington,  laying 
down  basis  for  arbitration  of  Alabama 
claims. 

June  10.  Statue  of  S.  F.  B.  Morse  un¬ 
veiled  in  N.  Y. 

June  29.  Polaris  expedition  sails  for 
North  Pole. 

July  12.  Riot  in  New  York,  Catholics 
against  Orangemen:  62  killed,  117 
wounded. 

July.— Exposure  of  Tweed  ring  by  N. 
Y.  Times. 

Oct. — Great  fires  in  Minn.,  Wis.,  and 
Mich  forests 

Oct.  8-9.  Great  fire  at  Chicago;  18,000 
buildings  destroyed;  $200,000,000 
lost. 

Dec.  19.  First  attempts  at  civil  service 
reform  made  by  President  Grant. 


1871 

Mar.  London  Con¬ 
ference  nullifies 
provisions  of 
Treaty  of  Paris 
regarding  neu¬ 
trality  of  Black 
Sea. 

Apr.  3.  8th  census 
taken. 

July  20.  Purchase 
of  army  com¬ 
missions  stopped 
by  royal  warrant. 

Sept.  30.  South 
Kensington  Ex¬ 
hibition  closed 
(open  since  May 
1). 


1872 


Aug.  6.  Spain  pre¬ 
pares  to  free  slaves 
in  Porto  Rico  and 
Cuba. 

Sept.  8.  Australia 
connected  by  sub¬ 
marine  telegraph 
with  the  Indo- 
European  tele¬ 
graph  system. 

Deaths  in  1872:  J. 
Mazzini;  Rev.  F. 
D.  Maurice,  S.  F. 
B.  Morse,  C. 
Lever,  L.  Feuer¬ 
bach,  Charles  XV., 
of  Sweden,  Mrs. 
Parton  (“Fanny 
Fern”),  T.  Gau¬ 
tier,  Sir  J.  Bow¬ 
ring,  Merle  d’Au- 
bign£,  Gen.  Hal- 
leck,  W.  H.  Sew¬ 
ard,  H.  Greeley. 


1872 

Jan.  16.  General  amnesty  bill  passed. 

June  17.  Boston  Peace  Jubilee  opens. 

July  10.  Democrats  and  Liberal  Re¬ 
publicans  join  to  nominate  Greeley 
for  president. 

Sept.  14.  Geneva  award  ( Alabama 
claims)  announced. 

Oct.  23.  Island  of  San  Juan  awarded  to 
United  States. 

Nov.  5.  Grant  re-elected  president. 

Nov. — Modoc  war  begins. 

Nov.  9-10.  Great  fire  in  Boston  re¬ 
sulting  in  loss  of  $80,000,000. 


1872 

Feb.  29.  Arthur 
O’Connor  pre¬ 
sents  an  empty 
pistol  at  the 
queen. 

March. — Agricultu¬ 
ral  laborers’ 
strike  in  War¬ 
wickshire. 

June. — Strikes  in 
various  trades. 

Sept.  14.  Final 
Alabama  award. 

Nov.  5.  New  com¬ 
mercial  treaty 
signed  with 
France. 

Nov.  24.  Serious 
illness  of  prince 
of  Wales;  begins 
to  recover  Dec. 
14. 


1872  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


237 


A.D. 

France. 

Europe,  elsewhere. 

World,  elsewhere. 

1871 

1871 

1871 

Feb.  8.  Complete  amnesty  for 

June  11.  Americans 

political  offences  in  Austria. 

and  French  storm 

Mar.  21  Meeting  of  the  first  Ger- 

Corean  strong- 

man  Reichstag. 

holds  and  punish 

June  16.  25th  anniversary  of 

Coreans  for  in- 

accession  of  Pius  IX.  celebrated 

suits. 

at  Rome. 

Oct.  1.  Military  re- 

July  1.  Rome  becomes  the  capital 
of  Italy. 

Nov.  18.  Uniform  coinage  law 
enacted  in  Germany. 

volt  in  city  of 
Mexico  ;  sup¬ 
pressed  with 

much  bloodshed. 

Japan:  Abolition  of 

feudalism ;  begin¬ 
ning  of  the  era  of 
western  civiliza- 

tion. 

Jan.  3.  Battle  of  Bapaume  10-12,  battle  of  Le  Mans;  15-17,  Bourbaki  defeated 
near  Belfort;  18,  William  I.  proclaimed  emperor  at  Versailles;  19,  battle  of  St. 
Quentin;  19,  great  sortie  of  100,000  men  from  Paris  repulsed ;  23,  Trochu  resigns; 
28,  Paris  capitulates;  30,  Bourbaki’s  army  of  80,000  driven  into  Switzerland 
and“interned  ”;  treaty  of  peace,  ceding  Alsace  and  part  of  Lorraine,  and  to  pay 
Germany  $1,000,000,000;  preliminaries  signed  Feb.  26. 

Feb.  17.  Thiers  becomes  executive. 

March  1-3,  German  troops  enter  Paris,  and  remain  48  hours.  Treaty  concluded 
May  10,  ratified  by  French  Assembly,  May  18. 

March  18.  Insurrection  at  Paris,  and  commune  established  there;  20,  regular 
government  at  Versailles;  28,  government  of  the  commune  proclaimed 
at  Paris. 

April  2.  Military  operations  begin  between  government  and  commune; 
4,  communist  insurrection  suppressed  at  Marseilles;  6,  Versailles  army  under 
MacMahon  begins  attack  on  Paris. 

May  21.  Government  troops  enter  Paris  and  occupy  part;  23-24,  Tuileries, 
Hotel  de  Ville,  etc.,  burned  by  communists;  28,  fighting  ends  and  communists  sup¬ 
pressed;  about  one-fifth  of  Paris  burned,  and  loss  of  property  through  com¬ 
mune,  $160,000,000;  29,  decree  disarming  Paris;  31,  Thiers  made  president 
for  3  years. 


1872 


Apr.  23.  Law  against  the 
“  International  ”  society. 

Sept — Oovemment  is  es¬ 
tablished  at  Paris. 

Oct.  6.  Pilgrimages  of 
some  20,000  persons  to 
Lourdes. 

Nov.  5.  New  commercial 
treaty  signed  with  Great 
Britain. 


1872 

Jan.— Insurrectionary  Carlistmove- 
ments  begin  in  north  of  Spain. 

Apr.  1.  Tercentenary  of  Dutch 
independence  observed. 

April  24. — May  1.  Eruption  of 
Vesuvius. 

May  1.  University  of  Strasburg 
reopened  (closed  by  French, 
1792). 

May  2.  Don  Carlos  enters  Spain; 
6,  flees  back  to  France.  The 
Carlist  war  begins. 

June  12.  Jesuits  expelled  from 
Germany. 

July  18.  1000th  anniversary  of 
kingdom  of  Norway  celebrated. 

July  31.  Extradition  treaty  sign¬ 
ed,  Belgium  and  Great  Britain. 

Sept.  18.  Death  of  Charles  XV., 
of  Sweden;  succeeded  by  Oscar 


1872 

Mar.  1.  War  be¬ 
tween  Honduras 
a.nd  San  Salva¬ 
dor. 

Mar.  26.  Attemptto 
assassinate  the 
mikado  of  Japan. 

July  18.  Death  of 
Juarez;  succeed¬ 
ed  in  the  presi¬ 
dency  of  Mexico 

!  by  Lerdo  de 
Tejada  (Oct.) 

July22.  Military  re« 
volt  at  Lima; 
President  Balta 
killed. 

Aug.  17.  Japanese 
embassy  in  Eng¬ 
land. 


II. 


Sept.  30.  Revolt  in  Montenegro. 
Dec.  18.  Coinage  made  uniform  in 
Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway. 
Dec.  31.  Diplomatic  relations 
broken  off  between  the  pope  and 
Germany, 


238 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1873  A.D.— 


A.D. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1873 


1874 


1875 


Jan.  1.  European 
calendar  introduc¬ 
ed  into  Japan. 
Mar.  22.  Slavery 
abolished  in  Porto 
Rico. 

May  1.  International 
Exposition  at 
Vienna. 

May  5.  Treaty  of 
Great  Britain  with 
Zanzibar  to  sup¬ 
press  slave  trade. 
Deaths,  1873:  Na¬ 
poleon  III.,  M.  F. 
Maury,  Rev.  T. 
Guthrie,  C.  Knight, 
Baron  Liebig,  W. 
C.  Macready,  Dr. 
Livingstone,  John 
Stuart  Mill,  A. 
Manzoni,  F.  von 
Raumer,  M.  Odil- 
lon-Barrot,  Sir.  E. 
Landseer,  U. 
Ratazzi,  S.  P. 
Chase,  Agassiz. 


June  22.  Telegraph 
opened  between 
Great  Britain  and 
Brazil. 

Aug.  — International 
congress  at  Brus¬ 
sels  on  laws  of  war. 

Sept.  15.  Interna¬ 
tional  postal  con¬ 
gress  at,  Berne; 
adopts  a  system 
Oct.  7. 

Deaths  1874:  Ex- 
Pres.  Fillmore,  C. 
Sumner,  F.  Guizot, 
A.  von  Rothschild, 
Chang  and  Eng 
(Siamese  twins), 
Lir.  D.  F.  Strauss, 
J.  Michelet. 

Jan. — Civil  registra¬ 
tion  and  civil  mar¬ 
riage  adopted  by 
law  in  Germany. 

May  23.  People  of 
Switzerland  adopt 
civil  marriage  by 
vote. 

Nov.  28.  Italian  gov¬ 
ernment  buys  the 
Northern  Italian 
railroads. 

Publication  of  Mrs. 
Eddy’s  Science  and 
Health  and  Key  to 
the  Scriptures. 


1873 

Jan.  6.  House  of  Rep.  appoints  com¬ 
mittee  to  investigate  Credit  Mobilier 
scandals. 

Feb. — Fighting  and  disturbances  in  New 
Orleans. 

Apr.  11.  Gen.  Canby  and  others  mur¬ 
dered  by  Modocs. 

June. — Modocs  surrender. 

Sept. — Financial  panic  in  New  York  City 

Nov. — Excitement  over  execution  by 
Spaniards  of  Americans  from  steamer 
V  irginius. 


1S73 

Jan. — Strikes  of 

colliers;  coal 
very  scarce. 

June-July.  — Shah 
of  Persia  visits 
England. 

June. — Outbreak  of 
war  with  Ashan¬ 
tis. 


1S74 

Feb. — Women’s  whiskey-war;  women  try 
to  stop  liquor -selling,  by  prayer,  etc., 
in  Ohio  and  N.  Y. 

Apr.  22.  President  Grant  vetoes  bill 
for  inconvertible  paper  money. 

July. — Beecher  scandal  breaks  out. 

Aug.  17.  Riotsat  Austin, Miss.,  negroes 
and  whites;  so-called  negro  insurrec¬ 
tion  also  in  Aug.  at  Trenton,  Tenn. 

Sept. — Centennial  of  meeting  of  colonial 
delegates  at  Philadelphia. 

Sept.  18.  Gov.  Kellogg  of  La.,  deposed 
by  a  rising  of  whites;  restored  by  U. 
S.  forces. 

Oct.  27.  Triennial  Episcopalian  con¬ 
vention:  canon  against  ritualism. 

Dec. — Senate  passes  bill  to  resume 
specie  payment  Jan.  1,  1879. 


1875. 

Feb.  4.  Senate  rejects  new  reciprocity 
treaty  with  Canada. 

Feb. — Civil  Rights  Bill  (for  negroes) 
passed. 

Apr.  19.  Centenary  of  Lexington. 

June  17.  Centenary  of  Bunker  Hill. 

July  2.  Beecher  trial  ends.  Jury  dis¬ 
agrees  (9  to  3  for  Beecher). 

Sept.  30.  First  American  cardinal 
(McCloskey)  received  at  Rome. 

jOct. — Inflationist  defeats  in  Ohio 
and  Iowa. 


1874 

Jan.  23.  Duke  of 
Edinburgh 
marries  Grand 
Duchess  Marie  of 
Russia. 

Feb.  17.  Gladstone 
ministry  out; 
D  ’Israeli  suc¬ 
ceeds  him,  Feb. 
21. 

Feb.  28.  Close  of 
the  celebrated 
Tichbome  trial. 

May  13-21.  Visit 
of  czar  of  Russia. 


1875 

March  9.  Moody 
and  Sankey,  the 
revivalists,  ar¬ 
rive  in  London; 
sail  (on  return) 
Aug.  4. 

Sept.  27.  Railway 
jubilee  at  Darl¬ 
ington. 

Nov.  25.  Govern¬ 
ment  purchase  of 
Suez  canal  shares 
announced. 


1875  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


239 


A.D. 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


World,  elsewhere. 


1873 


1874 


Feb. — Letter  of  Comte  de 
Chambord,  destroying 
all  hope  of  Bourbonist 
fusion. 

Mar.  15.  Convention  for 
complete  evacuation  by 
Germans  on  payment  of 
whole  indemnity. 

May  24.  Thiers  and  his 
ministry  resign;  Mc¬ 
Mahon  chosen  president 
by  the  Assembly. 

Aug.  2.  Germans  have  left 
France,  except  Verdun; 
5,  the  Orleanists  recog¬ 
nize  Comte  de  Chambord 
as  chief. 

Sept.  5.  Last  instalment  of 
German  indemnity  paid; 
13,  Germans  leave  Ver¬ 
dun;  16,  last  Germans 
leave  France. 

Nov.  20.  MacMahon’s  term 
made  7  years. 

Dec.  10.  Bazaine  condemn¬ 
ed  to  death  for  surrender 
of  Metz;  commuted  to 
20  years,  imprisonment. 

Mar.  16.  Imperialist  de¬ 
monstration  at  Chisel - 
hurst,  at  majority  (18 
years)  of  prince  im¬ 
perial. 

July  2.  Royalist  proclama¬ 
tion  by  the  Count  de 
Chambord. 

Aug.  9.  Escape  of  Marshal 
Bazaine. 

Aug.  31.  Vendome  column 
restored. 

Dec.  3.  Public  thanks  to 
Britain  for  friendship 
during  war  with  Ger¬ 
many. 


1873 

Feb.  9.  Extradition  treaty  signed, 
Italy  and  Great  Britain. 

Feb.  11.  King  Amadeus  of  Spain 
abdicates. 

May. — The  Falk  Laws  in  Prussia 
mark  the  height  of  the  struggle 
with  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  known  as  the  Kultur- 
kampf. 

June  8.  Spain  declared  a  republic 
by  the  Cortes;  communist  and 
Carlist  risings  in  the  south; 
Sept.  7.  Castelar  chosen  presi¬ 
dent  of  the  executive. 

Oct.  21.  Jesuits  expelled  from 
their  convents  and  colleges  at 
Rome. 


1874 

Jan.  4.  Serrano  head  of  ministry 
in  Spain. 

Jan.  12.  Cartagena  last  commu¬ 
nist  stronghold  taken. 

Apr.  19.  Revised  constitution 
adopted  in  Switzerland. 

July  23.  Extradition  treaty  rati¬ 
fied,  Netherlands  and  Great 
Britain. 

Dec.  31.  Alfonso,  son  of  Queen 
Isabella,  proclaimed  king  of 
Spain  and  Canovas  del  Castillo 
head  of  ministry.  Throughout 
the  year  the  Carlist  war  rages. 


1873 

Feb.  23.  Emperor 
Toung-Chi  of 
China  assumes 
government. 

Mar.  25.  Nether¬ 
lands  declare 
war  against 
Atchinese. 

June  5.  Sultan  of 
Zanzibar  signs 
treaty  with 
Great  Britain 
agreeing  to  the 
suppression  of 
the  slave  trade. 

June  10.  Khiva  ta¬ 
ken  by  the  Rus¬ 
sians  under  Gen¬ 
eral  Kaufmann. 


1874 

Feb.  5.  British 
force  under  Sir 
G.  Wolseley  oc¬ 
cupies  Coomas- 
sie,  the  capital 
of  Ashanti. 

Feb.  13.  King  of 
Ashanti  makes 
peace. 

Feb.  26.  Insurrec¬ 
tion  at  Nagasaki, 
Japan. 

Sept.  30.  Annexa¬ 
tion  of  Fiji  Isl¬ 
ands  by  Great 
Britain. 


1875 


Feb  .-Mar. — C  onstitutional 
changes  in  a  republican 
direction. 

June  23.  Destructive  floods 
at  Toulouse. 

Nov. — The  National  As¬ 
sembly  adopts  the  sys¬ 
tem  of  voting  by  arron- 
dissement. 

Dec. — Reports  on  trial  of 
communists  show 
9,596  convictions  and 
110  death  sentences. 


1875 

Jan. — Alfonso  XII.  arrives  in 
Spain  and  takes  possession  of 
the  government. 

July. — Insurrection  against  the 
Turks  in  Herzegovina. 

Aug. — Insurrection  in  Bosnia. 

Oct.  6.  Turkey  announces  sus¬ 
pension  of  payment  on  half  the 
interest  of  her  public  debt. 


1875 

Apr.  5.  Island  of 
Saghalien  ceded 
by  Japan  to  Rus¬ 
sia. 

May  18.  Seven 

Chilian  towns  of 
30,000  popula¬ 
tion  destroyed 
by  an  earth¬ 

quake. 

Oct.  16.  Egyptian 
expedition  in 
Abyssinia  de¬ 
feated. 


1 


l 


240 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1875  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progressof  Society 


United  States. 


1875 


1876 


Deaths,  1875:  C. 
Lyell,  Ex-Pres. 
Johnson,  A. 
Helps,  E.  Qui- 
net,  Toung-Chi, 
emperor  of 
China.  H.  C. 
Andersen. 

Feb.  1.  International 
courts  in  Egypt  be¬ 
gin  to  sit. 

Oct.  27.  Capt.  Nares’s 
Arctic  expedition 
returns;  a  sledging 
party  had  reached 
83°  20'  north. 

Dec.  21.  New  penal 
code  adopted  for 
German  Empire. 

Deaths,  1876:  Vice- 
Pres.  H.  Wilson, 
F.  Deak,  Reverdy 
Johnson,  Abdul  - 
Aziz,  ex-sultan  of 
Turkey,  George 
Sand,  Gen.  Santa 
Anna,  C.  Perier, 
Cardinal  Anto- 
nelli. 

Invention  of  tele¬ 
phone. 


1877 


Invention  of  phono¬ 
graph. 

Stanley’s  explora¬ 
tions  in  Africa 
show  identity  of 
Lualaba  and  Con¬ 
go  Rivers. 

Deaths:  Tayler  Lew¬ 
is,  J.  L.  Motley, 
Gen.  Changamier, 
Dr.  Muhlenberg, 
E.  L.  Davenport, 
Gen.  Forrest,  Geo. 
L.  Fox,  Henry 
Peters  Gray, 
Thiers,  Brigham 
Young. 


1876 

Jan.  1.  Centennial  year,  great  demon¬ 
strations  in  Philadelphia. 

Mar. — Minister  Schenck  resigns  in 
consequence  of  Emma  Mine  scandal. 

April. — Senate  rejects  R.  H.  Dana’s 
nomination  as  minister  to  England. 

Apr.  14.  Lincoln  monument,  erected 
by  negroes,  unveiled  at  Washington. 

May  10.  Centennial  Exhib.  opened  at 
Philadelphia.  t 

June  16.  Hayes  and  Wheeler  nominat¬ 
ed  at  Cincinnati. 

June  25.  Custer  and  his  command 
ambushed  and  destroyed  by  Sioux 
on  the  Little  Big  Horn,  Montana. 

June  29.  Tilden  and  Hendricks  nomi¬ 
nated  at  St.  Louis. 

July  9.  Hamburg  (S.  C.)  massacre  of 
negro  militiamen  by  Butler  and  others. 

Aug.  1.  Gen.  Belknap,  ex -secretary  of 
war,  impeached  for  corruption,  but 
acquitted  by  35  to  25  in  Senate  (two- 
thirds  must  convict). 

Aug.  1.  Colorado  admittedintotheUnion. 

Oct.  17.  President  Grant’s  proclama¬ 
tion  against  unlawful  combinations  to 
affect  elections  in  South. 

Nov.  7.  Presidential  election;  Hayes  and 
Wheeler  chosen  by  185,  to  184  for 
Tilden  and  Hendricks. 

1877 

Jan. — U.  S.  Government  commission 
report  Darien  canal  practicable. 

Jan. — Extradition  treaty  signed  with 
Spain. 

Jan.  8.  Two  governors  (Nicholls  and 
Kellogg)  inaugurated  in  Louisiana; 
Kellogg  maintained  by  U.  S.  troops. 

Jan. — Fourteen  fishing  schooners,  over¬ 
due  at  Gloucester,  Mass.,  given  up  for 
lost  with  all  on  board. 

Jan. — Moody  and  Sankey  opened  meet¬ 
ing  in  Boston. 

Jan.  25-26.  Electoral  Commission 
created  to  decide  on  election  of  Hayes 
or  Tilden. 

March  2.  Hayes  declared  elected. 

Apr.  10.  U.  S.  troops  evacuate  South 
Carolina  state-house;  Gov.  Chamber- 
lain  has  to  yield  to  Hampton. 

Apr.  24.  U.  S.  troops  evacuate 
state-house  at  New  Orleans;  Kellogg 
government  yields  to  Nicholls. 

June  29.  Pres.  Hayes’s  letter  prescrib¬ 
ing  that  national  office-holders  must 
not  be  managing  party  officials,  nor 
be  assessed  for  party  expenses. 


British  Empire. 


1876 


May  1.  Queen  pro¬ 
claimed  Empress 
of  India. 

Sept.  6.  Gladstone 
publishes  his  de¬ 
nunciation  of  the 
Turkish  atrociti- 
ties  in  Bulgaria. 


1877 

Apr.  12.  The 
Transvaal  an¬ 
nexed  to  the 
British  Empire. 

Apr.  30.  Neutrality 
proclaimed  in 
Russo  -T  urkish 
war. 

July  2-9.  Pan -Pres¬ 
byterian  con¬ 
ference  at  Edin¬ 
burgh. 

Cleopatra’s  needle 
brought  from 
Egypt  and  erect¬ 
ed  in  London. 


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1 


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* 


1 877  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


241 


A.D. 

France. 

Europe,  elsewhere. 

World,  elsewhere 

1876 

Jan. — French  revenue  for 
1875  $500,000,000,  said 
to  be  the  largest  ever 
received  by  any  govern¬ 
ment. 

Feb.-Mar. — R  e  p  u  b  1  i  ca  n 
majority  elected  to 

Chambers. 

Nov.  3.  France  announces 
her  neutrality  in  the 
Russo -Turkish  war. 

Dec.  12.  New  ministry 
under  Jules  Simon. 

1876 

Jan.  31.  Andrassy  note  presented 
to  Turkey,  suggesting  reforms. 

Mar.  20.  Triumphal  entry  of  Al¬ 
fonso  into  Madrid,  the  Carlist 
insurrection  being  suppressed. 

May  6.  Assassination  of  French 
and  German  consuls  at  Salonica 
in  Turkey. 

May. — Risings  in  Bulgaria,  cruelly 
put  down  by  Turks. 

May  30.  Sultan  Abdul -Aziz  de¬ 
posed  ;  Murad  V.  succeeds. 

July  2.  Servia  and  Montenegro  de¬ 
clare  war  against  Turkey. 

July  9.  Turkey  repudiates  pay¬ 
ments  on  public  debt  until 
better  times. 

Aug.  31.  Sultan  Murad  deposed; 
Abdul  Hamid  II.  succeeds. 

Nov.  1.  Six  weeks’  armistice  be¬ 
tween  Turkey  and  Servia. 

Dec.  23.  Constitution  for  Turkey 
announced. 

1876 

Feb.  20.  Khokand 
annexed  to  Rus¬ 
sia,  as  Ferghana.. 

July  17.  Gen. 

Canal  president 
of  Hayti. 

Oct.  31.  Cyclone  in 
Bengal ;  immense 
loss  of  property 
and  life. 

Porfirio  Diaz  enters 
Mexico  and  de¬ 
clares  himself 

provisional  pres¬ 
ident. 

Dec.  10.  Baez, 
president  of  St. 
Domingo. 

1877 

May  16.  Resignation  of 
ministry  of  Jules  Simon; 
succeeded  by  De 
Broglie. 

July  29.  Gambetta’s  cel¬ 
ebrated  speech  against 
Mac  Mahon,  “submit 

or  resign.” 

Sept.  3.  Death  of  Thiers. 

Oct.  14.  Elections  favor¬ 
able  to  Republicans. 

Nov.  20.  Resignation  of 
the  De  Broglie  ministry. 

Dec.  14.  Formation  of  the 
Dufaure  ministry. 

1877 

Jan.  18.  Turkey  rejects  proposals 
of  the  European  Powers. 

Apr.  24.  Russia  declares  war 
against  Turkey,  and  enters 
Roumania. 

May  21.  Jubilee  at  Rome,  50th 
anniversary  of  pope’s  episcopate 
Roumania  declares  itself  inde¬ 
pendent. 

June.— Russians  cross  the  Danube 
at  Galatz;  25,  at  Hirsova;  27, 
at  Simnitza. 

July  6.  Over  120,000  Russians 
have  crossed  at  Sistova. 

July.  The  German  quarrel  with 
Rome  has  caused  the  deposition 
of  4  bishops  and  6  archbishops; 
expulsion  of  600  persons  (120 
priests)  from  Cologne  alone; 
vacancy  of  476  parishes  in 
7  bishoprics  alone. 

July  14.  Russians  under  Gurko 
cross  Balkans. 

July  16.  Nicopolis  taken. 

July  20,  30.  Russian  defeats  at 
Plevna. 

1877 

Feb.^Diaz  is  in  pos¬ 
session  of  power 
in  Mexico;  Ex- 
President  Lerdo 
escapes  to  San 
Francisco. 

April  12.  British 
rule  established 
in  Transvaal. 

May  9.  Great 
earthquake  and 
tidal  wave,  coast 
of  Peru;  loss, 
$20,000,000  and 
600  lives. 

242 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1877  A.D.— 


A.D. 

Progress  of  Society 

United  States. 

British  Empire. 

1878 

Dec.  17.  Gold  sells  at 
par  in  New  York 
City  for  the  first 
time  since  Jan.  13, 
1862. 

Deaths:  Pius  IX., 
W.  C.  Bryant, 
Bayard  Taylor, 

Geo.  H.  Lewes, 
Wm.  M.  Tweed, 
George  Cruikshank 
Bp.  Dupanloup, 
Joseph  Henry. 

1877 

July. — An  Indian  war  under  Chief 
Joseph  breaks  out  in  Idaho. 

July  16.  Beginning  of  great  railway 
strikes. 

Oct.  5.  Nez  Perces  Indians  under 
Chief  Joseph  surrender. 

Oct.  15.  Forty -fifth  Congress  meets  in 
extra  session. 

Nov.  23.  Halifax  Fisheries  Commission 
decrees  that  the  United  States  is  to  pay 
Great  Britain  $5,500,000. 

1878 

Jan.  30.  Senate  ratifies  Samoan 
treaty  which  gives  U.  S.  naval  vessels 
use  of  harbor  of  Pagopago. 

Feb.  28.  Passage  of  the  Bland  Silver 
Bill. 

May  17.  House  of  Representatives  ap¬ 
points  a  (Potter)  committee  to  in¬ 
vestigate  alleged  frauds  in  presiden¬ 
tial  election  of  1876. 

Nov.  5.  Elections  favorable  to  the 
Democrats. 

Southern  States  visited  with  yellow 
fever,  causing  20,000  cases  of  sickness 
and  7000  deaths. 

1878 

June  4.  Defensive 
treaty  with  Tur¬ 
key  signed,  by 
which  Cyprus  is 
ceded  to  Great 
Britain. 

Sept.  3.  Princess 
Alice  sunk  near 
London ;  t>00 

lives  lost. 

Oct.  2.  City  of 
Glasgow  Bank; 
Scotland,  closed 
with  liabilities  of 
$50,000,000. 

1878  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


243 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


World,  elsewhere. 


1877 

Aug.  21.  Suleiman  Pasha  begins 
assaults  on  Shipka  Pass. 

Sept.  3.  Russians  storm  Lovatz; 
8,  Montenegrins  capture  Nicsic. 

Oct.  15.  Mukhtar  Pasha  defeated 
at  Aladja  Dagh. 

Nov.  17.  Insurrection  along  Greek 
frontier. 

Nov.  IS.  Russians  capture  Kars. 

Dec.  10.  Russians  capture  Plevna. 


1878 


May  1.  International  Ex¬ 
position  opens  at  Paris. 


1878 

Jan.  4.  Russians  capture  Sophia; 
9,  and  a  Turkish  army  of  25,000 
men  in  Shipka  Pass;  20,  and 
enter  Adrianople. 

Jan.  9.  King  Victor  Emmanuel  of 
Italy  dies,  and  is  succeeded  by 
his  son,  King  Humbert. 

Jan.  23.  King  Alfonso  of  Spain 
marries  Princess  Mercedes. 

Feb.  7.  Pius  IX.  dies;  20,  Leo 
XIII.  is  elected  pope. 

Mar.  3.  Treaty  of  San  Stefano 
between  Russia  and  Turkey. 

May  4.  Attempt  to  assassinate 
Emperor  William  of  Germany. 

June  2.  Another  attempt  to  assas¬ 
sinate  emperor  of  Germany. 

June  13.  Meeting  of  European 
Powers  at  Berlin. 

June  26.  Death  of  Queen  Mer¬ 
cedes  of  Spain. 

July  13.  Treaty  of  Berlin  signed  by 
European  Powers. 

Aug. — Opposition  in  Bosnia  to 
Austrian  occupation. 

Oct.  19.  Anti -Socialist  Bill  passed 
by  Germany. 

Oct.  25.  Attempt  to  assassinate 
King  Alfonso  of  Spain. 

Nov.  17.  Attempt  to  assassinate 
King  Humbert  of  Italy. 


1878 

Jan.  -Feb .  —Famine 
in  Northern 
China,  in  which 
several  millions 
of  persons  starve 
to  death. 

Feb.  4.  An  asylum 
for  women  and 
children  in  Tien- 
Tsin,  China,  is 
burned,  and 
nearly  3000 
lives  lost. 

Apr.  1 1 .  T  oraado  at 
Canton,  China, 
in  which  10,000 
persons  are  esti¬ 
mated  to  be  kill¬ 
ed. 

Aug. — Marquis  of 
Lome  is  appoint¬ 
ed  governor- 
general  of  Cana¬ 
da. 

Sept. — Protection¬ 
ists  are  success¬ 
ful  at  Canadian 
elections;  Sir 
John  A.  Macdon¬ 
ald  becomes  pre¬ 
mier;  and  tariff 
laws  are  passed. 

Nov.  21.  British 
troops  invade 
Afghanistan. 


I 


244 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1879  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  ofSociety 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1879 


April  30.  Treaty  be 
tween  G  rea  t 
Britain  and  Ger¬ 
many  for  sup¬ 
pressing  slave 
trade. 

May  18.  Switzerland 
permits  each  can¬ 
ton  to  restore  cap¬ 
ital  punishment. 

July  9.  Jeannette 
sails  from  San 
Francisco  for 
Arctic  regions. 

Oct.  25.  Flogging  in 
the  navy  abolished 
in  the  Nether¬ 
lands. 

Nov.  15.  Seventh  ca¬ 
ble  laid  under  the 
Atlantic  (Cape 
Cod  to  Brest). 

The  Northeast  (Po¬ 
lar)  Passage  made 
by  Nordenskjold. 

Invention  of  a  uni¬ 
versal  language 
(Volapuk)  by  J. 
M.  Schleyer,  a 
German. 

Construction  of  the 
first  electric  rail¬ 
road  (at  Berlin). 

Deaths:  Mme.  Je¬ 
rome  Bonaparte, 
Von  Bulow,  R.  H. 
Dana,  Gen.  Dix, 
W.  L.  Garrison, 
Gen.  Hood, 
Gen.  Hooker, 
Baron  Roths¬ 
child,  Gen.  Rich¬ 
ard  Taylor,  H.  C. 
Carey. 


1879 

Jan.  1.  Resumption  of  specie  payments 
Mar.  18.  Extra  session  of  Forty-sixth 
Congress. 

March-April. — Large  numbers  of  ne¬ 
groes  remove  from  the  Black  Belt  to 
Kansas. 


Oct.  16.  The  Apaches  kill  forty  settlers 
in  New  Mexico. 


Nov.  15.  Cable  communication  with 
France  established. 


1879 

Jan.  12.  British 
troops  enter  Zu- 
luland;  22,  valu¬ 
able  stores  and 
force  of  800  men 
lost  at  Isandula. 

Mar.  13.  Marriage 
of  Duke  of  Con¬ 
naught  to  Prin¬ 
cess  Louise  of 
Prussia. 

Apr.  2.  Zulus  de¬ 
feated  at  Ging- 
holova. 

June  24.  Zulus  in¬ 
vade  Natal;  28, 
General  Wolseley 
lands  at  Durban. 

July  1.  Zulus  de¬ 
feated  at  Ulundi. 

Aug.  28.  The  Zulu 
king,  Cetewayo, 
captured. 


1879  A-D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


245 


A.D. 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1879 


Jan.  30.  Marshal  Mac- 
Mahon  resigns  the  presi¬ 
dency  and  Jules  Grdvy 
is  elected  in  his  place. 

Feb.  2.  Resignation  of  the 
Dufaure  ministry. 

Feb.  5.  Appointment  of 
the  Waddington  min¬ 
istry. 

June  1.  Prince  Louis 
Napoleon  killed  by  the 
Zulus. 


1879 


Mar.  12.  River  Theiss  in 
Hungary  breaks  its 
dykes  and  destroys  300 
lives. 

Mar.  20.  Russian  troops 
evacuate  Adrianople. 

Apr.  14.  Attempt  on  the 
life  of  Alexander  II.  of 
Russia. 

Apr.  29.  Prince  Alexander 
of  Battenberg  elected 
prince  of  Bulgaria. 


Dec.  20.  Resignation  of  the 
Waddington  ministry. 
Dec.  28.  Appointment  of 
the  Freycinet  ministry. 


Nov.  29.  King  Alfonso  of 
Spain  marries  the  Arch¬ 
duchess  Marie  Christina. 

Dec.  30.  Attempt  to  as¬ 
sassinate  King  Alfonso 
of  Spain. 


1879 

Jan.  8.  British  troops  enter 
Candahar  (Afghanistan). 

Feb.  12.  Chilians  take  pos¬ 
session  of  disputed 
Bolivian  territory. 

Feb.  16.  King  of  Burmah 
assassinates  princes  of 
royal  house  atMandalay. 

Feb.  21.  Death  of  Shere 
Ali,  ameer  of  Afghanis¬ 
tan;  succeeded  by  Ya- 
koob  Khan. 

Mar.  23.  Chilians  capture 
Calama. 

Apr.  6.  Chili  formally  de¬ 
clares  war  against  Peru; 
11,  Peruvians  defeated 
in  naval  battle  off  Loa. 

May  26.  Afghans  sign  trea¬ 
ty  of  peace. 

June25.  Ismail, khedive of 
Egypt,  abdicates  and  is 
succeeded  by  his  son, 
Tewfik  Pasha. 

July  16.  Chilians  bombard 
Iquique;  21,  Peruvians 
bombard  Caldera. 

Aug.  8.  Second  bombard¬ 
ment  of  Iquique  by 
Chilians;  16,  battle  at. 
San  Pedro  de  Acatama;, 
and  28,  at  Antofagasta. 

Sept.  1.  Bolivians  and  Per¬ 
uvians  capture  Calama;. 
16,  naval  battle  off" 
Iquique;  19,  Chilians, 
victorious  at  San  Fran¬ 
cisco. 

Sept  3.  Maj.  Cavagnari  and! 
British  Embassy  as¬ 
sassinated  in  Cabul. 

Oct.  2.  Afghans  repulsed 
with  great  loss  at  Shu- 
targardan  by  Lord  Rob¬ 
erts;  21,  abdication  of 
Yakoob  Khan. 

Oct, 8.  Chilians  capture  the 
Huascar. 

Nov.  2.  Chilians  capture 
Pisagua;  and,  17,  Con¬ 
chas  Blancas;  and,  22, 
the  Pilcomayo;  13, 
are  defeated  at  Quint- 
lagoa;  but  are  victorious 
at  Dolores  (19),  Iquique 
(23),  and  Tarapaca 
(27). 

Dec.  14.  Afghans  defeated 
near  Cabul;  and  23,  at 
Shirpur. 

Dec. — President  Prado  flees 
from  Peru  and  Pierola 
becomes  dictator. 


246 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1880  A. D. 


i 

a.d.  :  ProgressofSociety 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1880 


Feb.  18.  Slavery 
abolished  in  Cuba. 

Feb.  29.  T  unnei 
through  St.  Got- 
ard  Mt.  complet¬ 
ed. 

June  10.  Celebration 
at  Lisbon  of  ter¬ 
centenary  of  Ca- 
moens. 

Aug.  14.  Completion 
of  Cologne  Cath¬ 
edral,  begun  in 
1248. 

Nov.  4.  Kansas 
adopts  prohibitory 
amendment  to 
constitution. 

Dec.  8.  Flogging 
abolished  in  Brit¬ 
ish  navy. 

Deaths:  Ole  Bull, 
Lydia  Maria  Child, 
Geo.  Eliot,  Em¬ 
press  of  Russia, 
Lucretia  Mott, 
Offenbach,  Tom 
Taylor. 


18S0 

Jan.  2.  C.  S.  Parnell  arrives  in  New 
York  to  plead  for  the  Irish  cause. 
Mar.  30.  Relief  ship  leaves  New  York 
for  Ireland. 


June  7.  Garfield  and  Arthur  nominated 
by  Republicans  at  Chicago. 

June  11.  Weaver  and  Chambers  nomi¬ 
nated  by  Greenback-Labor  Conven¬ 
tion  at  Chicago. 

June  24.  Hancock  and  English  nomi¬ 
nated  by  Democrats  at  Cincinnati. 

Sept.  23.  The  Schwatka  Arctic  ex¬ 
pedition  returns  to  New  York. 

Nov.  4.  Garfield  and  Arthur  elected 
president  and  vice-president. 

Nov.  17.  Treaty  with  China  relative  to 
the  restriction  of  immigration  of 
Chinese  laborers. 


1880 

Jan.  3.  Riots  in 
Connemara,  Ire¬ 
land. 

Feb.  17.  Parlia¬ 
ment  defeats  bill 
to  make  fran¬ 
chise  in  Ireland 
the  same  as  in 
England  and 
Scotland. 

Mar.  24.  Parlia¬ 
ment  dissolved. 

Apr.  21.  Resigna¬ 
tion  of  Beacons- 
field. 

Apr.  23.  Appoint¬ 
ment  of  Glad¬ 
stone  govern¬ 
ment. 

May — I  nsurrec- 
tions  in  Western 
Ireland. 

June. — House  of 
Commons  re¬ 
fuses  to  allow 
Bradlaugh  to 
take  his  seat. 

Oct. -Nov.  —  Riots 
in  various  parts 
of  Ireland. 

Dec.  28.  State  trial 
against  Parnell, 
etc.,  begins  in 
Dublin. 


1881 


1882 


Feb.  7.  Work  begun 
on  Panama  Canal. 

May  17,  19.  Revised 
New  Testament 
published  in  Eng¬ 
land  and  America. 

June  11.  Jeannette 
destroyed  by  ice  in 
Siberian  seas. 

Aug. — Electrical  Ex¬ 
hibition  opened  at 
Paris. 

Deaths:  Beaconsfield 
Gen.  Burnside, 
Carlyle, Dean  Stan¬ 
ley,  J.  G.  Holland, 
J.  T.  Fields,  Emile 
L  i  1 1  r  e  ,  J.  K. 
Bluntschli. 


J.  F.  Slater  gives 
$1,000,000  for  edu¬ 
cation  of  the  col¬ 
ored  people  of  the 
South. 

Great  increase  in  use 
of  electric  light. 


1881. 

Mar.  4.  Garfield  inangurated  as  presi¬ 
dent. 

May  5.  New  treaty  with  China  con¬ 
firmed  (regulating  immigration). 

June  2.  Great  Britain  pays  $75,000  for 
Fortune  Bay  fisheries  damages. 

July  2.  Garfield  shot  by  Guiteau  in 
Washington. 

July  20.  Indian  Chief  Sitting  Bull  sur¬ 
renders  at  Fort  Buford. 

Sept.. 19.  Garfield  dies  at  Elberon,  N.  J. 

Sept.  20,  22.  Arthur  takes  oath  of 
office  as  president. 

Oct.  5.  International  Cotton  Exhibi¬ 
tion  opened  at  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Oct.  19.  Centennial  celebration  of 
battle  of  Yorktown;  British  flag 
saluted  by  order  of  the  president. 

Nov.  14.  Beginning  of  trial  of  Guiteau 

.  .  for  murder  of  Garfield. 

1882. 

Jan.  25.  Guiteau  trial  ended  in  his 
conviction  of  murder  in  the  first 
degree. 

Feb.  28.  Congress  passes  apportion¬ 
ment  bill  giving  House  of  Representa¬ 
tives  325  members. 


18S1 

Jan.  25.  Irish 
State  trial  ends 
in  disagreement 
of  the  jury. 

Mar.  2.  Passage  of 
Coercion  Bill. 

Apr.-June. —  In 

Ireland  evictions 
for  not  paying 
rents. 

Aug.  22.  Enact¬ 
ment  of  Irish 
Land  Bill. 


18S2 

Mar.  2.  Attempt  to 
assassinate 
Queen  Victoria. 

Apr.  27.  Marriage 
of  Prince  Leo¬ 
pold  to  Prin¬ 
cess  Helena  of 
Waldeck. 


i882  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


247 


A.D. 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1880 


Jan.  29.  Bill  passed  to 
suppress  political  clubs. 

March, — Passage  of  the 
Ferry  Educational  Bill 
aimed  at  the  control 
of  education  by  the 
Jesuits. 

June. — Army  chaplains 

abolished. 

June  29.  Island  of  Tahiti 
annexed  to  France. 

June  30.  Jesuits  expelled 
from  their  religious 
houses. 

July  11.  Communists  am¬ 
nestied. 

Sept.  19.  Resignation  of 
Freycinet  ministry. 

Sept.  23.  Appointment  of 
Ferry  ministry. 

Oct.  30.  Religious  houses 
of  Jesuits  forcibly  closed. 

Nov.  9.  Ferry  ministry  re¬ 
sign;  but,  11,  withdraw 
their  resignations. 

Dec.  9.  Bill  for  taxing  re¬ 
ligious  property  passed. 


18S0 

Feb.  17.  Explosion  in  the 
Winter  Palace,  the  work 
of  Nihilist  conspirators 
against  the  life  of  Alex¬ 
ander  II.  Gen  Melikoff 
appointed  head  of  extra 
ordinary  commission 
with  vast  powers. 

Apr.  7.  Bismarck  offers  his 
resignation  to  the  em¬ 
peror  of  Germany,  but 
it  is  not  accepted. 

May  4.  German  Anti- 
Socialist  laws  extended 
to  1884. 

June  1.  International  Ex¬ 
hibition  opened  at 
Brussels. 

June  16.  Supplementary 
Conference  meets  at  Ber¬ 
lin  to  settle  Gieek  and 
Montenegrin  questions. 

July  3.  Prussia  passes  bill 
to  subordinate  all  clergy 
to  the  State. 

Sept.  17.  Naval  demon¬ 
stration  against  sultan 
to  enforce  Montenegrin 
settlement. 

Oct.  19.  Czar  marries 
^  Princess  Dolgorouki. 

Nov.  27.  Turks  evacuate 
Dulcigno. 

Nov.— Dec.  —  Anti-Semitic 
meetings  at  Berlin. 


1880 

Jan.  7.  Chileansoccupy  Ilo. 

Feb.  27.  Chileans  bombard 
Arica;  Mar.  20,  21, 

occupy  Moquega  and 
Islay. 

Apr.  10.  Chileans  blockade 
Callao. 

May  26.  Chileans  take 
Tacna. 

June  7.  Chileans  capture 
Arica. 

July  3.  Chilean  Loa 
destroyed  by  torpedo. 

July  22.  Abdul  Rahman 
recognized  by  British 
as  ameer  of  Cabul;  27, 
British  defeated  at 
Kushk-i-Nakhud. 

Aug.  31.  Lord  Roberts  en¬ 
ters  Kandahar  after  a 
notable  march  for  its 
relief. 

Sept.  1.  Afghans  defeated 
at  Candahar. 

Nov.  — Rising  of  the  Boers 
in  the  Transvaal  against 
the  British  govern¬ 
ment. 

Dec. — General  rising  of  the 
Boers  in  the  Transvaal; 
they  declare  their  inde¬ 
pendence;  and  occupy 
Potchefstroom. 


1881 


May  12.  Tunis  surrenders 

I  to  French. 

July  16.  French  army  takes 
Sfax. 

Oct.  26.  French  occupy 
Kairwan. 

Nov.  10.  Resignation  of 
the  Ferry  ministry;  15, 
formation  of  the  Gam- 
betta  ministry. 


1881 

Jan.  24.  The  Russians  cap¬ 
ture  Geok-Tepe  in  Tur¬ 
kestan. 

Mar.  13.  Assassination  of 
czar  of  Russia;  succeed¬ 
ed  by  his  son,  Alexander 
III. 

Mar.  26.  Roumania  de¬ 
clared  a  kingdom. 

Apr.  Beginning  of  outrages 
against  the  Jews  in 
Russia. 

Dec.  8.  Ring  Theatre  in 
Vienna  burned ,  and 
hundreds  of  lives  lost. 

Hamburg  joins  the  Zoll- 
verein. 


1881 

Jan.  13.  Chilean  victory  at 
Chorillos;  Jan.  15,  at 
Miraflores;  17,  Lima  sur¬ 
renders. 

Jan.  28.  British  repulsed  by 
Boers  at  Laings  Nek; 
Feb  8,  at  Ingogo  River; 
Feb.  27,  crushed  at 
Majuba  Hill. 

Mar.  24.  Boer  war  in  S. 

Africa  ended. 

The  Mahdi  appears  in  the 
Sudan. 


1882 


Jan. — Failure  of  the  Union 
Generale. 

Jan.  26.  Resignation  of  the 
Gambetta  ministry  and 
formation  of  the  Frey¬ 
cinet  ministry  (30), 


1882. 

Apr.  Prince  Gortchakoff 
resigns  ministry  of 
foreign  affairs  in  Rus¬ 
sia. 


1882 

May. — Renewal  of  political 
massacres  in  Mandalay. 

June  11.  Riots  in  Alexan¬ 
dria  ;  340  Europeans 

killed  under  the  inspira¬ 
tion  of  Arabi  Pasha, 
secretary  of  war,  and 
leader  of  the  national 
party. 


248 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1882  A.D.— 


a.d.  Progkessof Society 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1882 


May.  —  Lieutenant 
Lockwood  of  the 
G  r  e  e  1  y  expedi¬ 
tion  reaches  83° 
24'  north. 

Deaths:  Longfellow, 
Darwin,  Emerson, 
Gambetta,  Gari¬ 
baldi,  Pusey,  Abp. 
Tait,  Anthony 
Trollope,  Thurlow 
Weed,  G.  P.  Marsh, 
R.  H.  Dana,  Jr., 
Auerbac  h,  Dr. 
Draper,  Dr.  Bel¬ 
lows,  Louis  Blanc. 


1882 

March  4.  Indictments  in  the  District  of 
Columbia  in  connection  with  the 
Star  Route  frauds. 

March  22.  The  Edmunds  Law  against 
polygamy  in  Utah  passed. 

May.  Outbreak  of  Apache  Indians  in 
Arizona. 

May  6.  Congress  passes  bill  suspending 
Chinese  immigration  for  ten  years. 

June  30.  Guiteau  hanged  in  Washing¬ 
ton. 

July-Sept. — Great  strike  of  iron  workers 
in  Pennsylvania. 

Aug.  2.  Congress  passes  over  the 
president’s  veto  the  largest  River  and 
Harbor  Bill  ever  passed — $18,743,875. 

Nov. — Elections  throughout  the  country 
generally  favorable  to  the  Democrats. 


1882 

May  6.  Assassina¬ 
tion  of  Lord  F. 
C.  Cavendish 
and  Mr.  Burke 
in  Phoenix  Park, 
Dublin. 

July  12.  Queen 
signs  new  coer¬ 
cion  bill. 

Aug. — Passage  of 
Irish  arrears  of 
rent  bill. 

Dec. — Parliament 
adopts  new  rules 
of  procedure. 

Dec.  20.  Archbish¬ 
opric  of  Canter¬ 
bury  accepted 
by  Bishop  Ben¬ 
son. 


1883 


July.  First  use  of 
storage  electricity 
in  propelling  boat 
(Thames  River, 
London). 

Nov.  18.  Standard 
time  substituted 
for  local  time  in 
U.  S.  and  Canada. 

Deaths:  Dore,  Flo- 
tow,  Wagner,  A. 
H.  Stephens,  J.  R. 
Green,  Gortcha- 
koff,  Peter  Cooper, 

iules  Sandeau, 

<aboulaye,  Abd- 
el-Kader,  Bp. 
Colenso,  Abp. 
Purcell,  Montgom¬ 
ery  Blair,  J.  S. 
Black,  Comte  de 
Chambord,  T  u  r- 
geniff,  Hendrik 
Conscience,  Mayne 
Reid,  Karl  Marx, 
H.  Martin,  Sir  E. 
Sabine. 


1883 

Mar.  3.  Tariff  bill  signed  by  the  presi¬ 
dent. 

July  16.  Civil  Service  Reform  Act 
(passed  by  Congress  in  Jan.)  goes  into 
operation. 

July  19.  Strike  of  telegraph  operators. 
(Collapsed  Aug.  17.) 

July  23.  Proteus,  sent  to  rescue  the 
Greely  Arctic  expedition,  crushed  by 
the  ice  in  Smith’s  Sound. 

Sept.  9.  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  com¬ 
pleted. 

Oct.  1.  Letter  postage  reduced  from 
3c.  to  2c.  per  half  ounce. 

Oct.  15.  Civil -Rights  Act  (giving 
colored  people  equal  privileges  in 
hotels,  theatres,  etc.,  with  whites) 
pronounced  unconstitutional  by  the 
Supreme  Court. 

Nov.  1.  Gen.  Sherman  succeeded  by 
Gen.  Sheridan  in  the  command  of 
army. 


1883 

Feb.  10.  Identifica¬ 
tion  of  murderers 
of  Burke  and 
Cavendish.  (Apr. 
13,  18.  Condem¬ 
nation  to  death 
of  two  of  them.) 

June  16.  Suffoca 
tion  of  186  child¬ 
ren  at  Victoria 
Hall ,  S  underland 

July. — Shooting  at 
Cape  Town  of 
James  Carey,  the 
identifier  of  the 
Burke  and  Cav¬ 
endish  murder¬ 
ers. 


1884 


May  19.  Discovery 
of  inoculative  rem¬ 
edy  for  rabies  an¬ 
nounced  by  Pas¬ 
teur. 


1884 

Jan.  21.  Iron-clad  oath  (enacted  during 
Civil  War)  repealed  by  Congress. 

Feb.  10-21.  Great  floods  in  Ohio  valley. 
$500,000  appropriated  by  Congress 
for  relief. 


1884 

Feb.  8.  Imprison¬ 
ment  of  Irish 
members  of 
Parliament  for 
treasonable 
actions. 


I 884  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


249 


A.D. 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1882 


April  2.  French  capture 
Ha-Noi  in  Annam. 

Aug.  7.  Formation  of  the 
Duclerc  ministry. 

Oct. — Compulsory  Educa¬ 
tion  Act  comes  into 
force. 

Dec.  31.  Death  of  Gam- 
betta. 


1883 


Jan.  28.  Resignation  of  the 
Duclerc  ministry  and 
formation  of  the  Fai¬ 
lures  ministry. 

Feb.  9.  Release  of  Prince 
Napoleon  after  three 
weeks’  imprisonment. 

Feb.  18.  Resignation  of  the 
Fallieres  ministry  and 
formation  of  the  Ferry 
ministry. 

Feb.  24.  Royal  princes  dis¬ 
missed  from  the  army. 

Mar.-June — Louise  Michel 
carries  on  Anarchist 
agitation  in  Paris. 

Sept.  29.  King  of  Spain 
insulted  in  Paris;  30, 
apologies  offered  by 
President  Grevy. 


1884 


June  19.  Annexation  of 
Cambodia  (part  of 
China)  to  French  terri¬ 
tories. 


1882 

Sept. — Turkey  cedes  5,000 
square  miles  to  Greece, 
in  rectification  of  the 
boundary  as  provided  by 
the  Congress  of  Berlin. 

Oct.  2.  Attempt  to  assas¬ 
sinate  King  Milan  of 
Servia. 


1883 

Jan. — Great  floods  in 
Europe. 

Mar.  29.  Murder  at  Pesth 
of  the  lord  chief  justice 
of  Hungary. 

April.  —  Resumption  of 
specie  payments  in  Italy. 
(Suspended  since  1866.) 

May  27.  Coronation  of 
Alexander  III.,  czar  of 
Russia,  at  Moscow. 

May-Aug.  Persecutions  of 
Jews  in  Russia. 

July  28.  Earthquake  on 
island  of  Ischia  (near 
Naples),  destroying  5000 
lives. 

Aug. — Military  revolt  in 
Spain. 

Sept.  27.  Unveiling  of  the 
great  statue  “Germania0 
on  the  Niederwald,  Rii- 
desheim. 

Oct. — Resignation  of  Span¬ 
ish  ministry  of  Sagasta, 
and  formation  of  new 
ministry  under  Posada- 
Herrera. 

Nov.  10.  Celebration  in 
Germany  of  fourth 
centennial  of  Luther’s 
birth. 

Dec.  4.  Insurrection  in 
Crete. 

Italy  joins  the  alliance  be¬ 
tween  Germany  and 
Austria,  thus  forming 
the  Triple  Alliance. 

1884 

Jan.  15.  Formation  of  a 
new  Spanish  ministry 
under  Canovas  del  Cas¬ 
tillo. 


1882 

July  11.  British  fleet  bom¬ 
bards  Alexandria;  12, 
Egyptians  evacuate  and 
fire  Alexandria. 

Aug.  15.  Gen.  Wolseley  ar- 
riyes  at  Alexandria;  20, 
seizes  the  Suez  Canal, 
and,  24,  defeats  Egyp¬ 
tians  at  Magfar  and,  25, 
at  Kassasin  Lock. 

Sept.  13.  British  defeat 
the  Egyptians  under 
Arabi  Pasha  at  Tel -el  - 
Kebir;  14,  Arabi  is  cap¬ 
tured;  23,  Damietta  sur¬ 
renders;  and,  25,  khe- 
dive  returns  to  Cairo. 

Dec.  3.  Arabi  sentenced  to 
death;  commuted  by 
khedive  to  perpetual 
exile. 

1883 

Jan.  16.  Return  of  Cete- 
wayo  to  Zululand. 

June. — French  aggressions 
in  Madagascar. 

July  14.  Discovery  of  Lake 
Mantumba  in  Africa  by 
Stanley. 

Aug. — Volcanic  eruptions 
in  Java  and  neighboring 
islands:  nearly  100,000 
deaths. 

Aug.  25.  French  protecto¬ 
rate  established  over 
Annam. 

Oct.  16.  Surrender  of  Cete- 
wayo  to  the  British. 

Oct.  20.  Treaty  of  peace 
signed  between  Chile  and 
Peru. 

Nov.  3-5.  Egyptian  army 
under  Hicks  Pasha 
crushed  by  the  Mahdi  at 
El-Obeid  in  the  Sudan. 


1884 

Jan.  25  “Chinese”  Gordon 
appointed  governor  of 
the  Sudan. 

Feb.  Massacre  of  Christians 
in  Tonquin. 


250 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1884  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  ofSociety 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1884 


1884 


May  24.  Opening  of 
N.  Y.  and  Brook¬ 
lyn  Suspension 
Bridge. 

June  20.  Introduc¬ 
tion  of  railroads 
into  China  sanc¬ 
tioned  by  the 
government. 

Aug.  4.  Opening  of 
international  edu¬ 
cational  conference 
at  London. 

Oct  13.  Interna¬ 
tional  conference 
at  Washington 
adopts  meridian  of 
Greenwich  as  the 
universal  prime 
meridian. 

Deaths:  Dr.  Lasker, 
Wendell  Phillips, 
Guyot,  Mignet, 
Prince  Leopold, 
Chas.  Reade,  Tag- 
lioni,  J.  P.  Benja¬ 
min,  Chas. O’Conor, 
Count  Todleben, 
Lepsius,  Sir  E.  Wil¬ 
son,  H.  G.  Bohn, 
Hans  Makart,  Paul 
Lacroix,  Fanny 
Elssler,  Channing. 


May  29.  People’s  (Labor  and  Greenback) 
party  nominate  B.  F.  Butler  and  A. 
M.  West  for  the  presidency  and  vice¬ 
presidency. 

June  6.  Republican  party  nominate  J. 
G.  BlaineandJ.  A.  Logan  for  thepresi- 
idency  and  vice-presidency. 

June  22.  Rescue  off  Cape  Sabine  of 
Lieut.  Greely  and  six  survivors  of  his 
Arctic  expedition — 17  of  the  party 
having  perished. 

July  11.  Democratic  party  nominate 
Grover  Cleveland  and  T.  A.  Hen¬ 
dricks  for  the  presidency  and  vice¬ 
presidency. 

July  24.  Prohibition  party  nominate  J. 
P.  St.  John  and  Wm.  Daniel  for  the 
presidency  and  vice-presidency. 

Nov.  4.  Election  of  Cleveland  and 
Hendricks. 

Dec.  8.  Collection  of  immigrant  head 
money  declared  unconstitutional  by 
Supreme  Court. 

Dec.  16.  Opening  of  Cotton  Exposition 
at  New  Orleans. 


1885 


Jan.  1.  Time  of  reck¬ 
oning  the  begin¬ 
ning  of  the  day 
changed  from  noon 
to  midnight  at 
Greenwich  ob¬ 
servatory. 

May  4.  Opening  of 
international  ex¬ 
hibition  of  inven¬ 
tions  at  London. 

May.  Publication  at 
London  and  New 
York  of  revised 
version  of  Old 
Testament. 

Aug.  10.  Opening  of 
international  tele¬ 
graphic  congress  at 
Berlin. 


1885 

Jan.  20.  Passage  of  bill  submitting 
French  spoliation  claims  to  Court  of 
Claims. 

Feb.  21.  Dedication  of  the  Washington 
Monument  (555  feet  high)  at  the  city 
of  Washington. 

Mar.  2.  Importation  of  foreign  contract 
laborers  prohibited  by  Congress. 

Mar.  3.  U.  S.  Grant  retired  with  the  rank 
of  General. 

Mar.  4.  Letter  postage  reduced  from 
two  cents  per  half  ounce  to  two  cents 
per  ounce. 

Mar.  4.  Inauguration  of  President 
Cleveland. 

Apr.  16.  Passage  of  bill  by  N.  Y.  Legis¬ 
lature  creating  a  public  park  at  Nia¬ 
gara  Falls.  (Opened  to  the  public, 
July  15.) 

May  5.  Conclusion  of  treaty  with  Co¬ 
lombian  government  establishing  joint 
protectorate  over  Isthmus  of 
Panama. 

June  21.  Ratification  of  extradition 
treaty  with  Japan. 

July  23.  Death  of  General  U.  S  Grant. 

Aug.  8.  Public  funeral  of  Gen.  Grant  in 
New  York. 


i  1884 

|  Mar.  15.  Dyna¬ 
miters  attempt 
to  blow  up  T imes 
office. 

Apr.  16.  Celebra¬ 
tion  of  tercen¬ 
tennial  of  Edin¬ 
burgh  Univer¬ 
sity. 

May  11.  The  pope 
condemns  the 
Ir  i  s  h  Land 
League. 

June  28.  Opening 
of  Egyptian 
conference  in 
London. 

Nov.  Passage  of 
new  franchise 
bill  by  Parlia¬ 
ment. 

Dec.  13.  Attempt 
to  wreck  London 
Bridge  with  dy¬ 
namite. 


1885 

Jan.  24.  Dynamite 
explosion  in 
Houses  of  Parlia¬ 
ment  and  in  the 
Tower,  London; 
twenty  persons 
injured. 

Mar.  26.  Difficulty 
with  Russia  re¬ 
garding  advances 
of  latter  in  Af¬ 
ghanistan:  mili¬ 
tary  reserves 
called  out  by  the 
queen. 

Mar. — Outbreak  of 
Riel’s  Insurrec¬ 
tion  in  Canada. 

May  3.  Riel  de¬ 
feated. 

May  15.  Riel  sur¬ 
renders. 

June  8.  Defeat  in 
Parliament  of 
the  Liberal  (Glad  - 
stone)  ministry. 

June  23.  Formation 
of  Conservative 
ministry  under 
the  Marquis  of 
Salisbury. 


1885  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


251 


A.D. 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


World,  elsewhere. 


1884 


June  25.  Appearance  of 
Asiatic  cholera;  6000 
deaths  within  three 
months. 

July  29.  Adoption  of  a 
divorce  law. 

Aug.  15.  Declaration  of 
war  by  China. 

Aug. — Revision  of  consti¬ 
tution. 

French  attack  Formosa. 

War  in  Madagascar. 


1884 

Feb.  14.  Annexation  of 
Merv  (Central  Asia)  by 
Russia. 

Feb.  17.  Attempt  to  assas¬ 
sinate  king  of  Italy. 

June  12.  Regulation  of 
succession  to  Dutch 
throne. 

June  21.  Death  of  prince  of 
Orange,  crown  prince  of 
Holland. 

June — Aug.  — Persecution 
of  Jews  in  Russia. 

July  13.  Attempt  to  as¬ 
sassinate  emperor  of 
Austria. 

July  17.  Discovery  of  plot 
to  assassinate  czar  of 
Russia. 

Oct.  5.  German  annexa¬ 
tions  on  African  slave 
coast;  Dec.  19,  in  Pacific 
Ocean,  beginnings  of 
German  colonial  policy. 

Germany:  Enactment 
cf  an  accident  insurance 
law  for  workingmen. 

Nov.  17.  Opening  of  the 
Congo  conference  in 
Berlin. 


1884 

Feb.  4.  Defeat  of  Baker 
Pacha  by  Egyptian 
rebels  under  Osman  Dig- 
na,  near  Tokar. 

Feb.  9.  Death  of  Cetewayo. 

Feb.  29.  Osman  Digna  de¬ 
feated  by  Gen.  Graham 
near  Tokar. 

Mar.  13.  Osman  Digna 
defeated  at  Tamanieb. 

Mar.  30.  Epidemic  of 
smallpox  at  Madras. 

May  23.  Berber  captured 
by  Egyptian  rebels. 

Sept.  10.  Earl  of  Dufiferin 
appointed  to  the  vice¬ 
royalty  of  India.  (He 
assumes  office  Nov.  13.) 

Nov.  25.  Earthquake  in 
Peru. 

Dec.  1.  Gen.  Diaz  becomes 
prest.  of  Mexico. 


1S85 


Mar.  30.  Resignation  of  the 
Ferry  ministry  caused  by 
riots  over  Chinese  vic¬ 
tories  in  Tonquin. 

Apr.  6.  Formation  of  new 
ministry  under  Brisson. 

June  2.  Public  funeral  of 
Victor  Hugo  in  Paris. 

June  9.  Treaty  of  peace 
with  China  signed. 

Aug.  25.  Reappearance  of 
cholera  at  Toulon;  its 
rapid  spread  through 
France:  10,000  deaths. 


1885 

Jan.  1.  Earthquake  in 
Spain:  many  lives  and 
buildings  destroyed. 

Jan.  12.  Extradition  treaty 
between  Russia  and 
Prussia. 

May  4.  Opening  of  univer¬ 
sal  exhibition  at  Ant¬ 
werp. 

June  24  .Cholera  appears  in 
Spain;  82,000  deaths  by 
end  of  August. 

July  12.  Attempt  to  assas¬ 
sinate  emperor  of  Ger¬ 
many. 

Sept.  18.  Rebellion  in 
Eastern  Roumelia:  an¬ 
nexed  to  Bulgaria. 

Oct.  1.  Outbreak  of  war 
between  Serviaand  Bul¬ 
garia. 

Nov.  1.  Renewal  for  five 
years  of  Latin  monetary 
union  between  France, 
Belgium,  Italy,  Switzer¬ 
land,  and  Greece,  on 
basis  of  silver  coin  re¬ 
deemable  in  gold. 


1885 

Jan.  19.  The  Mahdi  defeat¬ 
ed  by  the  British  unuer 
Gen.  Stewart  near  Me- 
tammeh  in  the  Sudan. 

Jan.  26.  Khartoum  captur¬ 
ed  by  the  Mahdi ;  Gordon 
killed;  relief  expedition 
under  Lord  Wolseley  ar¬ 
rives  too  late;  British 
forces  withdrawn  from 
Sudan. 

Feb.- — Formation  of  Congo 
Free  State. 

Feb.  21.  Protectorate  over 
Samoan  Islands  granted 
Germany  by  treaty. 

Mar.  30.  Russians  defeat 
Afghans  at  Penjdeh. 

Mar.  30.  Pres.  Barrios,  of 
Guatemala,  killed  while 
advancing  against  San 
Salvador. 

Mar.  31.  Colon  burned  by 
Panama  insurgents. 

Apr.  16.  Peace  concluded 
between  Central  Ameri¬ 
can  republics. 


252 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1885  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progressof  Society 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1885 


Deaths:  Colfax,  B. 
S  i  1  1  i  m  a  n,  Jr., 
About.  R.G.  White, 
Frelinghuysen, 
Hugo,  Baron  v. 
Manteuffel,  S.  I. 
Prime,  Gen. Grant, 
Montefiore,  Lord 
Houghton,  “H. 
H.  ”  Jackson,  Abp. 
McCloskey,  H.  W. 
Shaw  (“Josh  Bill¬ 
ings’’),  Gen.  Mc¬ 
Clellan.  John  Mc¬ 
Cullough,  Vice- 
President  Hen- 
d  r  i  c  k  s,  King 
Alfonso,  W.  H. 
Vanderbilt, 
Toombs. 

First  electric  street 
railway  in  U.  S. 
in  Baltimore. 


1885 

Aug.  25.  Cyclones  at  Savannah  and 
Charleston:  $2,000,000  worth  ot 
property  destroyed. 

Sept.  2.  Five  hundred  Chinese  miners 
in  Wyoming  Ter.  attacked  by  whites 
and  fifty  of  them  killed. 

Oct.  10.  With  the  destruction  of  Flood 
Rock  by  blasting,  the  work  ot 
clearing  Hell  Gate  in  the  East  River 
is  practically  completed. 


1885 

June  29.  Earl  of 
Carnarvon  suc¬ 
ceeds  Earl  Spen¬ 
cer  as  lord  lieu- 
tenantof  Ireland. 

July  23.  Marriage 
of  Princess  Bea- 
t  rice  to  Prince 
Henry  of  Batten- 
berg. 

Sept.  5.  Comple¬ 
tion  of  tunnel 
under  Severn 
River. 

Nov. — Outbreak  of 
war  with  Bur- 
mah;  British 
troops  enter 
Mandalay;  sur¬ 
render  of  King 
Thebaw  (Nov. 
28). 


1886 


Jan.  4.  Women  al¬ 
lowed  to  vote  in 
Toronto. 

May  4.  Opening  of 
colonial  exhibition 
at  London. 

May  11.  Opening  of 
international  ex¬ 
hibition  at  Liver¬ 
pool. 

Aug.  2.  Celebration 
by  the  Univ.  of 
Heidelberg  of  its 
503th  anniversary. 

Oct.  27.  Final  abo¬ 
lition  of  slavery  in 
Cuba. 

Deaths:  Gen.  Han¬ 
cock,  Gov.  Sey¬ 
mour,  Gough, 
Abp.  French,  Sir 
H.  Taylor,  Dio 
Lewis,  Von 

Ranke,  J.  R.  Bart¬ 
lett,  King  LudvCdg 
of  Bavaria,  E.  P. 
Whipple,  P.  H. 
Hayne,  Liszt 
Tilden,  J.  E. 
Cooke,  Von  Beust, 
C.  A.  Arthur,  C, 
F.  Adams,  Gen. 
Logan. 


1S87 


Feb.  16.  Women  al¬ 
lowed  to  vote  in 
Kansas. 


1886 

Jan.  19.  Passage  of  bill  regulating  suc¬ 
cession  to  the  presidency  in  case  of 
death  of  both  president  and  vice- 
president. 

Feb.  9.  Chinese  in  Seattle  (Washington) 
driven  from  their  homes  by  mob. 

May  1-4.  Labor  riots  in  Chicago  and 
Milwaukee  incited  by  Anarchists. 

June  2.  Marriage  at  the  White  House, 
Washington,  of  President  Cleveland 
and  Miss  Folsom. 

Aug.  20.  Seven  Anarchists  convicted  of 
murder  for  Chicago  riots  in  May. 

Aug.  30-31.  Charleston,  S.  C.,  severelv 
damaged  by  an  earthquake;  over  50 
persons  killed  and  many  buildings 
wrecked. 

Sept.  4.  Geronimo  and  his  band  of 
Apache  Indians  surrender  to  Gen. 
Miles. 

Oct.  28.  Bartholdi’s  statue  of  “Liberty 
Enlightening  the  World”  (a  gift  from 
France)  unveiled  in  N.  Y.  harbor. 

Dec.  6.  Reduction  in  tariff  duties  re¬ 
commended  to  Congress  by  Prest. 
Cleveland. 

Numerous  labor  strikes  throughout  the 
year. 


1887 

Jan.  21.  Passage  of  Inter-State  Com¬ 
merce  bill. 

March  3.  Repeal  of  tenure -of -office  act 
(restoring  to  the  president  the  power 
of  removing  officials  without  consent 
of  the  Senate). 


1886 

Jan.  1.  Annexation 
of  Burmah  to 
British  Empire. 

Jan  20.  Opening 
of  tunnel  under 
Mersey  River. 

Jan.  26.  Defeat  in 
Parliament  of 
Conservat i v  e 
ministry  (on 
question  of  gov¬ 
erning  Ireland). 

Feb.  3.  Formation 
of  Liberal  minis¬ 
try  under  Glad¬ 
stone. 

June  8.  Defeat  of 
Liberal  ministry 
in  Parliament  on 
question  of  Irish 
home  rule. 

July.  Parliamen¬ 
tary  elections 
favorable  to 
Conservatives 
and  Liberal -Un¬ 
ionists  (i.  e.,  to 
those  opposed  to 
Irish  home  rule.) 

July  21.  Formation 
of  new  Conserva¬ 
tive  ministry  un¬ 
der  Lord  Salis¬ 
bury. 

1887 

May  12.  Annexa¬ 
tion  of  Zululand 
to  the  British 
Empire. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


253 


IS87  A.D. 


A.D. 


France. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


World,  elsewhere. 


1885 


Dec.  12.  Establishment  of 
protectorate  over  Mada¬ 
gascar. 

Dec.  28.  Re-election  of 
Grevy  as  president. 
Brisson  ministry  resigns. 


1885 


Nov.  25.  Accession  of  Mer¬ 
cedes  to  Spanish  throne 
(on  death  of  her  father 
Alfonso  XII.)  under  re¬ 
gency  of  her  mother, 
Queen  Christina:  new 
ministry  under  Sagasta. 

Nov.  14-28.  Servians  in¬ 
vade  Bulgaria  and  are 
defeated. 

Nov.  28-Dec.  21.  Trial 
and  conviction  of  26 
Nihilists  at  Warsaw:  4 
hanged  and  22  sent  to 
Siberia. 

Nov.  30.  Germany  takes 

fossession  of  Marshall 
slands. 

Dec.  5.  Italian  annexation 
of  Massowah. 


1885 

Apr.  21.  King  of  Belgium 
assumes  sovereignity 
over  Congo  State. 

Apr.  24.  Panama  taken 
possession  of  by  U.  S. 
troops  for  protection  of 
property.  (Restored  later 
to  Colombian  gov’t.) 

May  7.  Death  of  the  Mahdi. 


1886 


1887 


Jan.  7.  Formation  of  a 
new  ministry  under 
Freycinet. 

Jan.  15.  Amnesty  granted 
political  offenders. 


June  22.  Passage  of  law 
expelling  royal  princes 
from  French  territory. 


Dec.  3.  Resignation  of 
Freycinet  ministry. 

Dec.  10.  Formation  of  a 
new  ministry  under  Gob¬ 
let. 


May  17.  Fall  of  Goblet  min» 
istry. 

May  29.  Formation  of  new 
ministry  under  Rouvier. 


1886 

Jan.  —  Servia,  Bulgaria, 
and  Greece  compelled  by 
the  powers  to  disarm. 

Mar.  2.  Treaty  of  peace 
signed  between  Servia 
and  Bulgaria. 

Mar.  20.  Anarchist  riots  in 
Belgium,  originating  in 
strike  of  miners. 

May  11.  Destructive  hur¬ 
ricane  in  Spain. 

May  17.  Posthumous  birth 
of  the  king  of  Spain, 
Alfonso  XIII. 

June  13.  Death  by  drown¬ 
ing  of  Louis  II.,  king  of 
Bavaria:  accession  of 
his  brother,  Otto  I., 
under  regency  of  Prince 
Luitpold. 

Aug.  21.  Prince  Alexander 
of  Bulgaria  kidnapped 
by  Russian  emissaries. 

Aug.  27.  Earthquake  in 
Greece  destroyed  600 
lives  and  many  towns. 

Aug.  —  Counter  revolution 
in  Bulgaria  followed  by 
restoration  of  Alexander. 

Sept.  4.  He  abdicates  and  a 
regency  is  established. 

Nov.  10.  Prince  Waldemar 
of  Denmark  declines 
offer  of  Bulgarian  throne. 

1887 

Feb.  23.  Earthquakes  in 
Southern  .Europe:  1000 
Lyes  lost. 


1886 

Jan.  25.  Barillas  elected 
prest.  of  Guatemala. 

Apr.  7.  Soto  elected  prest. 
of  Costa  Rica. 

May.  Santos  becomes  prest. 
of  Uruguay. 

June  3.  Caceres  becomes 
prest.  of  Peru. 

June.  Selman  elected  prest. 
of  Argentine  Republic. 


Sept.  23.  French  kill  500 
Chinese  pirates  near 
Tonquin. 

Dec.  31.  Four  hundred 
persons  crushed  to  death 
at  a  fair  at  Madras, 
India. 

1887 

Jan.  25.  Italians  defeated 
by  Abyssinians  near 
Massowah. 


254 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1887  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1887 


Deaths:  Bp.  Potter, 
E.  L.  Youmans, 
Sir  S.  Northcote 
(Earl  of  Iddes- 
leigh),  Mrs.  Henry 
Wood,  Beecher, 
Feval,  Eads,  Saxe, 
J.  T. Raymond,  ex- 
Vice-Pres.  Wheel¬ 
er,  Mark  Hopkins, 
S.  F.  Baird,  Jenny 
Lind,  F.  V.  Hay¬ 
den. 

Oct.  24.  Anglo  - 
French  convention 
neutralizing  the 
Suez  Canal — Baltic 
ship  canal  begun. 


1887 

June  29.  Jacob  Sharp  sentenced  to  4 
years’  imprisonment  and  fined  $5000 
for  bribery  of  N.  Y.  aldermen. 

July  8.  Excommunication  of  Dr.  Mc- 
Glynn  in  N.  Y.  for  advocacy  of  land 
theories  of  Henry  George. 


Nov.  11.  Hanging  of  four  of  the  Anar¬ 
chists  convicted  of  the  Chicago  riots 
of  May,  1886  (one  of  the  others  had 
committed  suicide;  sentence  of  the 
other  two  commuted  to  life  imprison¬ 
ment). 


1887 

May  14.  Opening 
of  the  People’s 
Palace  in  Lon¬ 
don. 

June  21.  Jubilee 
celebration  in 
London  of  the 
50th  anniversary 
of  Queen  Victo¬ 
ria’s  accession  to 
the  throne. 

July  8.  Passage  of 
Irish  Crimes  Bill 
by  Parliament 
(abolishing  trial 
by  jury  in  Ire¬ 
land). 

Nov.  13.  Riots  in 
London  caused 
by  police  attemp¬ 
ting  to  prevent 
meeting  of  work¬ 
ingmen  in  Tra¬ 
falgar  Square. 


1888 


Mar.  26.  Meeting  of 
first  international 
convention  of  wo¬ 
men  at  Washing¬ 
ton. 

July  27.  Celebration 
at  Kieff  of  900th 
anniversary  of  in¬ 
troduction  of 
Christianity  into 
Russia. 


1888 

Jan.  12.  Blizzard  in  Northwest:  235 
persons  frozen  to  death. 

Jan.  19.  Ratification  of  extradition 
treaty  with  the  Netherlands. 

Mar.  12.  Blizzard  in  Eastern  States:  N. 
Y.  city  blockaded  with  snowdrifts  for 
several  days:  a  number  of  lives  lost. 

June  1.  Sheridan  made  General  of  the 
army  by  special  act  of  Congress. 

June  6-7.  Democratic  party  nominate 
Grover  Cleveland  and  Allen  G.  Thur- 


Oct.  20.  Gift  of  $1,- 
000,000  by  Dan. 
Hand  for  educa¬ 
tion  of  Southern 
negroes. 

Nov.  10.  Suppression 
of  African  slave 
trade  resolved 
upon  by  European 
powers. 

Deaths:  Bonamy 

Price,  Asa  Gray, 
Sir  H.  S.  Maine, 
Bronson  Alcott, 
Louisa  Alcott,  Em¬ 
peror  William  I., 
C  hief- Justice 
Waite,  Matthew 
Arnold,  Emperor 
Frederick  III.,  E. 
P.  Roe,  Gen. 
Sheridan,  Lester 
Wallack,  R.  A. 
Proctor. 


man  for  presidency  and  v. -presidency. 

June  25.  Republican  party  nominate 
Benjamin  Harrison  and  Levi  P. 
Morton  for  presidency  and  vice¬ 
presidency. 

Sept.  13.  Chinese  Exclusion  Act  passed. 

Oct.  20.  Adjournment  of  Congress  after 
the  longest  session  (321  days)  in  its 
history. 

Oct.  30.  Dismissal  of  British  minister, 
Lord  Sackville-West,  by  U.  S.  govt, 
on  account  of  indiscreet  letter  on 
American  politics. 

Nov.  6.  Election  of  Harrison  and 
Morton. 


1888 


Sept.  17.  First 
meeting  of  com¬ 
mission  to  in¬ 
vestigate  Lon¬ 
don  Times's 

charges  against 
Parnell  and  other 
Irish  leaders; 

closed  Nov.  22, 
1889,  after  129 
sittings,  exam¬ 
ining  493  wit¬ 
nesses,  and  re¬ 
ceiving  answers 
to  98,000  ques¬ 
tions. 


1 888  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


255 


A.D. 


F 


RANCE. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


World,  elsewhere. 


1887 


June  1.  Ratification  of 
commerical  treaty  with 
Mexico. 

Dec.  3.  Election  of  Carnot 
as  president  on  resig- 
nationofGrevy  (Dec. 2). 

Dec.  11.  Formation  of  new 
ministry  under  Tirard. 


1887 


July  7.  Election  of  Prince 
Ferdinand  of  Saxe-Co- 
burg -Gotha  to  Bulgarian 
throne. 

Renewal  of  the  Triple 
Alliance. 

Termination  of  the 
Kulturkampf  in  Ger¬ 
many. 


1887 

Feb.  3.  Expedition  under 
Stanley  leaves  Cairo 
for  relief  of  Emin  Pasha 
in  Central  Africa.  (Re¬ 
turns  with  Emin,  Dec., 
1889.) 

Apr.  22.  Destruction  of  40 
pearl -fishing  vessels  off" 
Australian  coast ;  550 

lives  lost. 

May  3.  Earthquake  in 
Mexico:  150  lives  lost. 

July  3.  King  Kalakaua 
grants  Hawaiian  island¬ 
ers  more  liberal  constitu¬ 
tion. 


1888 


Mar.  1.  M.  Wilson,  son-in- 
law  of  ex-Prest.  Grevy, 
sentenced  to  two  years’ 
imprisonment  for  traf¬ 
ficking  in  decorations, 
(the  sentence  quashed 
by  Court  of  Appeals, 
Mar.  28). 

Mar.  15.  Removal  of  Gen. 
Boulanger  from  his  com¬ 
mand  in  the  army. 

Mar.  30.  Fall  of  Tirard 
ministry;  formation  of 
new  ministry  under 
Floquet  (April  3). 

Dec. — Bankruptcy  of  the 
Panama  Canal  Company. 


1888 

Feb.  3.  Official  announce¬ 
ment  of  treaty  of  alliance 
between  Germany  and 
Austria. 

Mar.  9.  Accession  of  Fred¬ 
erick  III.  to  German 
throne  on  death  of  his 
father,  William  I. 

Mar.  31.  Adoption  of  trial 
by  jury  in  Spain. 

June  15.  Accession  of  Wil¬ 
liam  II.  to  German 
throne  on  death  of  his 
father,  Frederick  III. 

Dec. — Suez  Canal  Conven¬ 
tion  ratified  by  the 
powers. 


1888 

Mar.  31.  Gen.  Flores 
elected  pres,  of  Ecuador. 

June  18.  Great  floods  in 
Mexico:  700  people 

drowned. 

July  9.  Gen.  Diaz  re-elect¬ 
ed  prest.  of  Mexico. 

July  27.  Volcanic  eruptions 
in  Japan:  1000  lives  lost. 

July  30.  Dr.  Paul  becomes 
prest.  of  Venezuela. 

Aug.  1.  Opening  of  inter¬ 
national  exhibition  at 
Melbourne  in  celebra¬ 
tion  of  centennial  of 
foundation  of  New  South 
Wales. 

Oct.  17.  Gen.  Legitime 
elected  prest.  of  Hayti. 


256 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1889  A.D.— 


A.D. 


ProgressofSociety 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1889 


Jan.  1.  Total  eclipse 
of  sun  (visible  in 
western  North 
America). 

Jan.  1.  Electricity 
substituted  for 
hanging  as  death 
penalty  in  N.  Y. 
(for  crimes  com¬ 
mitted  after  this 
date). 

Oct.  16.  Opening  of 
international 
maritime  congress 
at  Washington. 

Nov.  6.  Completion 
of  the  Forth 
Bridge  (Scotland), 
the  greatest  work 
of  its  kind  in  the- 
world. 

Final  abolition  of 
slavery  in  Brazil. 

Deaths:  S.  A.  Alli- 
bone,  Prince  Ru¬ 
dolph  of  Austria, 
Laura  Bridgman, 
John  Bright, 
Eliza  Cook,  John 
Ericsson,  S.  C. 
Hall,  Halliwell- 
Phillipps,  King 
Luis  of  Portugal , 
M.  F.  Tupper,  Ul- 
bach,  J.  G.  Wood, 
F.  A.  P.  Barnard, 
Simon  Cameron, 
Maria  Mitchell, 
T.  D.  Woolsey, 
Wilkie  Collins, 
Jefferson  Davis, 
Rob.  Browning. 


1889 

Jan.  9.  Cyclone  in  Penna.  very  destruc¬ 
tive  of  life  and  property. 

Feb.  2.  Fire  in  Buffalo  destroys  nearly 
$3,000,000  worth  of  property. 

Feb.  11.  Creation  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  in  national  government. 

Mar.  4.  Inauguration  of  Prest.  Harrison. 

Apr.  22.  Oklahoma  opened  to  white 
settlement. 

Apr.  29-May  1.  Celebration  at  N.  Y.  of 
centennial  of  Washington’s  inaugura¬ 
tion. 

May  31.  Breaking  of  dam  in  Cone- 
maugh  valley  destroys  2235  lives  at 
Johnstown,  Pa. 

Oct.  2.  Opening  of  the  Pan-American 
conference  at  Washington. 

Nov.  2.  Admission  as  States  of  North 
and  South  Dakota;  7,  of  Montana; 
11,  of  Washington. 

Nov.  13.  Opening  at  Washington  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Univ.  of  America. 

Ballot  reform  laws  adopted  by  11 
States  during  1887-89. 


1889 

July  1-29.  Visit  of 
Shah  of  Persia. 

July  27.  Marriage 
of  Princess 
Louise  of  Wales 
to  the  Duke  of 
Fife. 

Oct.  5.  Earl  of  Zet¬ 
land  succeeds the 
marquis  of  Lon¬ 
donderry  as  lord 
lieutenant  of 
Ireland. 

Numerous  pro¬ 
longed  strikes 
during  1889  kept 
thousands  of 
workmen  out  ot 
work  and  caused 
much  suffering 
in  England. 

Oct.  15.  The  Brit¬ 
ish  South  African 
Company  char¬ 
tered. 


! 


I 


i 


18S9  a.d, 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


257 


A.D. 


1889 


France. 


jFeb.  21.  Formation  of  new 
ministry  under  Tirard. 

Mar.  9.  Repeal  ofthe  decree 
of  banishment  of  Due 
d’Aumale. 

May  4.  Centennial  cele¬ 
bration  of  the  opening 
of  the  States-General  at 
Versailles. 

May  6.  Opening  of  inter¬ 
national  exhibition  at 
Paris. 

July  9.  Passage  of  army 
bill  making  service  uni¬ 
versal. 

July  14.  Centennial  cele¬ 
bration  of  the  fall  of  the 
Bastile. 

July  15.  Passage  of  bill 
forbidding  candidates  to 
appear  in  more  than  one 
constituency. 

Aug.  12.  Condemnation  of 
Gen.  Boulanger  to  per¬ 
petual  imprisonment. 
(He  takes  refuge  in 
Great  Britain.) 

Sept.  22.  General  election 
favorable  to  the  Repub¬ 
licans. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1889 

Jan.  30.  Suicide  of  Crown 
Prince  Rudolph  of  Aus¬ 
tria. 

Mar.  6.  Abdication  of  King 
Milan  of  Servia  in  favor 
of  his  son  Alexander,  13 
years  old. 

Apr.  2.  King  William  of 
Holland  pronounced 
mentally  unable  to 

govern.  (He  subsequent¬ 
ly  recovers.) 

Apr.  25.  Prince  Frederick 
of  Hohenzollem  pro¬ 
claimed  heir  to  Rou¬ 
manian  throne. 

Apr.  29.  Meeting  at  Berlin 
of  delegates  from  United 
States,  Germany,  and 
England  to  arrange 

Samoan  affairs. 

May — Formidable  strike  of 
miners  in  Germany. 

July  2.  King  Alexander  of 
Servia  anointed  at 
Zitcha. 

July  27.  Discovery  of  plot 
to  blow  up  the  Vatican. 

Aug.  3.  Insurrection  in 
Crete. 

Aug.  17.  Destructive  hur¬ 
ricane  at  Granada. 

Sept.  6.  Explosion  in  car¬ 
tridge  factory  at  Ant¬ 
werp:  125  persons  killed, 
200  others  wpunded. 

Oct.  19.  Accession  of  Car¬ 
los  I.  to  Portuguese 
throne  on  death  of  his 
father,  Luis  I. 

Dec. — General  epidemic  of 
influenza  in  Europe. 


World,  elsewhere. 


1SS9 

Feb.  11.  New  constitution 
for  Japan  proclaimed 
with  two  legislative 
chambers. 

Mar.  15-16.  Violent  hur¬ 
ricane  at  Samoa;  three 
German  and  three  Amer¬ 
ican  men -of -war  driven 
on  shore. 

Apr.  3.  King  John  of  Abys¬ 
sinia  defeated  and  slain 
by  the  dervishes. 

Apr.  10.  Death  at  Molokai, 
Hawaii,  of  Father  Dam¬ 
ien,  the  leper  priest. 

Aug.  11.  Insurrection  in 
Hawaii. 

Oct.  17.  Gen.  HyppoJite 
chosen  prest.  of  Hayti 
(after  a  year’s  war  with 
Legitime). 

Sept.  4.  Egyptians  de¬ 
feated  by  dervishes  near 
Suakim. 

Nov.  15.  Expulsion  of 
Brazilian  emperor  and 
establishment  of  a  re¬ 
public  . 


258 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1890  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1890 


Jan.  25.  A  New  York  news¬ 
paper  reporter  completes 
a  journey  around  the 
world  in  72  days. 


Mar.  4.  Railway  bridge 
over  the  Forth  put  into 
operation. 

Apr.  20.  Henry  M.  Stanley 
arrives  in  London  on  his 
return  from  the  greatest 
of  his  African  expedi¬ 
tions,  having  crossed  the 
continent  from  west  to 
east. 


July  15.  New  Croton  aque¬ 
duct  in  New  York  put 
into  operation. 


Aug.  6.  First  execution  by 
electricity  in  the  State  of 
New  York. 

Aug.  26.  Equatorial  rail¬ 
way  inaugurated  at 
Mombassa,  British  East 
Africa. 

Oct. — The  Mormon  church 
declares  against  the 
practice  of  polygamy. 
Deaths  in  1890:  Amadeus 

1.,  ex-king  of  Spain;  J.  J. 
Astor;  G.  H.  Boker:  A. 
Chatrian;  C.  W.  Cope; 
E.  Dodge;  I.  Dollinger, 
D.  B.  Fayerweather;  J. 
C.  Fremont;  O.  Feuillet; 
J.  Hergenrother;  Cardi¬ 
nal  Newman;  C.  H.  F 
Peters;  J.  E.  T.  Rogers; 
H.  Schliemann;  William 

111.,  of  the  Netherlands. 


1890 

Jan.  23.  Organization  of 
the  Woman’s  Christian 
Temperance  Union,  at 
Cleveland,  O. 

Feb.  24.  Chicago  selected 
by  the  House  of  Repre¬ 
sentatives  as  site  for  the 
World’s  Columbian  Ex¬ 
position. 

Mar.  —  Boomers  invade 
Cherokee  territories; 
warned  out  by  president. 

April  28.  Supreme  Court 
decides  that  liquors  in 
“  original  packages  ” 
may  be  brought  into 
and  sold  in  any  State. 

May  19.  Supreme  Court  de¬ 
clares  confiscation  of 
Mormon  property  under 
Edmunds  Law  constitu¬ 
tional. 

June  2.  The  eleventh  cen¬ 
sus  begins. 

July  2.  Sherman  Act  for 
the  protection  of  trade 
and  commerce  against 
unlawful  restraints  and 
monopolies. 

July  3.  Idaho  becomes  a 

State. 

July  11.  Wyoming  be¬ 
comes  a  State. 

July  14.  Sherman  Act  for 
the  monthly  purchase  of 
4,500,000  ounces  of  sil 
ver  by  the  government 
and  the  issue  of  silver 
treasury  notes. 

Aug  8.  Act  empowering 
States  to  regulate  sale 
of  liquors  in  “  original 
packages.” 

Oct.  1.  The  McKinley 
Tariff  Bill  becomes  law. 

Oct. — Ghost  dance  excite¬ 
ment  among  the  Sioux 
Indians. 


Dec.  15.  Sitting  Bull, 
chief  of  the  Sioux, 
killed. 


1890 

Feb.  3.  The  suit  of  Parnell 
against  the  London 
Times  settled  by  the 
payment  of  £5,000  to 
plaintiff. 


Mar.  28.  New  education 
code,  abolishing  pay¬ 
ment  by  results  goes 
into  effect. 


May  4.  Great  labor  demon¬ 
stration  in  Hyde  Park 
in  favor  of  an  eight -hour 
day. 


July  1.  Treaty  of  terri¬ 
torial  delimitation  with 
Germany  in  Africa; 
Great  Britain  receives 
protectorate  over  Zanzi¬ 
bar  and  cedes  Heligo¬ 
land  to  Germany. 


Sept.  18.  John  Dillon  and 
William  O’Brien,  Irish 
leaders,  arrested  for  con¬ 
spiracy. 


Nov.  15.  Beginning  of  the 
O’Shea  divorce  trial, 
implicating  Parnell. 

Dec.  6.  Irish  party  in 
Parliament  split ;  Par¬ 
nell  repudiated  by  a 
majority  of  his  followers 
under  Justin  McCarthy. 


1891 


Jan. — Discovery  in  the  Brit¬ 
ish  Museum  of  the  MS. 
of  Aristotle’s  Athenian 
Constitution. 


1891 

Jan.  14.  Conference  of 
Indian  chiefs  and  U.  S. 
authorities  at  Pine  Ridge 
S.  D.;  end  of  Indian 
outbreak. 


1891 

Jan.  27.  House  of  Com¬ 
mons  expunges  resolu¬ 
tion  of  June  22, 
1880,  preventing  Charles 
Bradlaugh  from  taking 
his  seat. 


1891  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


259 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


Jan.  25.  A  new  Anti- 
Socialist  law  is  rejected 
by  the  German  Reich¬ 
stag. 

Mar.  14.  Tirard  ministry 
in  France  resigns;  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  F  reycinet 
cabinet. 

Mar.  15.  Opening  of  the 
international  labor  con¬ 
ference  at  Berlin,  called 
under  the  auspices  of  the 
emperor. 

Mar.  18.  Bismarck  resigns 
the  chancellorship;  he  is 
succeeded  by  von  Ca¬ 
pri  vi  (20). 

May  6.  German  Reichstag 
opened  by  emperor,  who 
announces  programme 
of  labor  legislation. 


'  1890 

Jan.  12.  Portugal  com¬ 
pelled  by  Great  Britain 
to  yield  disputed  claims 
in  East  Africa. 

Mar.  7.  Tisza,  Hungarian 
premier,  resigns  after  14 
years  in  office. 


May. — Labor  disturbances 
in  Spanish  cities,  princi¬ 
pally  in  Barcelona. 

July  5.  Spain:  Canovas  del 
Castillo,  premier. 

July — Russia  :  Revival  of 
edicts  against  the  Jews, 
aiming  at  their  concen¬ 
tration  in  the  towns  and 
restricting  their  educa¬ 
tional  opportunities. 


1890 

Jan.  8.  Brazil.  Proclama¬ 
tion  of  religious  equality 
and  separation  of  church 
and  state. 

Feb. — Outbreak  of  war  be¬ 
tween  the  French  and 
the  king  of  Dahomey. 


Apr.  21.  Japan.  New 
civil  code  proclaimed. 


May. — Conflicts  between 
the  Maronites  and  the 
Druses  in  Syria. 

July  17.  Outbreak  of  war 
between  Guatemala  and 
Salvador;  Honduras  in¬ 
volved;  peace  con¬ 
cluded  Aug.  27. 

July  26.  Sanguinary  in¬ 
surrection  in  Buenos 
Ayres  against  President 
Celman;  he  resigns  Aug. 
6. 


Sept.  16.  International 
commercial  congress 
meets  at  Paris. 


Oct.  12.  Expiration  of 
Anti-Socialist  law  in 
Germany  celebrated  by  a 
great  Socialist  congress 
at  Halle. 


Sept.  11.  Liberal  uprising 
in  the  Swiss  Canton 
Ticino  against  the  re¬ 
actionary  government; 
the  electoral  laws  re¬ 
vised. 

Oct.  28.  Ministry  of 
Trikoupis  in  Greece  re¬ 
signs  and  is  succeeded 
by  one  under  Delyannis. 


Nov.  23.  William  III.  of 
the  Netherlands  dies, 
and  is  succeeded  by  his 
daughter  Wilhelmina, 
under  the  regency  of  her 
mother. 


Oct.  5.  Dabomey  concludes 
peace  with  France. 

Oct.  17.  Sultan  of  Zanzi¬ 
bar  surrenders  suzer¬ 
ainty  to  coastland  of 
German  East  Africa. 

Nov.  29.  First  Japanese 
parliament  opened. 


1891 


Jan.  22.  Supreme  Council 
of  Labor  established  in 
France. 


1S91 

Jan.  31.  Military  revolt  at 
Oporto  in  Portugal. 


1891 

Jan.  1.  Chile.  Congress  de¬ 
clares  President  Bal- 
maceda  deposed;  8,  the 
fleet  supports  the  Con¬ 
gress. 


26o 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1891  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1891 


Feb.  22.  First  meeting  of 
the  Women’s  National 
Council  at  Washington. 


1891 

Feb.  26.  Enactment  of  a 
maximum  freight  bill  in 
Nebraska. 


1891 

Feb.  20.  Resolution  in 
favor  of  disestablishing 
Welsh  Church  defeated. 


April  1.  Telephone  between 
London  and  Paris 
opened. 


May  23.  International  Pos¬ 
tal  Congress  meets  at 
Vienna. 


Mar.  3.  International 
copyright  law  enacted. 

Mar.  14.  Eleven  Italians 
supposed  members  of 
the  “Mafia”  secret  so¬ 
ciety,  lynched  by  a  mob 
at  New  Orleans;  compli¬ 
cations  with  Italy  fol¬ 
low;  31,  Italian  minister 
recalled. 

Apr.  14.  President  Harri¬ 
son  begins  an  extensive 
trip  through  the  South 
and  the  West. 

Apr.  28.  China  refuses  to 
accept  H.  W.  Blair  as 
U.  S.  minister. 

May  19.  People’s  Party 
organized  at  Cincinnati, 
O. 


Mar.  —  Insurrection  of 
Manipuris  in  Assam. 


Apr.  27.  British  troops  oc¬ 
cupy  Manipur,  which  is 
deserted  by  rebels. 


June  19.  Opening  of 
first  section  of  Man¬ 
chester  Ship  Canal  in 
England. 

July. — Experiments  with 
smokeless  powder  at 
Sandy  Hook,  N.  J. 

Aug. — Artificial  rain  pro¬ 
duction  experiments  in 
Texas. 


Oct.  1.  Opening  of  the 
Leland  Stanford,  Jr., 
University  at  Palo  Alto, 
Cal. 

Oct.  22.  Announcement  of 
Dr.  Robert  Koch’s 
remedy  for  tuberculosis. 
Deaths  in  1891:  G.  Ban¬ 
croft;  C.  Bradlaugh;  J. 
Grevy;  G.  E.  Hauss- 
mann;  J.  E.  Johnston; 
A.  W.  Kinglake;  J.  R. 
Lowell ;  Lord  Ly  tton ; 
J.  A.  Macdonald ;  J.  L.  E. 
Meissonier;  von  Moltke; 

C. S.  Parnell;  Pedro  II.; 

D.  D.  Porter;  W.  T. 
Sherman. 


June  4.  The  transport 
Itata,  which  had  escaped 
from  San  Diego  with 
arms  for  the  Chilean  in¬ 
surgents,  surrenders  to 
the  American  vessels  at 
Iquique. 

Aug.  13.  Presidential 
order  excludes  white 
men  from  the  Cherokee 
strip. 


Sept.  22.  New  lands  in 
Oklahoma  thrown  open 
to  settlement. 


Oct.  16.  Sailors  from  the 
U.  S.  cruiser  Baltimore 
assaulted  in  the  streets 
of  Valparaiso  and  two 
killed. 

Nov.  29.  The  Cherokee 
council  agrees  to  sell 
the  Cherokee  strip  to 
the  United  States. 


Junel6.  Regent  of  Manipur 
sentenced  to  death  for 
treachery. 

July — Visit  of  German 

emperor  and  empress  in 
England. 

Aug.  22.  Native  tributary 
ruler  established  over 
Manipur. 


Sept.  13.  British  force 
lands  on  island  of  Mity- 
lene  as  retort  to  sultan’s 
act  in  permitting  Rus¬ 
sian  vessels  to  pass 
through  the  Dardanelles. 

Oct.  27.  Riots  between 
Pamellites  and  anti- 
Pamellites  at  Cork. 


1891  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


26l 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe, 


elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1891 


1891 


Mar.  11.  France  agrees  to 
arbitrate  Newfoundland 
fisheries  question  with 
England. 


Mar. — The  Spainards  suc¬ 
ceed  in  .  subduing  a 
native  uprising  in  the 
Caroline  Islands. 


1891 

Feb.  19.  Egypt:  Dervishes 
under  Osman  Digna  de¬ 
feated  by  Egyptian 
troops  at  Tokar. 

Feb.  25.  Brazil:  Marshal 
Fonseca  elected  presi¬ 
dent  . 

Mar.  7.  Chile:  Government 
troops  defeated  by  Con- 
gressionalists  at  Pozo 
Almonte. 


May  1.  Prince  Bismarck  is 
elected  to  the  Reichstag 
from  Geestemiinde. 


July— Aug. — A  French  fleet 
visits  Cronstadt  and  the 
attendant  festivities  are 
taken  to  mark  a  close 
understanding  with  Rus¬ 
sia. 


Sept.  30.  Gen.  Boulanger 
commits  suicide  near 
Brussels. 


Oct.  6.  William  II.  of  Wiirt- 
temberg  succeeds  Char¬ 
les  I. 


Nov.  6.  Mission  from  Siam 
arrives  at  Berlin. 


Apr.  22.  Russia:  Im¬ 

perial  ukase  orders  ex¬ 
pulsion  of  Jews  from 
Moscow. 


May  11.  The  Russian 
czarewitch  (Nicholas  II) 
assaulted  at  Kioto, 
Japan. 

May  24.  The  construction 
of  the  Trans-Siberian 
railway  begins. 

June  29.  Renewal  of  the 
Triple  Alliance  between 
Germany,  Austria,  and 
Italy. 


Aug.  1.  Switzerland:  Cele¬ 
bration  of  the  six 
hundredth  anniversary 
of  the  foundation  of  the 
Swiss  Confederacy. 


Nov.  2.  The  sultan  forbids 
destitute  Jews  to  enter 
the  empire. 

Nov.  3.  Inter-parliamen¬ 
tary  peace  conference 
assembles  at  Rome. 


Apr.  10.  Chile:  Junta  estab¬ 
lished  by  Congressional 
party  at  Iquique. 


May-Oct. —  Anti-Christain 
riots  in  China  on 
the  Yang-tse-Kiang,  at 
Nankin,  and  elsewhere. 


June  2.  Chile  :  The  Con- 
gressionalist  army  oc¬ 
cupies  Husasco. 


Aug. 21.  Chile:  The  govern¬ 
ment  troops  defeated  at 
Aconcagua,  and,  28,  at 
Placilla;  Congression- 
alists  enter  Valparaiso; 
31,  Santiago  taken. 

Sept.  19.  Chile:  President 
Balmaceda  commits 
suicide. 


Nov.  —  Brazil :  President 
Fonseca  declares  him¬ 
self  dictator;  revolution 
in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul; 
Fonseca  resigns  and  is 
succeeded  by  Floriano 
Peixoto. 


262 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1892  A.D 


a.d.  (Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1892 


Feb.  29.  Treaty  between 
U.  S.  and  Great  Britain 
for  the  adjustment  of 
Bering  Sea  dispute  by 
arbitration. 

Feb. — Discovery  of  a  MS. 
Syriac  version  of  the  four 
gospels  on  Mt.  Sinai  by 
Mrs.  Lewis  and  Mrs. 
Gibson. 

Mar.  20.  Celebration  at  Al¬ 
bany  of  the  two  hundred 
and  fiftieth  anniversary 
of  the  First  Dutch  Re¬ 
formed  Church. 


1892 

Jan.  23.  The  United  States 
presents  an  ultimatum 
to  Chile  in  the  matter  of 
the  Baltimore ;  its  terms 
are  accepted. 


Mar.  —  Provisions  and 
money  sent  for  the  relief 
of  the  starving  peasants 
in  Russia. 


1892. 

Jan.  3.  Mob  outrages 
against  the  Salvation 
Army  at  Eastbourne. 

Feb.  8.  Joseph  Chamber- 
lain  elected  leader  of  the 
Liberal -Unionists  in 
Parliament. 


Mar.  12.  Great  strike  of 
coal  miners  in  Northern 
England,  about  200,000 
men  participating. 


Apr.  27.  Laying  of  the 
corner-stone  of  Grant’s 
tomb  at  New  York,  and 
of  the  Catholic  Universi¬ 
ty  at  Washington. 

May  9.  Bering  Sea  arbi¬ 
tration  treaty  ratified. 


Apr.  14.  The  U.  S.  agrees 
to  pay  an  indemnity  of 
$25,000  for  the  lynching 
of  the  11  Italians  at  New 
Orleans.  Diplomatic 
relations  restored. 

May  5.  The  Geary  Chinese 
Exclusion  Bill  becomes 
a  law. 


May  5.  An  embassy  under 
Charles  Ewan  Smith 
enters  Fez,  Morocco,  in 
order  to  negotiate  a 
commercial  treaty. 


Aug.  4.  Opening  of  the 
canal  connecting  Amster¬ 
dam  with  the  Rhine. 


June  4.  J.  G.  Blaine  re¬ 
signs  the  secretaryship 
of  state  to  become  a 
candidate  for  the  Re¬ 
publican  presidential 
nomina  tion;  10, 
Benjamin  Harrison  is 
nominated. 

June  23.  Grover  Cleveland 
is  nominated  for  presi¬ 
dent  by  the  Democratic 
party. 

July  1.  Lockout  of  em- 
loyes  in  the  Carnegie 
teel  Works  at  Home¬ 
stead,  Pa.;  6,  battle  be¬ 
tween  strikers  and 
Pinkerton  detectives  at 
Homestead  in  which  20 
lives  are  lost. — Labor 
disorders  in  the  Cceur 
d’Alene  district,  Idaho. 

Aug.  14.  Outbreak  of 
switchmen’s  strikes  at 
Buffalo  marked  by 
violence  and  the  de¬ 
struction  of  property. — 
Strike  of  coal  miners  at 
Coal  Creek,  Tenn. 


June  17.  Immense  gather¬ 
ing  at  Belfast  to  protest 
against  Home  Rule. 


Aug.  12.  The  Salisbury 
ministry  resigns  and  is 
succeeded  by  a  Gladstone 
cabinet. 


1892  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


263 


A.D. 

France  and  Germany. 

Europe,  elsewhere. 

The  World,  elsewhere. 

1892 


Feb.  18.  The  Freycinet 
ministry  defeated  and 
succeeded  (28)  by  a 
Loubet  cabinet. 


1892 

Jan. — Russia:  Famine  and 
plague  rage. 

Spain: — Strikes  and  dis¬ 
order  at  Bilbao. 

Feb. -Apr.  Anarchist  dis¬ 
turbances  at  Barcelona, 
Cadiz,  and  Madrid. 


Mar.  —  France  j  Conflict 
between  government  and 
Catholic  bishops  owing 
to  the  participation  of 
latter  in  political  affairs. 


Mar.  1.  Greece:  The 
Delyannis  ministry  dis¬ 
missed  by  the  king. — In 
Vienna,  great  destitution 
among  working  classes. 


April. — Anarchist  outrages  throughout  Europe  in  this 
and  the  following  months. 


June  7.  Meeting  between 
German  and  Russian 
emperors  at  Kiel. 


May  6.  Rudini  ministry  in 
Italy  succeeded  by  a 
Giolitti  cabinet. 

May  26.  Reciprocity  be¬ 
tween  Austria-Hungary 
and  the  United  States 
established. 

June  8.  Disaster  in  the 
silver  mines  at  Birken- 
berg,  Bohemia,  results 
in  loss  of  more  than  300 
lives. 


1892 

Jan.  7.  Egypt:  Death  of 
Tewfik  Pasha;  he  is 
succeeded  as  khedive  by 
Abbas  Pasha. 

Jan.  11.  An  outbreak  of 
the  native  tribes  in  the 
neighborhood  ofTangier, 
Morocco. — War  between 
the  French  and  the  king 
of  Dahomey. 


Mar.  15.  Guatemala  : 
Gen.  Barrios  becomes 
president.  —  Venezuela: 
Rebellion  against  Presi¬ 
dent  Palacio  headed  by 
Crespo. 

Apr.  29.  Hurricane  de¬ 
stroys  half  of  Port  Louis, 
Island  of  Mauritius, 
with  a  loss  of  more  than 
1200  lives. 


June  15.  Venezuela:  Presi¬ 
dent  Palacio  resigns  and 
flees  from  the  capital. 


July  11.  Ravachol  exe¬ 
cuted  at  Montbrison  in 
France  for  dynamite 
outrages. 


Aug.  17.  Cholera  appears 
at  Hamburg;  6700 
deaths  within  a  month. 


July  18.  The  pope  issues  an 
encylcical  on  Columbus 
and  the  discovery  of 
America. 


Aug. — R  u  s  s  i  a  :  The 
peasants  in  the  famine 
districts  riot  against  the 
physicians. 

Aug.  3.  Celebration  at 
Genoa  in  honor  of  Co¬ 
lumbus. 


July  11.  Porfirio  Diaz  re¬ 
elected  president  of 
Mexico. 


Aug. — The  French  take  the 
offensive  against  the 
king  of  Dahomey  and  on 
the  25th  they  take 
Taku  in  Decame. 


2t>4 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1892  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1892 


Sept.  13.  Railway  from 
Jaffa  to  Jerusalem  com¬ 
pleted. 


Oct.  1.  University  of 
Chicago  opened. 

Oct.  23.  World’s  Columbian 
Exposition  at  Chicago 
dedicated. 


1892 

Sept.  11.  Return  of  Lieut. 
Peary  to  St.  Johns,  N.  F ., 
from  the  north  after 
having  established  the 
fact  that  Greenland  is  an 
island  in  a  remarkable 
sledge  journey. 

Oct.  12.  Four  hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  dis¬ 
covery  of  America  cele¬ 
brated  at  New  York  and 
elsewhere. 


1892 

Sept.  14.  Ireland:  Total  re¬ 
peal  of  the  Criminal 
Law  and  Procedure  Act, 
signifying  end  of  strug¬ 
gle  against  the  National 
League. 


Deaths  in  1892:  J.  C. 
Adams;  G.  B.  Airy;  E. 
Arago;  G.  W.  Curtis;  C. 
W.  Field;  E.  A.  Free¬ 
man,  C.  A.  Fyfte,  J.  A. 
Grant;  G.  Klapka;  Car¬ 
dinal  Manning;  Richard 
Owen;  J.  Pope;  N.  Por¬ 
ter;  E.  Renan;  C.  H. 
Spurgeon;  Tennyson; 
Walt  Whitman;  J.  G. 
Whittier. 


Nov.  8.  Grover  Cleveland 
elected  president. 

Nov.  20.  The  strike  at 
Homestead  abandoned. 


Dec.  23.  Michael  Davitt’s 
election  to  Parliament 
from  North  Meath  de¬ 
clared  void  on  account 
of  intimidation  by 
clergy. 


1893 


Jan.  6.  Completion  of  the 
Pacific  extension  of  the 
Great  Northern  Railroad. 


1893 

Jan.  4.  General  amnesty 
for  all  polygamists  who 
had  abandoned  the  prac¬ 
tice  after  Nov.  1,  1890. 


Feb.l.  The  U.  S.  minister 
in  Hawaii  proclaims  an 
American  protectorate 
over  the  islands — 15, 
President  Harrison  sub¬ 
mits  a  treaty  of  annex¬ 
ation  to  the  Senate. 

Mar.  9.  President  Cleve¬ 
land  recalls  the  Hawaiian 
annexation  treaty  from 
the  Senate. 

April  11.  Opening  of  the  Apr.  1.  The  American  pro- 
first  railway  in  Siam.  tectorate  over  the  Hawai¬ 

ian  Islands  terminated 
by  special  commissioner 
Blount. 

May  1.  The  World’s  Columbian  Exposition  at 
Chicago  formally  opened  by  President  Cleveland. 

C.  A.  Briggs  convicted  of 
heresy  by  the  Presby¬ 
terian  General  Assembly 
and  suspended  from  the 
ministry. 


1893 

Jan.  17.  Strained  relations 
with  France  over  as¬ 
sertion  of  English 
authority  in  the  matter 
of  ministerial  appoint¬ 
ments  in  Egypt. 

Feb.  13.  Mr.  Gladstone  in¬ 
troduces  Irish  Home 
Rule  Bill  in  House  of 
Commons. 


Mar.  21.  Extradition 
treaty  concluded  with 
Roumania. 

Apr.  4.  Beginning  of 
riotous  demonstrations 
at  Hull,  in  connection 
with  dock  strike. — Fail¬ 
ure  of  Australian  banks 
followed  by  crisis. 

May  19.  Hull  dock  strike 
ends. 


1893  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY, 


265 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1892 


Sept.  22.  Celebration  in 
France  of  the  centen¬ 
nial  of  the  first  republic. 
— Strike  and  disorder  at 
the  Carmaux  mines. 


1892 


1892 

Sept.  15.  French  defeat 
the  Dahomey  forces  at 
Dogba. 


Nov.  28.  Fall  of  the  Loubet 
cabinet  in  France  as  a 
result  of  the  revelations 
of  fraud  in  connection 
with  the  Panama  Canal 
involving  many  mem¬ 
bers  of  the  Chambers. 

Dec.  5.  New  ministry  in 
France  headed  by  Ribot. 


Oct.  9.  Outbreak  of  dis¬ 
order  in  Crete.  Conflicts 
between  the  inhabitants 
and  the  Turkish  soldiers. 


Nov.  9.  Hungarian  minis¬ 
try  under  Szapary  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  a  cabinet 
under  Wekerle. 


Dec.  7.  Spain:  The  Canovas 
del  Castillo  ministry 
goes  out  of  office  and  is 
succeeded  by  a  Sagasta 
cabinet. 


Oct.  6.  French  gain  a  de¬ 
cisive  victory  over  the 
forces  of  Dahomey  at 
Pon  gnessa. — V  enezuela : 
The  forces  under  Crespo 
gain  the  battle  of  Los 
Tequesand  enter  Caracas 
(9th).  Crespo  is  pro¬ 
claimed  provisional  pre¬ 
sident. 

Nov.  21.  French  troops 
enter  Abomey,  capital  of 
Dahomey. 


Dec. — Revolutionary  out¬ 
break  in  the  province  of 
Corrientes,  Argentina. 


1893 


Jan.  —  Developments  in 
the  Panama  scandal 
revealing  the  culpability 
of  men  high  in  politics. 


Feb.  9.  Conviction  of  sev¬ 
eral  Panama  directors, 
among  them  Ferdinand 
de  Lesseps  and  Eiffel. 


1893 

Jan.  —  Italy:  Scandals  in 
connection  with  the  state 
banks  involving  promi¬ 
nent  statesmen,  among 
them  Crispi. 


1893 

Jan.  17.  Revolution  in 
Hawaii;  Queen  Liliaio- 
kalani  dethroned,  pro¬ 
visional  government  re¬ 
cognized  by  American 
minister. 

Feb.  6.  Argentina:  Armed 
uprising  in  the  province 
of  Santa  Fe,  in  opposi¬ 
tion  to  wheat  tax. 


Mar.  30.  Fall  of  the  Ribot 
ministry  in  France. 


April  4.  France:  C.  Dupuy 
forms  a  new  ministry. 


May  7.  Germany:  The  fail¬ 
ure  of  the  government 
army  bills  is  followed  by 
the  dissolution  of  the 
Reichstag. 


Mar.  21.  Russia:  Alexeieff, 
mayor  of  Moscow,  assas¬ 
sinated. 

Apr.  13.  Servia:  Alexander 
I.  by  a  coup  d’&tat  de¬ 
clares  himself  of  age 
and  assumes  personal 
rule. 


Mar.  14.  Severe  fighting 
between  British  and 
hill  tribes  on  the  In¬ 
dian  frontier  at  Chilas. 

Conflict  between  the 
French  and  the  Siamese 
over  the  possession  of 
the  left  bank  of  the 
Mekong  River  below  23° 
N. 

May  11.  Nicaragua:  A 
revolution  breaks  out 
against  President  Sa- 
caza,  who  resigns  (26th). 


266 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1893  A.D.— 


A.D. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1893 


1894 


June  24.  Nansen  sets  out 
on  his  Arctic  expedition 
from  Christiania. 


July. — Lieut.  Peary  setsout 
for  the  Arctic  regions 
from  New  York. 


Sept.  13.  Completion  of 
observatory  on  Mount 
Blanc. 


Oct.  30.  Closing  of  the 
World’s  Columbian  Ex¬ 
position. 

Nov.  Colorado  grants 
complete  suffrage  to 
women. 

Nov.  28.  Memorial  window 
to  James  Russell  Lowell 
unveiled  at  Chapter 
House,  Westminister. 
Deaths  in  1893:  P.  G.  T. 
Beauregard;  Edwin 
Booth;  B.  F.  Butler;  J. 
Ferry;  C.  F.  Gounod;  R. 
B.  Hayes;  C.  J.  Hefele; 

B.  Jowett;  Fanny  Kem¬ 
ble;  Marshal  MacMahon; 

C.  Merivale ;  F.  Parkman ; 
J.  Rae;  P.  Schaff;  J.  A. 
Symonds;  H.  A.  Taine; 
P.  I.  Tschaikowsky;  J. 
Tyndall. 

Jan.  1.  Opening  of  the 
Manchester  Ship  Canal. 


Feb.  19.  Purity  in  elections 
vindicated  in  the  con¬ 
viction  of  the  notorious 
boss,  John  Y.  McKane, 
of  Gravesend,  Brooklyn. 


1893 

June  30. — Financial  crisis 
reaches  its  climax  and 
President  Cleveland  is¬ 
sues  a  call  for  an  extra 
session  of  Congress, 
for  Aug.  7. 


July. — Suspension  of  banks 
and  business  houses  con¬ 
tinues  throughout 
month. 


Aug.  15.  The  Court  of 
Arbitration  at  Paris  in 
the  Bering  Sea  contro¬ 
versy  with  Great  Britain 
decides  against  the  Unit¬ 
ed  States. 

Sept.  16.  The  Cherokee 
strip  thrown  open  to 
settlement. 


Oct.  30,-Nov.  1.  Sherman 
Silver  Purchase  Bill  re¬ 
pealed. 


Nov.  20.  Supreme  Court 
decides  that  the  term 
“  high  seas  ”  applies  to 
the  Great  Lakes. 


1894 

Jan  17.  Issue  of  a  $50,- 
000,000  loan  by  popular 
subscription. 

Jan.  30.  Insurgent  war¬ 
ships  at  Rio  Janeiro  fire 
on  an  American  vessel; 
fire  returned  by  U.  S. 
Detroit. 

Feb.  8.  Laws  for  the  fed¬ 
eral  control  of  federal 
elections  (so  called 
“  Force  Bills”)  repealed. 


1893 

June  23.  The  man-of-war 
Victoria  comes  in  col¬ 
lision  with  the  Camper- 
down  and  sinks;  339 
men  lost. 

June  26.  India  terminates 
the  free  coinage  of 
silver. 

July  20.  General  strike  of 
coal  miners. 


Aug.  16.  Commercial 
treaty  with  Servia  rati¬ 
fied.  —  Strike  violence 
among  coal  miners  in 
Wales. 

Sept.  1.  The  Home  Rule 
Bill  passes  the  House  of 
Commons;  8,  the  till 
rejected  by  the  Lords;  27, 
Mr.  Gladstone  denoun¬ 
ces  the  House  of  Lords 
as  an  anachronism. 

Oct.  11.  Lord  Elgin  ap¬ 
pointed  viceroy  of  India. 


Nov.  2.  The  Matabeles  de¬ 
feated  and  Buluwayo 
burned. 

Nov.  13.  End  of  coal  strike 
begun  in  July. 


1894 

Jan.  13.  A  British  force  un¬ 
der  Capt.  Wilson  cut  to 
pieces  in  Matabeleland. 


Feb.  20.  The  liberal  govern¬ 
ment,  foreseeing  defeat, 
abandons  the  Em¬ 
ployers’  Liability  Act. 


1894  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


267 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1893 


June  28.  Germany:  Elec¬ 
tions  for  the  Reichstag 
show  decisive  gains  for 
the  government. 


1893 

June  20.  Russia:  Stampede 
in  a  church  at  Jarosloff 
results  in  200  deaths. 


1893 


July  15.  The  army  bill 
passes  the  German  Reich  - 
stag. 


Aug.  18.  Italian  laborers 
assaulted  and  slain  at 
the  salt  works  of  Aigues- 
Mortes  in  France. 


July. — Russia  engages  in  a 
bitter  tariff  warfare 
with  Germany. 


July  30.  Siam  yields  to  the 
French  ultimatum  and 
abandons  claims  to  the 
left  bank  of  the  Mekong 
River. — Revolt  in  sev¬ 
eral  provinces  of  Argen¬ 
tina. 

Aug.  2.  Argentina:  In¬ 
surgents  seize  the 

government  of  the 

province  of  Santa  Fe. 


Oct.  3.  France:  Treaty  in 
settlement  of  disputes 
with  Siam;  13,  visit  of 
Russian  fleet  at  Toulon 
amidst  great  enthus¬ 
iasm. 

Nov.  26.  France:  Fall  of 
the  Dupuy  ministry. 


Dec.  5.  France:  Casimir- 
Perier  forms  a  new  min¬ 
istry;  10,  bomb  exploded 
in  the  Chamber  of  Depu¬ 
ties  by  an  anarchist, 
wounding  47. 


Sept.  2.  Belgium :  Universal 
suffrage  in  combination 
with  plural  voting  es¬ 
tablished. 


Oct.-Nov. — Severe  fighting 
between  Spanish  forces 
and  Moorish  tribesmen 
of  the  Riff. 


Nov.  3.  Explosion  of 
dynamite  at  Santander, 
in  Spain,  kills  hundreds. 

Nov.  7.  Anarchists  explode 
bombs  in  a  Barcelona 
theatre,  killing  many. 


Sept.  7.  Brazil:  The  navy 
under  Admiral  Mello 
revolts  against  Presi¬ 
dent  Peixoto;  14,  Rio 
de  Janeiro  bombarded 
on  several  days. 

Oct. — Outbreak  of  war  be¬ 
tween  the  British  South 
African  Company  and 
the  Matabeles  under 
Lobengula. — Revolt  in 
Argentina  suppressed. 

Nov.-Dee.  Hawaii: — -Presi¬ 
dent  Cleveland’s  at¬ 
tempt  to  restore  the 
monarchy  fails  before 
the  uncompromising 
attitude  of  the  deposed 
queen. 

Brazil  :  Rebellions 
break  out  in  several 
states;  Da  Gama  suc¬ 
ceeds  Mello  as  com¬ 
mander  of  fleet  near 
Rio  de  Janeiro  (Nov.  30). 


1894 


Jan.  26.  Germany:  Prince 
Bismarck  visits  Berlin 
and  is  received  with 
tremendous  enthusiasm 
by  the  inhabitants. 


1894 

Jan.  Italy:  Rioting 
Sicily  in  opposition 
increased  taxes. 


in 

to 


1894 

Jan.  10.  The  French  oc¬ 
cupy  Timbuctoo  in  the 
Western  Sudan. 


Feb.  10.  Commercial  treaty 
between  Germany  and 
Russia  signed. 


Feb.  12.  Nicaraguans  in¬ 
vade  and  take  posses¬ 
sion  of  the  Mosquito 
coast;  England  protests. 


268 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1894  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


1894 


1894 

Mar.  25.  The  “Commen- 
weal*’  army  under  J.  S. 
Coxey  starts  from  Mas¬ 
sillon,  O.,  for  Washing¬ 
ton. 

Mar.  29.  President  vetoes 
Silver  Seigniorage  Bill. 


Apr.  19.  The  Supreme 
Court  of  South  Carolina 
declares  the  State  liquor 
dispensary  law  uncon¬ 
stitutional. 


May  5.  Opening  of  the  Ant¬ 
werp  International  Ex¬ 
position. 

May  14.  Meeting  of  the 
International  Miner’s 
Congress  at  Berlin,  rep¬ 
resenting  nearly  the 
entire  world. 


May  1.  Coxey’s  army  at 
Washington  dispersed 
while  attempting  a 
demonstration  on  the 
Capitol  steps. 

May  11.  Beginning  of  the 
great  railway  strike  at 
Pullman,  Ill. 

June  27-28.  Pullman  strike 
develops  into  a  general 
railway  strike  a  fleeting 
nehrly  all  important 
roads  west  of  the  Mis¬ 
sissippi;  disorders  at 
Hammond,  Ind.,  and 
elsewhere. 


July.  Arctic  expedition 
under  F.  G.  Jackson  sails 
from  London  for  Franz 
Josef  Land. 


Aug.  2.  Successful  trial  of 
Maxim’s  flying  machine 
at  Bexley,  Eng.;  13, 
Lord  Rayleigh  announ¬ 
ces  the  discovery  of  the 
atmospheric  element, 
argon. 

Sept.  30.  Opening  of  the 
ship  canal  connecting 
the  Baltic  with  the 
North  Sea. 


J  uly  1.  The  federal  govern¬ 
ment  intervenes  in  the 
railway  strike  on  the 
ground  of  interference 
with  the  mails  by  the 
strikers;  federal  troops 
called  out  in  Colorado, 
Illinois,  and  Utah;  8, 
federal  troops  fire  upon 
strikers  at  Hammond , 
Ind.;  10,  officers  of 
the  American  Railway 
union  indicted  and  17 
sent  to  jail;  the  strike 
collapses. 

Aug.  27.  Wilson  Tariff 
Bill  amended  in  the 
Senate  becomes  law 
without  signature  of 
president. 


Sept.  27.  Proclamation  by 
president  pardoning 
polygamists  convicted 
under  Edmunds  Act. 

Oct.  Proceedings  against 
the  Sugar  Trust  at 
Washington  and  the 
Standard  Oil  Company 
in  Pennsylvania. 


British  Empire. 


1894 

Mar.  2.  Premier  Gladstone 
resigns  office  and  is  suc¬ 
ceeded  (3d)  by  Lord 
Rosebery. 


Apr.  16.  The  Chancellor  of 
the  Exchequer  intro¬ 
duces  a  “democratic” 
budget,  the  chief  feature 
of  which  is  a  graduated 
succession  and  income 
tax. 

May  25.  British  force  de¬ 
feats  slave  traders  on 
Lake  Nyassa. 


June  19.  British  protecto¬ 
rate  established  over 
Uganda  in  East  Africa. 


July  25.  The  Chinese  trans¬ 
port  Kowshing  sunk  by 
the  Japanese  though 
flying  the  British  flag. 


Aug.  25.  Commercial  trea¬ 
ty  with  Japan  ratified  by 
that  power. 


Sept.  13.  India,  riots  be¬ 
tween  the  Hindoo  and 
the  Mohammedan  popu¬ 
lation  at  Bombay  and 
Poona. 


1894  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


269 


A.D. 


France  and  Gerrmany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World  elsewhere. 


1894 


Mar.  15.  Anarchist  bomb 
outrage  at  the  Church 
of  the  Madeleine  in 
Paris. 


May  22.  France:  Fall  of 
Casimir-Perier  ministry; 
succeeded  (28)  by  a  Uu- 
puy  cabinet. 


June  24.  France:  President 
Sadi  Carnot  assassinated 
by  an  Italian  anarchist; 
27,  C  a  s i  m  i r-Pd  r  i  e r 
elected  president. 


1894 

Mar.  7.  Portuguese  troops 
come  into  collision  with 
the  English  on  the 
Zambesi  River. 

Mar.  17.  Belgium:  Minis¬ 
terial  crisis,  the  govern¬ 
ment  being  defeated  in 
its  program  of  propor¬ 
tionate  representation. 

Apr.  29.  Netherlands: 
Ministerial  crisis,  govern¬ 
ment  defeated  on  meas¬ 
ure  for  extending  the 
franchise.  Disastrous 
earthquake  shocks  in 
Greece. 

May  20.  Alexander  I.,  of 
Servia,  suspends  con¬ 
stitution  and  re-estab¬ 
lishes  that  of  1869  with  a 
more  restricted  suffrage. 

May  29.  Bulgaria.  Prime 
minister  Stambuliff  re¬ 
signs. 

June  6.  Belgium.  A  new 
electoral  bill  passed  car¬ 
rying  on  the  scheme  of 
constitutional  reform.  _ 


July  19.  The  Italian  troops 
defeat  the  Dervishes 
and  take  Kassala 
(Abyssinia)  by  storm. 


1894 

Mar.  1.  Brazil:  Prudente 
de  Moraes  elected  presi¬ 
dent;  14,  the  officers  of 
the  insurgent  fleet,  fail¬ 
ing  to  obtain  favorable 
terms  of  surrender  seek 
refuge  on  board  a 
foreign  vessel. 

Apr.  13.  Brazil:  Admiral 
Mello  defeated  at  Rio 
Grande,  and  insurrection 
virtually  comes  to  an 
end  with  his  flight. 


May  2.  Hawaii:  Constitu¬ 
tional  convention  elect¬ 
ed  to  frame  a  republican 
form  of  government. 


June  6.  Korea:  The  King 
applies  to  China  for 
protection;  Japanese 
troops  occupy  Seoul; 
crisis  with  China  pre¬ 
cipitated. 

June  7.  Death  of  Muley 
H  a  s  s  a  n  sultan  of 
Morocco ;  succeeded 
by  Abdul  Aziz. 

July  4.  President  of  the 
Hawaiian  republic 
elected. 

July  25.  The  Chinese  trans¬ 
port  Kowshing  sunk  by  a 
Japanese  man-of-war. 


Aug.  3.  France:  Cornelius 
Herz  sentenced  in 
default  to  5  years’  im¬ 
prisonment  for  share  in 
Panama  scandal. 


Aug.  7.  Denmark:  Fall  of 
the  Estrup  ministry, 
succeeded  by  a  cabinet 
under  Reedz-Thott. 


Aug.  1.  Japan  declares  war 
on  China. 

Aug.  4.  Peru:  Gen.  Caceres 
president. 


Sept.  7.  Emperor  William 
at  Konigsberg  reproves 
the  agrarian  nobles  for 
1  their  opposition  to  the 
government, 

Oct.  26.  Germany:  Chan¬ 
cellor  von  Caprivi  re¬ 
signs,  and  is  succeeded 
(30th)  by  Prince  Hohen- 
lohe-Schillingsf  first. 


Sept.  25.  Portugal:  A  for¬ 
midable  Kaffir  insurrec¬ 
tion  in  Portuguese  East 
Africa  threatens  Lou- 
renzo  Marques. 

Oct.  22.  Italy:  The  govern¬ 
ment  decrees  the  sup¬ 
pression  of  socialist  or¬ 
ganizations  or  labor 
organizations  in  sympa¬ 
thy  with  socialists. 


Sept.  16.  Japanese  drive 
Chinese  from  Ping  Y ang ; 
17,  Chinese  fleet  de¬ 
stroyed  in  first  battle  of 
modem  iron-clads. 

Oct.  24-26.  Japanese  de¬ 
feat  Chinese  on  the 
Yalu  and  invade  Man¬ 
churia.  Advance  against 
Port  Arthur. 


270 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1894  A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1894 


Deaths  in  1894:  J.  Q. 
Adams,  Sir  Samuel  W. 
Baker,  C.  E.  Brown-Se- 
quard,  Brugsch,  H.  von 
Bulow,  G.  W.  Childs, 
J.  A.  Froude,  Helm¬ 
holtz,  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes,  Kossuth,  A.  La- 
yard,  W.  Moon, H.Morley, 
Comte  de  Paris,  G.  J. 
Romanes,  Anton  Rubin¬ 
stein,  J.  F.  Stephen,  R. 
L.  Stevenson,  W.  Wad- 
dington,  J.  Walter, 
W.  D.  Whitney. 


1894 

Nov.  7.  Congressional 
elections  show  a  large 
increase  of  Republican 
strength. 

Dec.  31.  The  Lexow  Com¬ 
mittee  completes  its 
investigation  of  munici¬ 
pal  corruption  in  New 
York. 


1894 

Nov.  13-14.  Destructive 
gales  and  floods  in  the 
British  Isles. 


1895 


Jan.  15.  The  ruler  of  Siam 
establishes  a  legislative 
council  by  decree. 


1895. 

Jan.  Strike  of  street 
railway  employees  in 
Brooklyn  marked  by 
violence  and  the  calling 
out  of  the  state  militia. 


1895. 

Jan.  21.  Agreement  re¬ 
specting  the  hinterland 
of  Sierra  Leone  signed  in 
Paris. 


Mar.  24.  The  Hungarian 
Chamber  of  Magnates 
passes  a  Freedom  of 
Worship  Bill. 


Apr.  7.  Fridtjof  Nansen, 
after  drifting  in  the 
Fram,  reaches  86°  14' 
North,  270  miles  from 
the  pole. 


May.  Installation  of  the 
Yerkes  telescope  at  the 
observatory  of  the  Uni¬ 
versity  of  Chicago,  Lake 
Geneva,  Wis. 


Feb.  6.  The  president 
renders  decision  in 
favor  of  Brazil  in  its 
boundary  dispute  with 
Argentina. 

Mar.  15.  U.  S.  government 
begins  suit  against  es¬ 
tate  of  Senator  Stanford 
of  California  to  recover 
funds  advanced  in  aid 
of  the  construction  of 
the  Central  Pacific. 

Apr.  8.  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court  declares  the  in¬ 
come  tax  law  of  1894 
unconstitutional  in  part. 


May.  20.  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court  declares  income 
tax  law  unconstitutional 
in  whole. 


Mar.  16.  A  great  lockout  of 
boot  and  shoe  makers  in 
Leicester  and  North¬ 
ampton;  200,000  men 
affected. 


Apr.  British  expedition 
against  Umra  Khan  who 
had  usurped  power  in 
Chitral. — A  British  fleet 
enforces  the  payment  of 
indemnity  by  Nicaragua 
in  the  Mosquito  Coast 
dispute. 


May  5.  Settlement  of  the 
Nicaragua  dispute  and 
withdrawal  of  British 
squadron. 


1895  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


27I 


A.  D. 

France  and  Germany. 

Europe  elsewhere. 

The  World,  elsewhere. 

1894 


Nov.  10.  Rupture  of  di¬ 
plomatic  relations  be¬ 
tween  France  and 
Madagascar;  F  ranee 
prepares  for  war. 

Dec.  France:  Capt.  Alfred 
Dreyfus  found  guilty  of 
selling  military  secrets 
to  a  foreign  power;  de¬ 
graded  and  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  for  life. 


1894 

Nov.  1.  Russia:  Death  of 
Czar  Alexander  III.;  he 
is  succeeded  by  Nicho¬ 
las  II. 


1894 

Nov.  21-22.  Japanese  take 
Port  Arthur  by  assault; 
21,  Chinese  repulsed  at 
Kin -Chow. 


Dec.  Resignation  of  the 
Hungarian  premier, 
Wekerle. 


Dec.  14.  Chinese  repulsed 
by  Japanese  at  Feng- 
hwang-cheng  and,  19, 
at  Hai-cheng. 


1895 


I 


Jan.  14. France:  TheDupuy 
ministry  resigns;  15, 
President  Casimir-Perier 
resigns;  17,  Felix  Faure 
elected  his  successor; 
27,  Ribot  forms  a  new 
cabinet. 


Feb.  Germany:  Agrarian 
movement  makes  rapid 
headway  in  combination 
with  bimetallism  agita¬ 
tion. 

Mai.  24.  Popular  indigna¬ 
tion  aroused  in  Germany 
by  refusal  of  Reichstag 
to  extend  congratula¬ 
tions  to  Prince  Bismarck 
on  his  eightieth  birthday. 


May.  France  and  Germany 
co-operate  with  Russia 
in  compelling  Japan  to 
relinquish  the  Liao- 
Tung  peninsula  to  China. 
Failure  of  anti-socialist 
bill  in  Germany. 


1895. 

Jan.  14.  Banffy  organizes 
a  new  Hungarian  minis¬ 
try. 

Jan.  29.  The  steamer  Elbe 
sinks  in  the  North  Sea 
with  a  loss  of  335  lives. 


Feb.  Spain:  Fall  of  the 
Sagasta  ministry;  Cano- 
vas  del  Castillo,  premier. 

Feb.  28.  Russia:  Labanoff 
succeeds  Giers  as  minis¬ 
ter  of  foreign  affairs. 


Apr.  30.  Austria-Hungary 
concludes  a  commercial 
treaty  with  Bulgaria. 


May  11.  Turkey:  British, 
French,  and  Russian 
ambassadors  present 
note  to  Sultan  demand¬ 
ing  reforms  in  Armenia. 


1895 

Jan.  30-Feb.  18.  Japan: 
Japanese  take  Wei-hai- 
wei  and  destroy  Chinese 
fleet. 

Jan.  Armenia:  Con¬ 
firmation  of  Turkish 
atrocities  reachesEurope. 

Peru:  Revolution 
against  PresidentCaceres 
headed  by  Pierola. 

Venezuela:  Conflict  be¬ 
tween  Venezuelans  and 
British  Guiana  border 
police. 

Fe'b.  24.  Revolutionary 
outbreak  in  Cuba. 


March  4.  Japanese  take 
Niuchwang;  15,  Li 
Hung  Chang,  Chinese 
peace  envoy  leaves  for 
Japan;  25,  He  is  as¬ 
saulted  at  Shimonoseki 
by  a  Japanese. 

Apr.  17.  Treaty  of  Shimo¬ 
noseki  between  China 
and  Japan ;  independence 
of  Corea  recognized ; 
Formosa,  Pescadores  and 
peninsula  of  Liao  Tung 
ceded  to  Japan. 

Apr.  26.  Martinez -Campos 
assumes  command 
against  the  revolution¬ 
ists  in  Cuba. 

May  6.  Japan  forced  by 
Russia,  France,  and 
Germany  to  retrocede 
Liao-Tung  to  China. 
Cuba:  The  revolution 

develops  great  strength 
in  the  province  of  Puerto 
Principe  where  insur¬ 
gents  are  led  by  General 
Gomez. 


272 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1895  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1895 


June  21.  The  Kaiser  Wil¬ 
helm  Canal  connecting 
the  Baltic  and  North 
Seas  officially  opened. 


1895 

June  29.  The  suit  of  the 
U.  S.  against  the  Leland 
Stanford  estate  decided 
in  favor  of  defendant. 


July.  Strike  of  iron  mines 
in  Michigan;  Indian 
troubles  in  Wyoming; 
the  sound  money 
controversy  assumes 
national  importance. 


1895 

June  24.  Resignation  of 
the  Rosebery  ministry ; 
succeeded  by  a  Salisbury 
ministry  including  Jos¬ 
eph  Chamberlain  and 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire, 
Libera]  Unionists. 

July.  Establishment  of  the 
British  East  Africa  Pro¬ 
tectorate.  Dispute  with 
Brazil  over  Trinidad 
Island,  claimed  by  latter 
government. 


Aug.  The  distribution  of 
electrical  power  genera¬ 
ted  at  Niagara  Falls  be¬ 
gins. 

Sept.  18.  Inauguration  of 
the  Cotton  States  ex¬ 
position  at  Atlanta,  Ga. 


Aug.  6.  Race  riots  be¬ 
tween  Italians  and  ne¬ 
gro  miners  in  Spring 
Valley,  Illinois. 

Sept.  21.  In  an  interna¬ 
tional  athletic  contest  at 
New  York  the  American 
team  defeats  the  Eng¬ 
lish.  winning  all  eleven 
events. 


Sept.  18.  Commission  ap¬ 
pointed  for  delimiting 
British  and  Russian 
Territory  in  the  Pamir 
completes  its  work. 


Nov.  W.  H.  Roentgen  an¬ 
nounces  the  discovery 
of  the  so-called  X-rays. 
Deatns  in  1895:  J.  S. 
Blackie,  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill,  J.  D.  Dana,  F. 
Douglass,  A.  Dumas 
(fils),  F.  Engels,  G. 
Freytag,  Huxley,  Pas¬ 
teur,  H.  C.  Rawlinson, 
Christina  Rossetti, 
Barthelemy  Saint-Hi- 
laire,  J.  R.  Seeley,  W.W. 
Story,  W.  von  SyboL 


1896 


Feb.  The  president  con¬ 
sents  to  act  as  arbitrator 
between  Italy  and 
Brazil. 


Oct.  7.  The  U.  S.  District 
Court  at  Washington 
renders  decision  in 
favor  of  the  govern¬ 
ment  in  the  Potomac 
Flats  case. 

Nov.  2.  New  constitution 
in  South  Carolina  effects 
the  disfranchisement  of 
a  large  section  of  the 
negro  population. 

Dec.  17.  President  Cleve¬ 
land  recommends  to 
Congress  the  appoint¬ 
ment  of  a  commission 
to  investigate  the  ques¬ 
tion  at  issue  between 
Venezuela  and  Great 
Britain;  the  message 
brings  about  the  possi¬ 
bility  of  war  with  Great 
Britain. 

1896 

Jan*  2.  President  Cleveland 
appoints  a  commission 
to  determine  the  true 
boundary  of  Venezuela. 

Jan.  4.  Utah  becomes  a 
State. 

Feb.  4.  Popular  loan  of 
$100,000,000  offered. 

Feb.  28.  U.  S.  Senate 
passes  resolutions  favor¬ 
ing  recognition  of  Cuban 
belligerency. 


Oct.  The  king  of  Ashanti 
rejects  the  ultimatum  of 
Great  Britain  demand¬ 
ing  the  establishment  of 
a  British  agent  at  Coo- 
massie;  hostilities  follow. 

Nov.  16.  Bechuanaland  an¬ 
nexed  to  Cape  Colony. 
A  British  expedition 
sets  sail  for  Ashanti. 

Dec.  9.  Great  Britain 
presents  an  ultimatum 
to  Venezuela  demanding 
reparation  for  outrages 
on  a  British  outpost  in 
Guiana. 


1896 

Jan.  6.  Cecil  Rhodes  re¬ 
signs  premiership  of 
Cape  Colony  because  of 
his  connection  with  the 
Jameson  raid — Jan.  18, 
British  occupy  Coomas- 
sie,  capito!  of  Ashanti. 

Feb.  18.  John  Dillon  suc¬ 
ceeds  Justin  McCarthy 
as  leader  of  the  Irish 
Nationalist  party  in 
parliament. 


1896  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


273 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1895 


June  29.  The  French  de¬ 
feat  the  Hovas  of  Mada¬ 
gascar  at  Tsarasaotra. 


1895 

June  12.  The  Spanish  Cor¬ 
tes  votes  600,000,000 
pesetas  and  40,000  men 
for  the  suppression  of 
the  Cuban  insurrection. 


1895 


July  2.  France:  Reorgan¬ 
ization  of  the  council  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  as 
a  result  of  the  Panama 
scandals. 


Aug.  22.  The  French  oc¬ 
cupy  Andriba  in  Mada¬ 
gascar  in  their  advance 
on  the  capital. 

Sept.  30.  The  French  troops 
defeat  the  Hovas  and 
enter  the  capital  Anta¬ 
nanarivo. 


Oct.  28.  Fall  of  the  Ribot 
ministry  in  France;  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  a  radical 
cabinet  under  Bour¬ 
geois  (31). 

Nov.  Establishment  of 
French  authority  in 
Madagascar. 


July  15.  Bulgaria:  Mur¬ 
derous  attack  on  ex¬ 
premier  Stambuloff;  he 
dies  four  days  later. 


Aug.  21.  The  powers  re¬ 
iterate  their  demands 
upon  the  Sultan  for  re¬ 
forms  in  Armenia. 

Sept.  20.  Italy:  Twenty- 
fifth  anniversary  of  the 
entry  of  Italian  troops 
into  Rome  celebrated  by 
the  unveiling  of  monu¬ 
ments  to  Garibaldi, 
Cavour,  Minghetti,  and 
others. 

Oct.  Turkey:  Massacre  of 
Armenians  at  Trebizond 
(6th)  followed  by  pro¬ 
mulgation  of  reforms 
demanded  by  powers 
(17th). 

Nov.  3.  Turkey:  Commis¬ 
sion  appointed  for  exe¬ 
cution  of  reforms  de¬ 
manded  by  the  powers. 

Dec.  8.  Italy:  The  Italian 
army  in  Abyssinia  de¬ 
feated  by  King  Menelek 
at  Ambalagi. 


July  20.  The  Venezuela- 
British  Guiana  boundary 
dispute  the  subject  of  a 
strong  letter  addressed 
to  the  British  govern¬ 
ment  by  the  U.  S.  sup¬ 
porting  Venezuela  and 
recommending  arbitra¬ 
tion. 

Aug.  China:  Outrages 
against  Christian  mis¬ 
sionaries. 

Aug.  A  successful  revolu¬ 
tion  in  Ecuador  led  by 
Alfaro  who  enters  Quito 
in  triumph. 


Nov.  Cuba:  30,000  ad¬ 
ditional  troops  sent  out 
by  Spain;  19-20,  Gen¬ 
eral  Gomez  defeats  the 
Spaniards  at  Taguasco. 

Dec.  29.  A  laidmg  force 
under  Dr.  Jameson  in¬ 
vades  the  Transvaal 
from  British  Bechuana- 
land  to  co-operate  with 
the  Uitlanders  in  Johan¬ 
nesburg;  they  are  de¬ 
feated  and  captured 
(Jan.  2,  1896). 


1896 


Jan.  3.  The  German  em¬ 
peror  sends  a  telegram 
of  congratulation  to 
President  Kruger  of  the 
Transvaal  on  the  cap¬ 
ture  of  the  Jameson 
raiders. 

Feb.  22.  Resignation  of  the 
Bourgeois  ministry  in 
France. 

Feb.  28.  Moderate  re¬ 
publican  ministry  under 
Meline. 


1896 

Jan.  19.  Spain:  Gen.  Wey- 
ler  named  to  supersede 
Gen.  Martinez.  — Cam¬ 
pos  in  command  of  the 
forces  in  Cuba. 


1896 

Jan.  15.  Indo-Chma:  By 
treaty  between  Great 
Britain  and  France  the 
Mekong  becomes  the 
boundary  between  their 
respective  possessions. 

Feb.  10.  Gen.  Weyler  ar¬ 
rives  in  Cuba  and  enters 
upon  a  policy  of  severe 
repression. 


274 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1896  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1896 


Mar. — Secession  from  the 
Salvation  Army  headed 
by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bal- 
lington  Booth  and  or¬ 
ganization  of  “American 
Volunteers.*  ’ 


1896 

Mar.  2.  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court  renders  a  decision 
in  favor  of  the  Leland 
Stanford  estate  sued  by 
the  U.  S.  for  the  sum  of 
$15,000,000. 


1896 

Mar.  —  Formidable  out¬ 
break  among  the  Mata- 
beles  who  are  joined  by 
the  native  armed  police. 


Apr.  6.  Beginning  at  Ath¬ 
ens  of  the  celebration 
of  the  revived  Olympic 
games. 


May  2.  Expositionat  Buda¬ 
pest  in  celebration  of  the 
1000th  anniversary  of 
the  birth  of  the  Hun¬ 
garian  kingdom. 


Apr.  30.  The  Transvaal 
government  publishes 
telegrams  implicating 
British  South  African 
officials  in  the  attack  on 
the  South  African  Re¬ 
public. 

May  9.  Matabeles  defeated 
by  British  forces  at 
Gwelo. 


June  7.  The  British  Egyp¬ 
tian  forces  defeat  the 
Dervishes  at  Ferkeh. 


July  28.  Dr.  Jameson  and 
his  officers  sentenced  to 
terms  of  imprisonment. 


June  18.  William  Mc¬ 
Kinley  nominated  for 
president  by  the  Repub¬ 
lican  party;  the  Free 
Silver  Republicans  bolt. 

July  10.  William  J.  Bryan 
is  nominated  for  the 
presidency  by  the 
Democratic  party. 


Aug.  13.  Return  to  Vardo, 
Norway,  of  Fridtjof 
Nansen  from  his  arctic 
voyage  in  the  Fram. 

Aug.  22.  International 
copyright  congress  as¬ 
sembles  at  Berne.  The 
discovery  of  gold  in  the 
Klondike  region,  Alaska. 

Sept.  27.  Inauguration  of 
the  canal  around  the  Iron 
Gates  on  the  Danube, 
greatly  diminishing  dan¬ 
gers  to  navigation. 


Oct  20.  Princeton  Univer¬ 
sity  celebrates  its  sesqui- 
centennial. 

Deaths  in  1896:  E.  Cur- 
tius,  E.  Du  Bois-Rey- 
mond,  G.  Du  Maurier, 
M.  Frere-Orban,  E.  L. 
de  Goncourt,  B.  A. 
Gould,  W.  R.  Grove, 
Baron  Ilirsch,  A.  Hous- 
saye,  Thomas  Hughes,  F. 
Leighton,  J.  E.  Millais, 
William  Morris,  H.  A. 
Newton,  A.  Nobel,  Cov¬ 
entry  Patmore,  J.  B. 
L.  Say,  J.  F.  Simon,  C. 
Trikoupis,  H.  von  Treit- 
schke,  L.  J.  Trochu, 
Paul  Verlaine. 


Aug.  28.  Li  Hung  Chang 
arrives  in  New  York  and 
is  presented  to  the 
president  on  the  fol¬ 
lowing  day. 


Sept.  3.  John  M.  Palmer 
nominated  for  president 
by  the  “  gold*  demo¬ 
crats. 


Oct.  4.  Cardinal  Satolli 
succeeded  as  papal  rep¬ 
resentative  in  the  U.  S. 
oy  Sebastian  Martinelli. 


Nov.  3.  William  McKinley, 
republican  candidate  for 
president  elected  by  a 
great  majority. 

Nov.  Utah  and  Idaho 
grant  complete  suffrage 
to  women. 


Aug.  13.  Irish  Land  Bill 
passed  by  the  Lords ;  22, 
Cecil  Rhodes  receives 
the  surrender  of  the 
Matabeles  at  a  con¬ 
ference  in  the  Matoppo 
hills. 


Sept.  23.  British  expedi¬ 
tionary  force  under  the 
Sirdar  H.  H.  Kitchener 
enters  Dongola,  the 
power  of  the  Dervishes 
broken  for  the  time. 

Oct.  26.  Frederick  Temple 
bishop  of  London,  ap¬ 
pointed  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  as  successor 
to  E.  W.  Benson. 

Nov.  9.  Lord  Salisbury 
announces  that  an 
agreement  has  been 
reached  with  the  United 
States  in  regard  to 
Venezuela. 


1896  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


275 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


I 

1896 

Mar.  28.  M.  Berthelot, 
French  foreign  minister, 
resigns  because  of  criti¬ 
cism  of  lack  of  resistance 
to  English  advance  in 
Egypt. 


1896 

Mar.  1.  The  Italian  army 
under  Gen.  Baratieri 
overwhelmed  by  the 
Abyssinians  at  Adowa ; 
4,  fall  of  the  Crispi 
cabinet;  10,  organiza¬ 
tion  of  a  ministry  by 
Rudini. 

Apr.  20.  Belgium:  Inter¬ 
national  bimetallic  Con¬ 
gress  assembles  at  Brus¬ 
sels. 


1896 

Mar.  27.  China  establishes 
a  Customs  and  Post 
department  under  Sir 
Robert  Hart. 


Apr.  26.  Transvaal:  Lead¬ 
ers  of  the  Refoim  Com¬ 
mittee  in  Johannesburg 
condemned  to  death; 
subsequently  pardoned. 


June  21.  French  Chamber 
of  Deputies  passes  meas¬ 
ure  making  Madagascar 
a  French  colony. 

July  1.  Germany:  Reichs¬ 
tag  passes  a  new  and 
comprehensive  civil  code 
providing  for  compul¬ 
sory  civil  marriage  to  go 
into  effect  in  1900. 


May  26.  Russia:  Nicholas 
II.  crowned  at  Moscow, 
during  festivities  thou¬ 
sands  of  people  are 
crushed  to  death  in 
panic. 

June — Crete:  Engagements 
between  Christian  in¬ 
surgents  and  Turkish 
troops  who  commit 
atrocities. 


Aug.  26.  Turkey:  San¬ 
guinary  riots  in  Con¬ 
stantinople,  hundreds  of 
Armenians  slain. 


May  1.  Persia:  Shah  Nasir 
ed-din  assassinated. 


June  15.  An  earthquake 
followed  by  a  tidal  wave 
in  Japan  destroys  from 
10,000  to  30,000  lives. 

July  21.  Commercial  treaty 
between  China  and 
Japan  signed. 


Aug.  27.  British  fleet  bom¬ 
bards  Zanzibar  and  com¬ 
pels  flight  of  usurping 
Sultan.  Outbreak  of 
formidable  insurrec¬ 
tions  in  the  Philippines. 


Sept.  30.  Treaty  between 
Italy  and  France  by 
which  former  abandons 
opposition  to  French 
political  ambitions  in 
Tunis  in  return  for  com¬ 
mercial  privileges 
Oct.  6.  The  czar  received 
in  Paris  with  tremen¬ 
dous  enthusiasm. 


Sept.  11.  Appointment  of 
Georgi  Pasha,  a  Chris¬ 
tian  as  governor  general 
of  Crete,  preparatory  to 
the  institution  of  re¬ 
forms  demanded  by 
powers. 

Oct.  26.  Treaty  of  Addis 
Abeba  between  Italy 
and  Abyssinia  wherein 
Italy  abandons  her 
claims  to  a  protectorate 
over  that  country. 


Sept.  Resumption  of 
massacres  in  Armenia. 


Oct.  China:  Li  Hung  Chang 
on  his  return  from  a 
journey  around  the 
world  is  made  minister 
for  foreign  affairs. 


Dec.  Death  in  battle  of 
Antonio  Maceo,  most 
successful  of  Cuban  in¬ 
surgent  leaders. 


2/6 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1897  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1897 


Jan.  5.  The  German  em¬ 
peror  issues  an  order 
looking  towards  the  re¬ 
striction  of  duelling  in 
the  army. 


1897 

Jan.  11.  Arbitration  treaty 
with  Great  Britain 
signed  at  Washington. 

Jan.  30.  Convention  signed 
with  G^eat  Britain  pro¬ 
viding  for  a  commission 
to  determine  disputed 
Alaska  boundary. 


1897 

Jan.  26.  Victory  of  British 
forces  over  the  Fulahs 
near  Bida  in  Nigeria. 

Feb.  16.  Parliamentary 
committee  to  investi¬ 
gate  Jameson  raid  begins 
its  sessions. 


March.  End  of  the  great 
strike  at  Leadville,  Col., 
in  progress  since  June. 


Mar.  Mr.  Gladstone  criti¬ 
cises  the  action  of  the 
European  powers  in 
Crete. 


Apr.  6.  Slavery  abolished 
by  the  Sultan  of  Zanzi¬ 
bar. 


Apr.27.  Dedication  of  the 
Grant  Monument  in 
Riverside  Park,  New 
York. 


Apr.  Famine  and  plague  in 
India;  nearly  three  mil¬ 
lion  men  employed  on 
relief  works. 


May  1.  Opening  of  the 
Tennessee  Centennial  ex¬ 
position  at  Nashville. 

May  5.  The  greater  New 
York  charter  signed  by 
the  governor. 


July  11.  S.  A.  Andrde  sets 
out  from  Dane  Island, 
Spitzbergen,  on  a  flight 
to  the  North  Pole  in  a 
balloon;  he  does  not 
return. 


Aug.  29.  A  Jewish  congress 
meets  at  Basel  to  further 
the  cause  of  a  Jewish 
State  in  Palestine. 


Sept. 3.  Return  of  the  Jack- 
son-Harmsworth  Arctic 
expedition  (started,  July, 
1894)  with  a  mass  of 
valuable  information. 


May  5.  The  Senate  rejects 
the  arbitration  treaty 
with  Great  Britain  sign¬ 
ed  in  January. 


June  16.  Signing  of  the 
treaty  of  annexation 
with  Hawaii. 


July.  The  arrival  at  Port 
Townsend,  Wash.,  of  a 
ship  from  the  Klondike 
gives  rise  to  a  gold  craze 
all  over  the  country  and 
a  large  emigration  to 
Alaska. 

July  24.  The  Dingley  Tar¬ 
iff  Bill  becomes  law. 


Sept.  20.  Termination  of 
the  coal  strike  in  eastern 
Pennsyl  vania;  the 
militia  is  withdrawn  (24). 


May  28.  A.  Beit,  the 
South  African  million¬ 
aire  testifies  that  he  con¬ 
tributed  about  $250,000 
to  the  insurrectionary 
movement  in  the 
Transvaal. 

June  22.  Beginning  of  the 
Jubilee  celebration  in 
commemoration  of  the 
longest  reign  in  English 
history. 

July  30.  Arrival  at  Ports¬ 
mouth  of  the  king  of 
Spain  on  his  tour  through 
Europe. 


Aug.  India.  Suppression  of 
an  outbreak  of  Waziri 
tribesmen  on  the 
northwest  frontier  and 
beginning  of  hostilities 
with  Afridis. 

Sept.  14.  The  Afridis  de¬ 
feated  with  great 
slaughter,  at  Sarajare. 


Nov.  6.  Sealing  treaty 
with  Russia  and  Japan 
signed  at  Washington. 


Nov.  1.  Opening  of  the  new 
Congressional  Library  at 
Washington. 

Deaths  in  1897: 

C.  D.  S.  Bourbaki,  J.  Brahms,  C.  A.  Dana,  A 
Daudet;  Neal  Dow,  Henry  Drisler,  Henry  George,  J 
Gilbert,  Jean  Ingelow,  H.  Meilhac,  Margaret  Oliphant 
F.  T.  Palgrave,  J.  J.  Sylvester,  F.  A.  Walker,  J 
Winsor. 


Nov.  4.  The  railway  from 
Cape  Town  opened  as 
far  as  Buluwayo,  Rho¬ 
desia. 


1897  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


277 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1897 


Feb.  7.  Collapse  of  great 
dock  strike  at  Hamburg 
in  progress  since  Novem¬ 
ber. 

Mar.  21.  Celebration  in 
Germany  of  the  cen¬ 
tenary  of  the  birth  of 
William  I. 


Apr.  8.  The  Sugar  Bounties 
Bill  becomes  law  in 
France. 


May  4.  In  the  burning  of 
the  Charity  Bazar  in 
Paris  about  150  lives 
are  lost,  including  mem¬ 
bers  of  the  highest  aris¬ 
tocracy,  mostly  women. 


July  20.  The  Prussian  diet 
defeats  the  government 
bill  aimed  at  restricting 
freedom  of  public  meet¬ 
ing  and  association. 


1897 

Jan.  11.  Russia:  Mura- 
vieff  succeeds  Prince 
Lobanoff  as  foreign 
minister. 

Feb.  15.  A  Greek  force 
lands  in  Crete  and  en¬ 
gages  the  Turks;  21, 
they  are  bombarded  by 
the  ships  of  the  powers. 

Mar.  The  Greek  govern¬ 
ment  refuses  to  evacuate 
Crete  and  the  island  is 
blockaded  by  the  powers 
which,  however,  guaran¬ 
tee  Cretan  autonomy. 

Apr.  17.  Turkey  declares 
war  against  Greece,  fol¬ 
lowing  the  invasion  of 
Macedonia  by  armed 
Greek  bands;  19,  Greeks 
defeated  at  Miluna 
Pass;  23,  routed  at 
Tyrnavos. 

May.  5  Greeks  defeated  at 
Pharsalos  and  Velestmo; 
11,  Greece  submits  to 
the  powers  which  inter¬ 
vene  for  peace;  18, 
Greeks  driven  from 
Domokos;  armistice 
with  Turkey  arranged. 

June  3.  The  ambassadors 
of  the  powers  begin 
negotiations  with  Tur¬ 
key  in  behalf  of  Greece. 

July.  The  Turkish  govern¬ 
ment  prepares  to  re¬ 
assert  its  authority  in 
Crete. 


1897 


Feb.  3.  The  Spanish  cabi¬ 
net  offers  the  Cubans  a 
large  measure  of  self- 
government. 

Mar.  23.  The  Transvaal 
concludes  a  treaty  of 
alliance  with  the  Orange 
Free  State. 


June  15.  The  Central 
American  republics  sign 
a  treaty  constituting 
themselves  a  single  re¬ 
public  in  their  foreign 
relations. 


Aug. 23-26.  President 
Faure  at  St.  Petersburg; 
Russia  and  France 
spoken  of  as  allied. 


Sept.  18.  Great  Britain 
recognizes  French  claims 
in  Tunis  in  return  for 
commercial  concessions. 


Nov.  Rise  of  the  Dreyfus 
agitation  (see  Dec.  1894). 
The  friends  of  the 
captain  demand  revision 
of  his  sentence. 

Dec.  The  French  Chamber 
refuses  to  question  the 
justice  of  the  sentence 
against  Captain  Dreyfus. 


Aug.  8.  Spain:  The  premier 
Canovas  del  Castillo 
assassinated  by  an  an¬ 
archist;  Gen.  Azcarraga 
succeeds. 

Sept.  18.  Preliminary 
treaty  of  peace  signed 
between  Turkey  and 
Greece. 


Nov.  28.  Austria:  Minis¬ 
terial  crisis,  Count  Ba- 
deni  succeeded  by  Baron 
Gautsch;  parliamentary 
government  paralyzed. 

Dec.  4.  Definitive  treaty  of 
peace  between  Greece 
and  Turkey  signed  at 
Constantinople. 


Aug.  25.  President  Borda 
ofUruguay  assassinated; 
succeeded  by  Cuestas. 


Sept.  Guatemala:  Outbreak 
of  an  unsuccessful 
revolution  against 
President  Barrios  head¬ 
ed  by  Gen.  Morales. 

Oct.  Cuba:  Gen.  Weyler 
recalled. 

Nov.  15.  China.  Kiau-Chau 
occupied  by  a  German 
force  in  reparation  for 
the  murder  of  two  mis¬ 
sionaries. 

Dec.  19.  China:  A  Russian 
fleet  enters  Port  Arthur 
to  winter  there. 


278 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1898  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1898 


1898 

Jan.  1.  Birth  of  the  city  of 
“  Greater  New  York.” 

Jan.  25.  The  U.  S.  man-of- 
wai  Marne  arrives  on  a 
friendly  mission  at 
Havana. 


1898 

Jan.  Egypt :  Revival  of 
Dervish  hostilities. 

Jan.  28.  End  of  the  great 
engineering  strike  in 
England;  a  defeat  for  the 
workingmen. 


Feb.  A  census  gives  New 
York  city  a  population 
of  3,438,899,  making  it 
the  second  city  in  the 
world. 

Mar.  10.  Dissolution  of 
the  Zoar  Separatist 
Community  in  Ohio. 


Feb.  15.  The  Maine  is  de¬ 
stroyed  by  an  explosion 
in  Havana  harbor  with 
the  loss  of  268  lives; 
intense  feeling  against 
Spain. 

Mar.  9  Congress  appro¬ 
priates  $50,000,000  for 
national  defence;  25, 
the  Board  of  Inquiry  in 
the  Maine  disaster  re¬ 
ports  that  the  cause  of 
the  explosion  lay  outside 
of  the  ship. 


Mar.  17.  Australia:  The 
federal  convention  at 
Melbourne  concludes  its 
labors;  a  constitution 
for  united  Australia  is 
submitted  to  a  popular 
vote. 


May  26.  The  battleship 
Oregon  arrives  at  Key 
West  after  a  record  trip 
of  17,500  miles  from 
San  Francisco. 


June  1.  Opening  of  the 
Trans-Mississippi  Ex¬ 
position  at  Omaha,  Neb. 


Apr.  16.  Congress  passes 
a  resolution  recognizing 
Cuban  independence 
and  demanding  evacua¬ 
tion  of  island  by  Spain; 
20,  ultimatum  presented 
to  Spain;  23,  the  presi¬ 
dent  calls  for  125,000 
volunteers;  24,  Spain 
declares  war;  27,  U.  S. 
squadron  bombards 
Matanzas  in  Cuba. 

May  1.  Commodore  Dewey 
destroys  the  Spanish 
fleet  under  Montojo  in 
the  harbor  of  Manila. 

May  29.  Spanish  fleet  under 
Cervera  discovered  in 
Santiago  harbor  and 
blockade  established. 

June  15.  Army  under 
Gen.  Shatter  sails  from 
Tampa  for  the  capture 
of  Santiago;  24,  en¬ 
gagement  at  Las  Guas- 
imas. 

July  1.  Engagement  at  El 
Caney;  3,  the  Spanish 
fleet  leaves  the  harbor  of 
Santiago  and  is  de¬ 
stroyed  by  the  blockad¬ 
ing  fleet  in  a  running 
fight;  17,  Santiago  ca¬ 
pitulates;  27,  Gen  Miles 
lands  in  Porto  Rico  and 
overruns  the  island. — 
Enactment  of  a  bank¬ 
ruptcy  law  by  Congress. 


Apr.  8.  The  Anglo-Egyp- 
tian  forces  under  Sir  H. 
H.  Kitchener  defeat'  the 
Dervishes  near  the  At- 
bara. 


May  19.  Death  of  W.  E. 
Gladstone,  four  times 
prime  minister. 


June  13.  Convention  signed 
with  France  delimiting 
possessions  in  Nigeria. 


July  .  Scandal  in  connection 
with  the  financial  opera¬ 
tions  of  the  protnotor 
Hooley,  involving  many 
members  of  the  peerage. 


1898  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY, 


279 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1898 


Jan.  Ejmile  Zola  accuses 
the  French  war  office  of 
having  engaged  in  a  con  - 
spiracy  against  Captain 
Dreyfus:  22,  the  socialists 
in  the  Chamber  take  up 
the  cause  of  Dreyfus. 

Feb.  7,  Trial  of  IJmile  Zola 
for  criticism  of  war 
office  begins;  found 
guilty  and  condemned  to 
a  year’s  imprisonment. 


1898 

Jan.  Italy:  Bread  riots 
break  out  in  Ancona  and 
other  towns  of  the 
Marches. 


1898 

Jan.  12.  Japan:  Marquis 
Ito  forms  a  new  ministry. 


Feb.  8.  Guatemala:  Presi¬ 
dent  Barrios  assassin¬ 
ated. 

Transvaal:  Paul  Kruger 
re-elected  president. 


Mar.  6.  Austria:  Premier 
Gautsch  resigns  and  is 
succeeded  by  Count 
Franz  Thun;  parliamen¬ 
tary  obstruction  con¬ 
tinues. 


Apr.  3.  France;  The  Court 
of  Cassation  quashes  the 
sentence  of  Eknile  Zola. 


Apr.  27.  Italy:  Serious 
bread  riots  in  the  south 
and  in  Lombardy. 


Mar.  2.  Brazil:  Campos 
Salles  elected  president. 

Mar.  6.  China.  Kiau-Chau 
with  surrounding  zone 
leased  to  Germany  for 
99  years. 

Mar.  24.  China:  Port  Ar¬ 
thur  and  Ta -lien -wan 
leased  to  Russia  for  25 
years. 

Apr.  5.  China  Kwang- 
chau-wan,  in  the  south, 
ceded  to  France. 


May  Italy:  The  suspen¬ 
sion  of  the  duty  on  corn 
does  not  alleviate  public 
disorder;  sanguinary 
encounters  between  the 
citizens  and  the  police  in 
Milan. 


May.  China:  Wei-hai-wei 
occupied  by  the  British. 


June  15.  France:  Resigna¬ 
tion  of  the  Meline  cabi¬ 
net;  28,  Brisson  forms 
a  radical  ministry. 

July  18.  Ijmile  Zola  tried  a 
second  time  and  con¬ 
demned  to  a  year’s 
imprisonment:  he  es¬ 
capes  to  England. 


June  19.  Italy:  Fall  of  the 
Rudini  cabinet;  29,  A 
new  ministry  under 
General  Pellonx. 


June  28.  Japan:  Okuma 
succeeds  Ito  as  premier 
on  the  basis  of  party 
control. 


July  Philippine  Islands : 
The  native  insurgents 
under  Aguinaldo  occupy 
the  province  of  Cavite 
and  threaten  Manila. 
Wei-hai-wei  leased  by 
China  to  Great  Britain. 


28o 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1898  A.D.— 


h.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1898 


Aug.  28.  The  czar  address¬ 
es  to  the  powers  an  in¬ 
vitation  to  take  part  in  a 
a  conference  looking  to¬ 
wards  the  reduction  of 
national  armaments  and 
the  establishment  of  the 
principles  of  universal 
peace. 

Sept.  Remains  of  Colum¬ 
bus  at  Havana  exhumed 
for  removal  to  Spain. 


1898 

Aug.  12.  Peace  protocol 
with  Spain  signed;  13, 
Manila  taken  by  U.  S. 
land  and  naval  forces; 
annexation  of  Hawaii 
carried  into  effect. 


Sept.  9.  Appointment  of 
commission  to  investi¬ 
gate  conduct  of  war  de¬ 
partment  during  the 
war. 


1898 


Sept.  2.  The  Anglo-Egyp- 
tian  forces  under  Kitch¬ 
ener  utterly  crush  the 
Dervishes  at  Omdurman 
with  tremendous  loss  to 
the  enemy,  and  occupy 
Khartoum. 


During  1898  M.  and  Mme. 
Curie,  French  chemists 
discover  the  presence  of 
two  radio-active  sub¬ 
stances  in  pitchblende, 
which  they  name  po¬ 
lonium  and  radium. 


Oct.  5.  Indian  outbreak  in 
Leach  Lake  Reservation, 
Minnesota. 


Oct.  Threatening  corre¬ 
spondence  with  France 
on  the  Fashoda  affair. 


Deaths  in  1898:  T.  F.  Bay¬ 
ard,  E.  Bellamy,  Bis- 
mark,  W.  Black,  D.  C. 
Buell,  E.  Burne-Jones, 
C.  L.  Dodgson,  G.  M. 
Ebers,  Gladstone,  G.  P. 
Lathrop,  H.  G.  Liddell, 
W.  Pepper,  P.  Puvis  de 
Chavannes,  W.  S.  Rose- 
crans,  F.  Tennyson,  D. 
A.  Wells. 


Nov.  21.  Sen.  Quay  of 
Pennsylvania  indicted 
for  misuse  of  state  funds. 

Dec.  10.  Definitive  treaty 
of  peace  with  Spain 
signed;  Cuban  indepen¬ 
dence  acknowledged; 
Porto  Rico,  the  Philip¬ 
pines,  and  Guam  ceded 
to  the  United  States. 


1899 


Jan.  5.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  Gordon  memorial 
college  at  Khartum  laid 
by  Lord  Cromer. 


Feb.  12.  Corner-stone  laid 
for  a  great  dam  at 
Assouan  in  Egypt  for 
the  purpose  of  improv¬ 
ing  the  irrigation  of  the 
Nile  valley. 

Mar.  27.  Communication 
by  the  Marconi  system 
of  wireless  telegraphy 
established  between 
England  and  France. 


1S99 

Jan.  17.  The  president  ap¬ 
points  a  commission  to 
visit  the  Philippines  and 
to  study  conditions 
there. 

Feb  4.  Outbreak  of  hos- 
tilitiesin  the  Philippines; 
Manila  attacked  by  the 
insurgents;  6,  the  treaty 
of  peace  with  Spain 
ratified  by  the  Senate. 

Mar.  Fierce  fighting  with 
the  Filipino  forces  under 
Aguinaldo;  the  insur¬ 
rection  is  in  full  swing. 


1899 

Jan.  19.  Great  Britain  en¬ 
ters  into  an  agreement 
with  Egypt  for  the 
government  of  the  Su¬ 
dan. 

Feb.  6.  Sir  Henry  Campbell- 
Bannerman  elected  lead¬ 
er  of  the  Liberal  party. 


Mar.  21.  Convention  signed 
with  France  delineating 
the  sphere  of  interest  of 
the  two  countries  in 
Central  Africa. 


Apr.  21.  Ex-Senator  Quay 
of  Pennsylvania  ac¬ 
quitted  on  the  charge  of 
misappropriating  state 
funds. 


Apr.  30.  Agreement  signed 
with  Russia  providing 
against  mutual  interfer¬ 
ence  with  the  railway 
policy  of  either  power  in 
China. 


1899  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


281 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


189S 


Aug.  31.  Col.  Henry  of  the 
French  war  office  com¬ 
mits  suicide  after  con¬ 
fessing  to  the  authorship 
of  documents  incrimi¬ 
nating  Captain  Dreyfus. 


1898 

Aug.  30.  Austria-Hungary. 
The  premiers  of  the  two 
members  of  the  mon¬ 
archy  agree  upon  com¬ 
mon  action  looking 
towards  the  renewal  of 
the  Ausgleich  of  1867. 


1898 

Aug.  6.  Philippine  Islands: 
Aguinaldo,  having  or¬ 
ganized  a  provisional 
government  appeals  to 
the  powers  for  the  recog¬ 
nition  of  Philippine 
independence. 


Sept.  A  French  force  under 
Major  Marchand  estab¬ 
lishes  itself  at  Fashoda 
on  the  Nile  and  refuses  to 
retire  at  Sir  Kitchener’s 
order;  crisis  precipitated 
between  the  two  coun¬ 
tries. 

Oct.  25.  France:  Fall  of 
the  Brisson  ministry. 
29,  the  Court  of  Cassa¬ 
tion  orders  a  supple¬ 
mentary  investigation  in 
the  Dreyfus  case;  31, 
C.  Dupuy  forms  a  new 
ministry. 

Nov.  5.  The  French  gov¬ 
ernment  decides  to 
withdraw  from  Fashoda. 


Sept.  10.  Empress  Eliza¬ 
beth  of  Austria  assassi¬ 
nated  by  an  anarchist 
at  Geneva. 


Oct.  5.  The  powers  demand 
the  withdrawal  of  Turk¬ 
ish  troops  from  Crete. 


Nov.  6.  Crete  evacuated 
by  the  Turks;  27,  Prince 
George  of  Greece  ap¬ 
pointed  High  Commis¬ 
sioner  by  tne  powers. 


Sept.  21.  China:  By  a 
coup  d’etat  the  dowager 
empress  assumes  the 
regency  to  the  virtual 
exclusion  of  the  Emperor 
Kwang-Hsu. 


Oct.  China.  The  foreign 
legations  at  Pekin 
threatened  by  mobs  and 
troops  summoned  to  the 
capitol  from  the  coast. 


Nov.  30.  The  union  of  the 
Central  American  states 
for  foreign  relations 

dissolved. 

Dec.  Transvaal:  Uitland- 
ers  in  Johannesburg 

appeal  to  the  British 
government  against  the 
Transvaal  authorities. 


1899 


Feb.  16.  France:  President 
Faure  dies  of  apoplexy; 

18.  Emile  Loubet  elected 
to  succeed  him. 


Mar.  Cecil  Rhodes  ne¬ 
gotiates  with  the  German 
emperor  concerning  the 
construction  of  the  Cape 
to  Cairo  railway  through 
German  territory. 


Apr.  28.  Germany:  The 
Reichstag  passes  a  bill 
for  the  establishment  of 
an  imperial  bank. 


1899 

Jan.  1.  Austria-Hungary. 
The  Ausgleich  prolonged 
for  a  year  by  imperial 
decree  owing  to  parlia¬ 
mentary  obstruction. 

Feb.  Russia:  The  Finnish 
diet  is  deprived  of  the 
exclusive  right  of  legis¬ 
lation  and  a  thorough 
olicy  of  Russification 
egun. 

Mar.  1.  Spain:  TheSagasta 
ministry  resigns  and  is 
succeeded  (4th)  by  a 
cabinet  under  Silvela. 


1899 

Jan.  1.  Cuba.  End  of 
Spanish  sovereignty, 
military  rule  of  the 
United  States. 


Mar.  11.  The  Cuban  as¬ 
sembly  deposes  Gen. 
Gomez  from  his  com¬ 
mand  because  of  dis¬ 
satisfaction  with  his 
negotiations  with  the 
United  States  concern¬ 
ing  the  payment  of 
Cuban  troops:  he  is 
later  re-elected. 

Apr.  1.  Samoa:  In  the 
civil  strife  prevailing  in 
the  islands,  an  Anglo- 
American  column  is 
ambushed  with  loss. 

Apr.  4.  Cuba:  The  insur¬ 
gent  army  disbanded. 


282 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1899  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


Great  Britain. 


1899 


May  18.  Opening  of  the 
Intnational  Peace  Con¬ 
ference  at  the  Hague 
consisting  of  delegates 
from  twenty-six  states. 


1899 

May  8.  The  Mazet  com¬ 
mittee  of  the  legislature 
begins  the  investigation 
of  municipal  corruption 
in  New  York  City. 


June  15.  The  Court  of 
Arbitration  in  the 
boundary  dispute  be¬ 
tween  Venezuela  and 
Great  Britain  begins  its 
sessions  at  Paris. 


1899 

May  31.  Opening  of  an  un¬ 
successful  conference  at 
Bloemfontein  between 
Lord  Milner  and  Presi¬ 
dent  Kruger  of  the  Trans¬ 
vaal  relative  to  the 
grievances  of  the  Uit- 
landers 

June  20.  New  South  Wales 
accepts  by  popular  vote 
the  Federal  Bill  thus 
assuring  the  success  of 
Australian  federation. 


July  22.  In  an  internation¬ 
al  athletic  meet  at  Lon¬ 
don,  Yale  and  Harvard 
are  defeated  by  Oxford 
and  Cambridge. 

July  29.  The  Peace  Con¬ 
ference  at  the  Hague 
closes  after  establishing 
a  permanent  court  of 
arbitration  and  modi¬ 
fying  certain  rules  of 
warfare. 


July  17.  Press  representa¬ 
tives  in  the  Philippine 
Islands  protest  against 
the  military  censorship; 
19,  Secretary  of  War, 
Alger,  resigns  as  a  re¬ 
sult  of  the  scandals 
connected  with  the  con¬ 
duct  of  the  department 
during  the  Spanish - 
American  war. 

Aug.  Thomas  B.  Reed, 
ex -speaker  of  the  House 
of  Representatives,  re¬ 
tires  from  public  life. 


July  3.  The  crown  takes 
possession  of  the  terri¬ 
tories  of  the  Niger  Com¬ 
pany. 


Aug. — The  British  govern¬ 
ment  refuses  to  abandon 
its  claims  to  suzerainty 
over  the  Transvaal. 


Oct.  3.  The  Paris  Tribunal 
in  the  Venezuelan  arbi¬ 
tration  case  announces 
its  decision,  which  is  in 
nature  a  compromise. 


Sept.  26.  Admiral  Dewey 
arrives  at  New  York  on 
his  return  from  the 
Philippines;  great  popu¬ 
lar  enthusiasm. 

Oct.  1.  Fruitless  con¬ 
ference  between  Gen. 
Otis  and  Filipino  com¬ 
missioners  at  Manila. 


Nov.  27.  The  U.  S.  govern¬ 
ment  signifies  its  agree¬ 
ment  with  the  action 
taken  by  Great  Britain 
and  Germany  in  respect 
to  the  Samoan  Islands. 


Sept.  8.  A  cabinet  council 
decides  on  increasing  the 
British  war  strength  in 
Natal. 

Oct.  9.  The  Transvaal  gov¬ 
ernment  presents  an 
ultimatum  requiring  ac¬ 
ceptance  within  two 
days;  12,  Boer  forces  in- 
vadeNatal ;  20,  indecisive 
battle  at  Glencoe  and 
21,  at  Elandslaagte;  30, 
British  defeated  at 
Nicholson’s  Neck.  By 
the  end  of  the  month 
Ladysmith,  Kimberley, 
and  Mafeking  are  closely 
invested. 

Nov.  23.  British  under 
Lord  Methuen  drive 
Boers  from  Belmont; 
and,  25,  from  Enslin  or 
Grospan;  28,  British 
fight  with  great  loss  at 
the  Modder  River. 


1899  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


283 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1899 


May  30.  France:  Major 
Marchand,  is  received 
with  tremendous  en¬ 
thusiasm  on  his  arri¬ 
val  at  Toulon. 


1899 

May  2.  Italy:  Fall  of  the 
Pelloux  ministry;  14, 
reorganization  of  the 
Cabinet  effected. 


1899 


June  3.  The  French  Court 
of  Cassation  annuls  the 
sentence  of  Captain 
Dreyfus  and  orders  his 
retrial  by  a  court 
martial;  12,  fall  of  the 
Dupuy  ministry;  22, 
a  new  cabinet  formed 
by  Waldeck-Rousseau. 

July.  The  new  war  minis¬ 
ter,  General  de  Galliffet 
punishes  insubordination 
on  the  part  of  officers 
opposed  to  Captain 
Dreyfus. 


Aug.  7.  Beginning  of  the 
second  courtmartial  of 
Capt.  Dreyfus  at  Rennes. 


Sept.  9.  Captain  Dreyfus 
found  guilty  by  court 
martial  and  condemned 
to  ten  years’  imprison¬ 
ment;  19,  he  is  par¬ 
doned  by  the  president. 


Nov.  8.  Germany  enters  in¬ 
to  a  treaty  of  partition 
with  Great  Britain  in 
regard  to  the  Samoan 
Islands. 


July  18.  The  Transvaal 
V  olksraad  offers  the 
Uitlanders  the  franchise 
after  seven  years’  resi¬ 
dence. 

July  26.  President  Heur- 
eaux  of  Santo  Domingo 
assassinated. 


Aug. — The  Transvaal  gov¬ 
ernment  offers  a  five 
years’  franchise  but 
demands  abandonment 
of  British  claims  of 
suzerainty. — Revolution 
in  Venezuela  headed  by 
Gen.  Castro. 

Sept.  2.  The  Transvaal 
government  withdraws 
its  offer  of  a  five  years’ 
franchise. 

Oct.  16.  Cuba:  The  work  of 
taking  a  census  begins 
under  direction  of  Amer¬ 
ican  officials ;  Revolu¬ 
tion  in  Venezuela  suc¬ 
cessful  and  Castro  chos¬ 
en  president. 


Nov.  Egypt:  The  Khalifah 
overtaken  and  crushing - 
ly  defeated  at  Om  De- 
brikat  in  the  Sudan, 
the  Khalifah  himself 
being  slain. 


June  2.  Spain  sells  the 
Caroline,  Pelew,  and  La- 
drone  islands  to  Ger¬ 
many. 

June  28.  Violent  demon¬ 
strations  in  Belgium 
against  proposed  elec¬ 
toral  law. 


Sept.  23.  Austria:  Fall  of 
the  Thun  ministry;  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  a  cabinet 
under  Clary  (.Oct.  2). 


284 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1899  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1899 

Deaths  in  1899:  G.  Allen, 
R.  P.  Bland,  Rosa  Bon- 
heur,  D.  G.  Brinton,  E. 
Castelar,  J.  S.  Clarke, 
C.  F.  Coghlan,  J.  A.  Daly 
E.  Erckmann,  S.  J. 
Field,  R.  G.  Ingersoll,  O. 

C.  Marsh,  D.  L.  Moody, 
Nubar  Pasha,  E. 

D.  E.  N.  Southworth, 

E.  Thayer. 


1S99 

Dec.  19.  Death  of  Major- 
Gen.  H.  W.  Lawton, 
killed  in  action  in  the 
Philippines. 


1900 


Jan.  10.  Railroad  connec¬ 
tion  established  between 
Cairo  and  Khartum  in 
the  Sudan. 


1900 

J  an.  30.  Senator  Goebel, 
Democratic  candidate  for 
governor  in  Kentucky 
assassinated  by  politi¬ 
cal  opponents;  he  is 
declared  governor  by  a 
party  in  the  legislature 
and  dies  after  taking  the 
oath. 

Feb.  5.  The  Hay-Paunce- 
forte  treaty  amending 
the  Clayton— Bulwer 

treaty  dealing  with  the 
construction  of  an  Isth¬ 
mian  Canal,  signed  at 
Washington. 


March  29.  A  tribunal  of 
arbitration  declares 
against  Portugal  and  in 
favor  of  the  U.  S.  and 
Great  Britain  in  the 
matter  of  the  Delagoa 
Railway. 


Mar.  14.  The  bill  establish¬ 
ing  the  gold  standard 
becomes  law. 


1899 

Dec.  10.  British  under 
Gen.  Gatacre  defeated  at 
Stormberg;  11,  British 
under  Lord  Methuen  de¬ 
feated  at  Magersfontein; 
15,  British  under  Gen. 
Buller  disastrously  de¬ 
feated  at  Colenso;  16, 
Field  Marshal  Roberts 
entrusted  with  the  com¬ 
mand  in  Africa  with  Lord 
Kitchener  as  his  chief  of 
staff. 

1900 

Jan.  6.  Desperate  Boer 
assault  on  Ladysmith 
repulsed,  23-24,  British 
disaster  at  Spion  Kop 
north  of  the  Tugela 
River. 


Feb.  11.  Lord  Roberts  be¬ 
gins  his  advance  on  Kim¬ 
berley;  15,  Kimberley 
is  relieved;  27,  the  Boer 
army  under  General 
Cronje  compelled  to  sur¬ 
render  at  Paardeberg ; 
28,  Ladysmith  isrelieved. 

Mar.  13.  The  British  under 
Lord  Roberts  occupy 
Bloemfontein,  capital  of 
Orange  Free  State;  27, 
Death  of  Piet  Joubert, 
Boer  commander-in¬ 
chief. 


Apr.  14.  Opening  of  the 
International  Exposition 
at  Paris. 


June  15.  Gen.  MacArthur 
in  command  of  the  U.  S. 
forces  in  the  Philippines 
issues  a  proclamation  of 
amnesty  to  the  insur¬ 
gents. 


Apr.  24.  Matthew  Quay, 
appointed  senator  from 
Pennsylvania,  seated  by 
the  senate. 


May. — Boer  delegates  visit 
the  United  States  and 
are  received  by  the 
president. 


June  21.  The  Republican 
National  Convention  at 
Philadelphia  nominates 
William  McKinley  and 
Theodore  Roosevelt  for 
president  and  vice-presi¬ 
dent;  30,  burning  of  the 
docks  of  the  Nord- 
deutsche  Lloyd  in  Hobo¬ 
ken  with  the  loss  of 
more  than  200  lives. 


Apr.  3.  A  large  British 
force  captured  at  Red- 
dersburg  in  the  Orange 
Free  State.  The  Boers 
conduct  an  extensive 
irregular  warfare. 

May  17.  Mafeking  relieved; 
28,  Lord  Roberts  issues 
a  proclamation  annexing 
the  Orange  Free  State  as 
the  Orange  River  Colony ; 
31,  British  occupy  Jo¬ 
hannesburg  in  the  Trans¬ 
vaal. 

June  5.  The  British  enter 
Pretoria,  capitol  of  the 
South  African  Republic; 
The  British  at  Kumassi 
Ashantiland  besieged  by 
natives  (relieved  in  July). 


I9OO  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


285 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1899 


Dec.  11.  The  German 
chancellor  announces 
the  initiation  of  a  naval  - 
programme  looking 
towards  the  doubling  of 
the  naval  strength  of 
the  country. 


1899 

Dec.  21.  Austria:  Resigna¬ 
tion  of  the  Clary  minis¬ 
try  owing  to  failure  to 
effect  reconciliation  be¬ 
tween  the  Czech  and  the 
German  nationalties. 


1900 


Jan.  Germany:  Ill-feeling 
against  Great  Britain 
aroused  by  the  seizure 
of  German  steamers  in 
African  waters. 


1900 

Jan. — Spain:  The  Chambers 
of  Commerce  form  a 
National  Union  for  the 
purpose  of  encouraging 
parliamentary  and  ad  - 
ministrati ve  reform. — A 
new  Austrian  ministry 
under  Koerber. 


Feb.  A  bill  introduced  in 
the  French  Chamber 
providing  for  the  pun¬ 
ishment  of  ministers  of 
religion  who  should  criti¬ 
cise  the  public  authori¬ 
ties. 


Feb.  20.  Italy:  The  Court 
of  Cassation  declares  the 
Public  Safety  Bill  issued 
by  decree  null  and  par¬ 
liamentary  obstruction 
revives. 


Mar.  8.  France:  The  The¬ 
atre  Frangais  destroyed 
by  fire. 


May  29.  France:  General 
de  Galliffet,  minister  of 
war,  resigns  and  is 
succeeded  by  General 
Andre. 


Apr.  4.  Belgium:  Attempt 
on  the  life  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales  (Edward  VII.) 
by  an  anarchist  at  Brus¬ 
sels. 


June. — France:  The  senate 
passes  a  bill  putting  an 
end  to  all  criminal  prose¬ 
cutions  arising  from  the 
Dreyfus  affair. 


June  21.  Russia:  Death  of 
Muravieff,  minister  of 
foreign  affairs ;  succeeded 
by  Count  Lamsdorff. 

Italy:  Resignation  of  the 
Pelloux  ministry  (18) ; 
succeeded  by  a  Saracco 
cabinet. 


1900 

Jan. — China:  An  imperial 
edict  announces  the 
virtual  abdication  of  the 
emperor  Kwang  Hsu 
and  names  a  son  of 
Prince  Tuan  as  suc¬ 
cessor. 


Feb. — Samoa:  The  United 
States  government  ap¬ 
points  a  governor  for 
the  island  of  Tutuila 
and  the  harbor  of  Pango 
Pango. 

Mar. — China:  The  powers 
give  pledges  to  the 
United  States  that  no 
interference  with  com¬ 
merce  on  the  ground  of 
nationality  shall  be 
permitted — the  so-called 
“open  door.” 

Apr. — China:  Anti-foreign 
feeling  approaches  cul¬ 
mination;  the  ‘  ’Boxers” 
massacre  native  Chris¬ 
tians  in  the  north  of  the 
empire. 

May  31.  Continued  Boxer 
outrages  lead  to  the  as¬ 
sembling  of  foreign  war¬ 
ships  at  Taku;  guards 
are  summoned  for  the 
protection  of  the  lega¬ 
tions  at  Pekin. 

June  10.  China:  An  inter¬ 
national  force  leaves 
Tien  Tsin  for  the  relief 
of  the  Pekin  legations; 
the  Chinese  govern¬ 
ment  supports  the 
Boxers;  17,  the  Taku 
forts  fire  upon  the 
European  fleet  and  are 
demolished  and  taken; 
20,  the  German  embassa¬ 
dor  at  Pekin  murdered; 
26,  The  allied  column 
returns  unsuccessfully  to 
Tien-Tsin;  the  foreign¬ 
ers  in  Pekin  are  besieged 
in  the  legations. 


286 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I9OO  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States 


British  Empire. 


1900 


July  4.  A  statue  of  Lafay¬ 
ette,  presented  by 
American  school  child¬ 
ren,  unveiled  in  Paris. 

July  7.  A  statue  of  W.  E. 
Gladstone  is  unveiled  at 
Athens. 


1900 

July  5.  The  Democratic 
National  Convention  at 
Kansas  City  nominates 
W.  J.  Bryan  and  A.  E. 
Stevenson  for  president 
and  vice-president. 


1900 

July  9.  The  bill  constitut¬ 
ing  the  Commonwealth 
of  Australia  receives  the 
royal  assent;  Guerilla 
warfare  in  Orange  Free 
State;  Surrender  of  Boer 
general  Prinsloo. 


Aug.  18.  Caleb  Powers 
fo  rmerly  Secretary  of 
State  in  Kentucky 
found  guilty  of  com¬ 
plicity  in  the  assassina¬ 
tion  of  William  Goebel. 


Aug.  2.  Western  Australia 
by  referendum  decides  to 
join  the  Australian 
Commonwealth;  10.  Plot 
at  Pretoria  to  kidnap 
Lord  Roberts,  discover¬ 
ed. 


Sept.  6.  The  Arctic  expe¬ 
dition  under  the  Duke 
of  the  Abruzzi  returns  to 
Tromsoe,  Norway,  after 
attaining  86°  33',  or  14' 
beyond  Nansen’s  farth¬ 
est  north. 

Oct. — Successful,  tests  of  a 
dirigible  balloon  con¬ 
structed  by  Count  Zep¬ 
pelin  of  Germany. 


Sept.  8.  Galveston,  Tex., 
overwhelmed  by  a 
hurricane  and  tidal 
wave;  over  6000  lives 
lost  and  the  city  utterly 
devastated. 

Oct.  30.  The  census  bu¬ 
reau  announces  the 
population  of  the  United 
States  proper  at  more 
than  76,300,000. 


Sept.  1.  Lord  Roberts  is¬ 
sues  a  proclamation  an¬ 
nexing  the  South  African 
Republic. 


Oct.  25.  The  Transvaal 
formally  proclaimed  a 
part  of  the  British 
Empire  as  the  Vaal 
River  Colony. 


Deaths  in  1900:  G.  D.  C., 
Duke  of  Argyll,  V.  D. 
Benedetti,  R.  D.  Black- 
more,,  Prince  de  Join- 
ville,  W.  Liebknecht,  J. 
Martineau,  E.  J.  Phelps, 
F.  Max  Muller,  M.  Mun- 
kacsy,  F.  W.  Nietzsche, 
Osman  Pasha,  Ruskin, 
John  Sherman,  H.  Sidg- 
wick,  W.  Steinitz,  Sir 
Arthur  Sullivan,  C.  D. 
Warner. 


Nov.  6.  William  McKinley 
re-elected  president  by  a 
great  majority. 

Dec.  13.  Senate  adopts 
amendment  to  Hay- 
Pauncefote  treaty  re¬ 
serving  to  the  U.  S.  the 
defense  of  the  proposed 
interoceanic  canal. 


Nov.  16.  Conspiracy 
against  the  life  of  Lord 
Roberts  discovered  at 
Johannesburg. 

Dec.  13.  A  British  force 
under  Gen.  Clements  de¬ 
feated  by  the  Boers  un¬ 
der  Delarey  at  Nooitge- 
dacht  in  the  Transvaal. 


1901 


Feb. — Mrs.Carrie  Nation, of 
Kansas,  begins  a  crusade 
against  the  liquor  traffic 
by  invading  and  de¬ 
molishing  liquor  shops. 


1901 


Feb.  2.  The  army  Reor¬ 
ganization  Bill  becomes 
law;  the  strength  of  the 
forces  is  raised  to  a 
maximum  of  100,000 
men;  the  army  canteen 
is  abolished. 


1901 

Jan.  1.  Inauguration  of 
the  Australian  Common¬ 
wealth;  22.  Death  of 
Queen  Victoria  after  a 
reign  of  64  years;  she  is 
succeeded  by  her  son, 
Edward  VII. 

Feb. — A  Boer  force  under 
Christian  De  Wet  in¬ 
vades  Cape  Colony  and 
raises  fear  of  an  insur¬ 
rection  there. 


I9OI  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


287 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1900 


Aug.  2.  France:  Attempt 
on  the  life  of  the  Shah 
in  Paris.  8.  Germany: 
Count  von  Waldersee 
appointed  to  the  com¬ 
mand  of  the  allied  forces 
in  China. 


1900 

July  29.  Italy:  King 
Humbert  assassinated  at 
Monza  by  an  anarchist, 
Bresci,  who  had  come  to 

gerform  the  deed  from 
aterson,  N.  J.;  he  is 
succeeded  by  his  son 
Victor  Emmauuel  III 
Aug.  11.  Italy:  Victor 
Emmanuel  III.  swears 
to  the  constitution 
amidst  great  popular 
enthusiasm. 


Sept.  22.  France:  President 
Loubet  entertains  22,- 
000  republican  mayors 
of  provincial  towns  at  a 
banquet  in  the  Tuiler- 
ies  gardens. 


1900 

July  13-14.  China:  The 
allied  forces  take  Tien- 
Tsin  by  storm;  the  Chi¬ 
nese  forces  in  Manchuria 
bombard  Blagovest- 
chensk,  capital  of  the 
Russian  territory  of  the 
Amur. 

Aug.  4.  China:  An  allied 
force  of  20,000  men  sets 
out  from  Tien-Tsin  for 
the  relief  of  the  Pekin 
legations;  the  Russians 
occupy  Niu-Chwang  in 
Manchuria;  14.  The  allies 
take  Pekin  and  rescue 
the  prisoners  of  the  le¬ 
gations;  the  Chinese 
Court  flees  to  the  West ; 
28.  Allied  troops  march 
through  the  Forbidden 
City. 

Sept. — China:  The  mas¬ 
sacre  of  Christian  mis¬ 
sionaries  continues ;  pun¬ 
itive  expeditions  sent 
out  by  the  allied  powers. 


1901 


Oct.  17.  Prince  Hohenlohe 
resigns  the  chancelor- 
ship  of  the  German 
empire;  he  is  succeded 
by  von  Bulow. 


Nov.  12.  The  Paris  Ex¬ 
position  closes  after  be¬ 
ing  visited  by  50,000,000 
sight-seers. 

Dec. — President  Kruger  of 
the  Transvaal  passes 
through  Germany  but  is 
refused  an  interview 
by  the  emperor. 

France:  An  amnesty  bill 
passed  for  all  acts  con¬ 
nected  with  the  Dreyfus 
affair. 

Jan.  12.  A  bill  introduced 
into  the  Prussian  diet 
providing  for  the  con¬ 
struction  of  canals  at 
an  expenditure  of  $100,- 
000,000. 


Oct.  16.  China:  Great 
Britain  and  Germany 
enter  into  an  agreement 
to  maintain  the  rivers 
and  ports  of  China  open 
to  trade  and  to  take 
common  action  against 
any  government  hos¬ 
tile  to  such  a  purpose. 

Nov.  5.  Cuban  constitu¬ 
tional  convention  begins 
its  sessions  at  Havana. 

Dec.  24.  The  allied  powers 
present  a  joint  note  to 
the  Chinese  government, 
the  terms  of  which  are 
embodied  in  a  subse¬ 
quent  peace  protocol. 


1901 

Jan. — China  signs  peace 
protocol  with  the  powers 
promising  the  punish¬ 
ment  of  officials  connect¬ 
ed  with  the  Boxer  up¬ 
rising  and  paying  an 
indemnity. 

Feb. — Revelation  of  Rus¬ 
sian  diplomacy  in  China 
aiming  at  the  establish¬ 
ment  of  a  virtual  protec¬ 
torate  over  Manchuria. 

Feb.  21.  The  Cuban  con¬ 
vention  adopts  a  con¬ 
stitution. 


Oct.  21.  Fall  of  the  Silvela 
ministry  in  Spain;  a 
cabinet  under  Azcarraga 
succeeds. 


1901 

jan.  8.  A  delegation  of 
English  Catholics  under 
the  Duke  of  Norfolk 
visit  Rome  and  express 
their  wishes  for  the 
restoration  of  the  tem¬ 
poral  power  of  the  pope. 

Feb.  7.  Marriage  of  Queen 
Wilhelmina  of  the 
Netherlands  to  Duke 
Henry  of  Mecklenburg - 
Schwerin.  Italy:  The 
Saracco  ministry  resigns 
(7th) ;  succeeded  by  a 
Zanardelli  cabinet. 


288 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1901  A.D. 


a.d.  (Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1901 


Mar. — Andrew  Carnegie 

of  Homestead,  Pa.,  gives 
$5,200,000  to  the  city 
of  New  York  for  free 
libraries. 


Apr.  14.  The  permanent 
Arbitration  tribunal  at 
The  Hague  organized. 


May  1.  Opening  of  the  Pan- 
American  Exposition  at 
Buffalo.  30.  Opening  of 
the  hall  of  Fame  at  New 
York  University. 

July  5.  J.  S.  Rogers  of 
Paterson,  N.  J.  be¬ 
queaths  $5,000,000  to 
the  Metropolitan  Mu¬ 
seum  of  Art  in  New 
York.  22.  International 
Tuberculosis  congress 
opens  in  London. 

Aug.  8.  M.  Santos-Dumont 
in  a  dirigible  balloon 
sails  around  the  Eiffel 
Tower  in  Paris. 


1901 

Mar.  4.  Inauguration 
of  President  McKinley. 

Mar.  11. The  Senate  amend¬ 
ments  to  Hay-Paunce- 
fote  treaty  not  accepted 
by  Great  Britain. 

Mar.  23.  Gen.  Funston 
captures  the  Filipino 
leader,  Aguinalao. 

Apr. — A  Commission  of 
the  Cuban  convention 
visits  Washington  to 
protest  against  the  in¬ 
corporation  of  the 
“Platt  amendment”  in 
the  Cuban  constitution. 

May  27.  The  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court  hands  down  an 
important  decision  re¬ 
garding  the  constitu¬ 
tional  status  of  colonies 
and  possessions. 

July  24.  A  court  of  inquiry 
is  ordered  to  examine 
into  the  conduct  of 
Rear-Admiral  Schley 
during  the  Spanish- 
American  War. 


Aug.  10.  A  general  strike 
of  the  employes  of  the 
United  States  Steel  Cor¬ 
poration  is  begun. 


1901 

Mar.  16.  The  Duke  of  Corn¬ 
wall  and  York  sets  out 
on  a  voyage  to  the  dif¬ 
ferent  parts  of  the 
empire. 


Apr.  17.  Disorderly  scenes 
during  the  installation  of 
the  Bishop  of  London, 
caused  by  the  anti¬ 
ritualists. 


May  9.  The  first  parlia¬ 
ment  of  the  Australian 
Commonwealth  opened 
at  Melbourne  by  the 
Duke  of  Cornwall  and 
York. 

July  18.  Earl  Russell  found 
guilty  of  bigamy  in  the 
House  of  Lords  and 
sentenced  to  a  term  of 
imprisonment  in  jail. 


Sept.  6.  President  McKin¬ 
ley  is  shot  twice  by  Leon 
Czolgosz,  while  holding 
a  public  reception  at  the 
Pan-American  Exposi¬ 
tion  in  Buffalo;  he  dies 
on  the  14th  and  Vice- 
President  Roosevelt 
takes  the  oath  of  office. 


Sept.  17.  Boers  under  Gen. 
Botha  inflict  a  heavy 
loss  on  the  British  near 
Utrecht,  Transvaal;  26. 
The  Boers  are  repulsed 
at  Forts  Itala  and 
Prospect. 


Nov.  1.  Opening  of  the 
South  Carolina  and  West 
Indian  Exposition  at 
Charleston,  S.  C. 


Nov.  18.  A  new  canal 
treaty  signed  by  Secre¬ 
tary  of  State  and  the 
British  ambassador 
Pauncefote  at  Washing¬ 
ton. 


Dec. — Andrew  Carnegie  gives  $10,000,000  for  the  foun¬ 
dation  of  an  institution  of  research  at  Washington. 


Deaths  in  1901: — E.  Audran,  W.  Besant,  A.  Boecklin,  R.  W.  Buchanan,  W.  E. 
Channing,  M.  Creighton,  W.  M.  Evarts,  John  Fiske,  J.  V.  Gurko,  E.  Gray, 
Benjamin  Harrison,  J.  Le  Conte,  Milan,  of  Servia,  J.  G.  Nicolay,  A.  E. 
Nordenskjold,  W.  Stubbs,  G.  Verdi,  C.  von  Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst,  C.  M. 
Yonge. 


I9OI  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


289 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1901 


Mar.  29.  The  French 
Chamber  passes  an  im¬ 
portant  Bill  of  Associa¬ 
tions  regulating  the  af¬ 
fairs  of  religious  orders. 
(It  becomes  law  in  June). 


1901 

Mar.  9.  Russia:  Count  Leo 
Tolstoy  is  ex-communi¬ 
cated  by  the  orthodox 
church  for  his  subver¬ 
sive  teachings. 


1901 

March. — China  appeals  to 
the  powers  against  Rus¬ 
sian  exactions  and  is 
supported  by  the  U.  S., 
Great  Britain  and  Japan. 


Apr. — An  Italian  fleet  visits 
Toulon  and  the  occasion 
is  marked  by  the  pro¬ 
testation  of  friendship 
between  the  two  coun¬ 
tries. 


Apr. — China:  Russia  pro¬ 
tests  its  disinterested¬ 
ness  and  abandons  its 
pressure  on  the  Chinese 
government. 


May  3.  The  Prussian  diet 
is  closed  after  the  Em¬ 
peror’s  canal  policy  had 
been  rendered  hopeless 
by  the  opposition  of 
the  Agrarians. 


May  25.  The  Norwegian 
parliament  confers  the 
franchise  in  municipal 
and  communal  elections 
on  women  tax-payers. 

July. — Turkey  pays  to  the 
United  States  the  claims 
advanced  in  behalf  of 
the  missionaries  in  Asia 
Minor  for  losses  incurred 
during  the  Armenian 
disturbances  of  1895-96. 


July. — Argentina:  A  plan 
for  the  unification  of  the 
public  debt  brought  for¬ 
ward  by  the  government 
is  abandoned  because  of 
public  opposition. 


Aug.  26.  The  French 
government  severs  dip¬ 
lomatic  relations  with 
Turkey  owing  to  a  dis¬ 
pute  over  an  indemnity 
due  a  French  company. 

Sept.  The  czar  visits 
France  and  witnesses 
naval  and  army  reviews. 

Germany:  Opposition  to  a 
new  scheme  of  increased 
custom  duties  proposed 
by  the  government. 


Nov. — AFrench  fleet  seizes 
the  ports  of  the  island 
of  Mitylene  and  forces 
the  Porte  to  settle  the 
claims  of  that  govern¬ 
ment. 


Aug. — Liberal  revolution 
in  Colombia;  insur¬ 
gents  aided  by  Venezue¬ 
lan  government;  U.  S. 
intervenes  to  prevent 
war  between  the  two 
countries. 

Sept.  — Conflicts  between 
the  government  troops  of 
Venezuela  and  Colom¬ 
bia  in  which  the  former 
meet  with  defeat. 

China:  Peace  Protocol 

signed  with  the  powers 
the  government  agreeing 
to  punish  officials  con¬ 
nected  with  the  Boxer 
uprising  and  to  pay 
an  indemnity  of  450,- 
000,000  taels. 

Nov.  19.  Colombia:  The 
liberal  forces  capture 
Colon  but  after  a  short 
occupation  are  driven 
out. — China:  death  of 
Li  Hung  Chang. 


Sept. — Turkey:  Miss  Stone 
an  American  mission¬ 
ary,  captured  by  Bul¬ 
garian  brigands  and  held 
for  ransom. 

Oct.  4.  Italy:  Death  of 
Francesco  Crispi. 


290 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I902  A.D. 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1902 


Feb. — Mr.  J.  P.  Morgan, 
banker  of  New  York, 
effects  the  consolidation 
of  five  traus -Atlantic 
steamship  lines  under 
the  name  of  the  Inter¬ 
national  Mercantile 
Marine  Company. 

Apr.  — By  the  will  of  Cecil 
Rhodes  (d.  March  26) 
the  bulk  of  his  fortune  is 
left  for  the  establishment 
of  scholarships  at  Oxford 
to  be  held  by  Americans, 
Colonials,  and  Germans. 

May  24.  A  statue  of 
Rochambeau  unveiled  at 
Washington  in  the  pres¬ 
ence  of  descendants  of 
that  General. 


1902 

Jan.  24.  Treaty  for  the 
purchase  of  the  Danish 
West  Indies  signed  at 
Washington.  (It  fails  of 
ratification  by  the 
Danish  Legislature.) 

Feb.  23.  Arrival  of  Prince 
Henry  of  Prussia  in 
New  York;  his  visit  is 
taken  as  an  indication 
of  good  will  between 
the  U.  S.  and  Germany 
and  is  marked  by  great 
enthusiasm. 

Apr.  18.  The  House  of 
Representatives  passes 
the  Cuban  Reciprocity 
Bill  allowing  a  reduction 
in  tariff  duties  on  im¬ 
portations  from  that 
island. 

May  1.  Beginning  of  a 
great  strike  of  anthra¬ 
cite  coal  miners  in 
Pennsylvania,  involving 
about  150,000  men. 


1902 

Jan. — A  campaign  of  grad¬ 
ual  exhaustion  carried 
on  against  the  Boers; 
they  are  taken  in  small 
numbers. 

Feb.  14.  Lord  Rosebery 
declares  himself  abso¬ 
lutely  opposed  to  Irish 
Home  Rule. 


Apr.  12.  The  Boer  leaders 
assemble  at  Pretoria  to 
negotiate  terms  of  peace. 


May  31.  The  Boer  leaders 
sign  terms  of  surrender 
at  Pretoria. 


June  26.  The  King  of  Eng¬ 
land  institutes  the  Order 
of  Merit  for  distinguish¬ 
ed  service  in  various 
walks  of  life. 


Sept. — Stanley  Spencer 

sails  in  an  airship  for  30 
miles  over  London;  re 
turn  to  Christiania  of  the 
Arctic  expedition  under 
Sverdrup. 

Oct.  14.  The  Hague  tri¬ 
bunal  renders  decision  in 
the  first  case  submitted 
for  arbitration  —  the 
“Pious  Fund”  dispute 
between  the  United 
State  and  Mexico,  in 
favor  of  the  United 
States. 

No  v.— The  ashes  of  Christo  - 
pher  Columbus  are  de¬ 
posited  in  the  Cathedral 
of  Seville. 


July  1.  An  act  passed  for 
the  establishment  of 
civil  government  in  the 
Philippines  and  pro¬ 
viding  for  the  summon¬ 
ing  of  a  legislative 
assembly  in  two  years  if 
general  peace  prevails. 

Sept.  17.  Secretary  of 
State  Hay  addresses  a 
note  to  the  signatory 
powers  of  the  Treaty  of 
Berlin  advocating  re¬ 
lief  for  the  Jews  of  Rou- 
mania. 

Oct.  16.  President  Roose¬ 
velt  appoints  a  com¬ 
mission  to  investigate 
the  great  coal  strike  in 
Pennsylvania  and  to 
decide  upon  terms  of 
peace;  21.  The  miners 
call  the  strike  off. 

Nov.  8.  Reciprocity  treaty 
with  Newfoundland 
signed. 


June  24.  Preparations  for 
the  coronation  of  Edward 
VII.  interrupted  by  the 
king’s  sudden  illness. 

July  11.  The  Marquis  of 
Salisbury  resigns  the 
premiership;  he  is  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  A.  J.  Balfour, 
his  nephew. 

Aug.  9.  Coronation  of 
Edward  Vil.  in  West¬ 
minster  Abbey. 


Oct.  6.  British  forces  in 
Somaliland  suffer  a 
severe  reverse  at  the 
hands  of  the  “Mad 
Mullah.” 


Nov.  3.  Conferences  be¬ 
tween  the  colonial  pre¬ 
miers  and  the  Colonial 
Secretary  result  in  the 
formulation  of  resolu¬ 
tions  for  a  closer  union 
of  the  empire,  among 
others  that  of  preferential 
trade  with  the  colonies. 


1902  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


29I 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1902 


1902 

Jan.  8.  The  government 
announces  to  the  Prus¬ 
sian  diet  a  policy  of 
active  Germanification 
to  be  canied  out  in 
Prussian  Poland. 

Feb.  26.  The  centenary  of 
the  birth  of  Victor  Hugo 
is  celebrated  with  great 
state  in  France. 


1902 


Feb.  23.  Turkey:  Miss 
Stone  the  kidnapped 
missionary  is  released 
after  the  payment  of  a 
heavy  ransom. 


1902 

Jan.  30.  Treaty  signed  be¬ 
tween  Great  Britain  and 
Japan  providing  for  be¬ 
nevolent  neutrality  in 
case  of  attack  on  either 
party  by  a  single  power, 
and  active  assistance  in 
case  of  attack  by  more 
than  one  power. 


Anr.  15.  Russia:  Sipiaguine 
reactionary  minister  of 
the  interior  assassinated 
by  a  Kieff  student. 


Apr.  8.  Russia  concludes 
a  convention  with  China 
agreeing  to  complete  the 
evacuation  of  Manchu¬ 
ria  in  18  months. 


May. — Expose  at  Paris  of  a 
remarkable  swindle  (the 
Humbert  Case)  carried 
on  during  20  years  and 
involving  nearly  100,- 
000,000  francs. 

June  3.  France.  The  Wal- 
deck -Rousseau  ministry 
resigns;  6.  A  new  cabinet 
formed  by  M.  Combes. 

July.  France:  The  forcible 
closing  of  religious 
schools  not  conforming 
with  the  Lav/  of  Associa¬ 
tion  arouses  great  ex¬ 
citement. 


Sept. — Indiscreet  expres¬ 
sions  of  opinion  by  the 
French  minister  of 
marine  aimed  against 
England  and  Germany 
disavowed  by  the 
Premier. 

Oct.  9.  France  concludes 
a  treaty  of  territorial 
delimitation  with  Siam. 


May  20.  Russia:  President 
Loubet  of  France  ar¬ 
rives  at  Cronstadt  on  a 
visit  to  the  Czar. 


June  28.  The  Triple  Al¬ 
liance  between  Germany, 
Austria-Hungary,  and 
Italy  is  renewed. 

July  14.  Italy:  Collapse  of 
the  celebrated  Campa¬ 
nile  of  St.  Mark’s  at 
Venice. 


Oct.  22.  The  Danish  Senate 
rejects  the  treaty  of  sale 
of  the  Danish  West 
Indies  to  the  United 
States. 


May  8.  An  eruption  of 
Mount  Pelee  in  Marti¬ 
nique  destroys  the  city 
of  St.  Pierre  with  30,000 
inhabitants;  only  2  es¬ 
cape. 

May  20.  T.  E.  Palma  in¬ 
augurated  first  president 
of  Cuba. 

July. — China:  Treaty  ne¬ 
gotiated  with  Great 
Britain  providing  for  the 
abolition  of  “  likin’’ 
duties  on  British  Goods . 

Hayti:  Civil  war;  the  gun¬ 
boat  Crete -a -Pierrot  sunk 
by  the  German  gunboat 
Panther  for  violence 
against  a  German  mer¬ 
chantman. 


Oct.  28.  Colombia:  Gen. 
Uribe-Uribe  leader  of  the 
insurrection  capitulates 
marking  the  practical 
end  of  the  insurrection. 


Nov. — Germany:  The  vio¬ 
lent  opposition  of  the 
Socialists  to  the  new 
Tariff  Bill  leads  to  the 
adoption  of  a  new  pro¬ 
cedure  limiting  debate; 
popular  indignation. 


Nov.  4.  Venezuela:  the 
insurrection  crushed  by 
a  government  victory 
near  La  Victoria. 


292 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I902  A.D.- 


a.d.  Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1902 


1902 

Dec.  21.  William  Marconi 
sends  a  wireless  message 
from  Cape  Breton  across 
the  Atlantic  to  Cornwall. 


1902 

Dec.  2.  The  President’s 
message  deals  with  the 
growing  problem  of  the 
trusts. 


1902 

Dec.  Enactment  of  an 
Education  Law  re¬ 
organizing  elementary 
Education;  death  of  the 
Archbishop  of  Canter¬ 
bury. 

Deaths  in  1902:  Lord  Acton;  C.  K.  Adams;  Albert,  King  of  Saxony;  W.  A. 
Butler;  E.  Eggleston:  T.  D.  English;  S.  R.  Gardiner;  F.  B.  Harte;  J.  W. 
Powell;  G.  Rawlinson;  C.  J.  Rhodes;  T.  DeWitt  Talmage;  J.  Tissot;  R. 
Virchow,  E.  Zola. 


1903 


1903 

Jan.  Mr.  John  D.  Rocke¬ 
feller  gives  $7,000,000  to 
be  used  in  research  for  a 
cure  for  tuberculosis. 


Mar.  MM.  Curie  and  La- 
borde,  French  chemists 
announce  the  results  of 
their  investigations  on 
the  thermoradioactive 
properties  of  radium. 

Apr.  30.  Louisiana  Pur¬ 
chase  Exposition  at  St. 
Louis  dedicated. 


May.  The  Presbyterian 
General  Assembly  adopts 
amendments  to  the  creed 
tending  toward  a  more 
liberal  confession. 


1903 

Jan.  22.  Panama  Canal 
Treaty  with  Colombia 
signed  at  Washington; 
the  canal  zone  neutraliz¬ 
ed  and  Colombian  sover¬ 
eignty  guaranteed;  24, 
Treaty  with  Great  Brit¬ 
ain  establishing  mixed 
commission  for  deter¬ 
mining  Alaskan  bound¬ 
ary. 

Feb.  14.  Bill  creating  the 
Department  of  Commerce 
and  Labor  becomes  law. 

March  3.  Bill  increasing 
the  strength  of  the  navy 
passed;  17.  Senate  rati¬ 
fies  Panama  Canal 
Treaty;  29  Senate  rati¬ 
fies  Cuban  Reciprocity 
Treaty. 

Apr.  9.  The  U.  S.  Circuit 
Court  of  Appeals  de¬ 
clares  illegal  the  merger 
of  the  Northern  Pacific 
and  the  Great  Northern 
railways  under  the  form 
of  Northern  Securities 
Company. 

May  31.  Floods  at  Topeka, 
Kan.,  cause  the  loss  of 
hundreds  of  lives. 


June.  Widespread  frauds 
in  the  Post-office  de¬ 
partment  involving  high 
officials,  brought  before 
the  courts. 


1903 

Jan.  17.  Colonial  Secretary 
Chamberlain,  at  Johan¬ 
nesburg  announces  that 
the  Transvaal  is  to  be 
charged  with  a  war  in¬ 
demnity  of  £30,000,000. 


Feb.  12.  R.  T.  Davidson 
enthroned  as  successor  to 
Archbishop  Temple  in 
the  see  of  Canterbury. 

Mar.  15.  British  troops 
after  defeating  forces  of 
the  Sultan  of  Sokoto, 
occupy  that  capital. 


Apr.  17.  A  British  force 
overwhelmed  by  the 
“Mad  Mullah’s’’  troops 
in  Somaliland. 


May  15.  Colonial  Secretary 
Chamberlain  urges  aban¬ 
donment  of  free  trade 
policy  in  favor  of  tariff 
retaliation  and  colonial 
reciprocity. 


July  4.  Completion  of  the  Pacific  Cable  from  San 
Francisco  to  China  by  way  of  Hawaii,  Guam,  and 
the  Philippines. 


July.  Growing  friendship 
between  France  and 
Great  Britain  mani¬ 
fested  by  visit  to  Eng¬ 
land  of  President  Loubet 
(6-9)  and  a  deputation 
of  legislators  (22). 


I903  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


293 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1902 


1902 

Dec.  14.  The  German 
Reichstag  passes  the 
Tariff  Bill  making  a 
marked  increase  in 
duties  on  food. 


1902 

Dec.  3.  Spain.  The  Sagasta 
ministry  resigns;  6, 
Silvela  forms  a  new 
cabinet. 


1903 


1903 

Jan.  24.  French  Senate 
ratifies  Brussels  Sugar 
Convention. 


1903 


1902 

Dec.  8.  To  enforce  collec¬ 
tion  of  debts  Great 
Britain  and  Germany 
present  ultimatum  to 
Venezuela.  9.  They  seize 
the  Venezuelan  fleet. 
10.  Establish  a  “peaceful 
blockade.”  13.  Bom¬ 
bard  Puerto  Cabello; 
Venezuela  appeals  to 
the  U.  S. ;  26.  It  is  decid¬ 
ed  to  refer  dispute  to 
Hague  Tribunal. 

1903 

Jan.  21.  Venezuela:  The 
fortress  of  San  Carlos  is 
bombarded  by  German 
warships. 


Mar.  France:  Growing 
breach  between  govern¬ 
ment  and  the  clergy 
owing  to  the  participa¬ 
tion  of  latter  in  politics. 


Apr.  France:  Rigorous  en¬ 
forcement  of  the  Law 
of  Associations  and  grow¬ 
ing  demand  for  separa¬ 
tion  of  Church  and  State. 


May  1-4.  Visit  of  the  King 
of  England  to  France 
the  occasion  for  the 
exchange  of  friendly 
wishes  between  the  two 
nations. 

June.  The  elections  for 
the  German  Reichstag 
show  a  remarkable  in¬ 
crease  in  the  strength 
of  the  Social  Democrats. 


between  France  and  Great 
visit  to  England  of  Presi- 
deputation  of  French  legis- 


Feb.  21.  Turkey:  The  pow¬ 
ers  present  a  joint  note 
to  the  Sultan  outlining 
reforms  for  Macedonia. 

Mar.  Russia:  An  imperial 
manifesto  holds  out  the 
promise  of  religious  and 
administrative  reform 
and  improvements  in 
the  condition  of  the 
peasantry. 

Apr.  7.  Servia:  King  Alex¬ 
ander  suspends  the  con¬ 
stitution  and  thus  nulli¬ 
fies  a  series  of  liberal 
reforms. 

Apr.  19-20.  Russia.:  A 
massacre  of  Jews  in 
Kishineff  by  rioters. 

May.  Russia:  The  corre¬ 
spondent  of  the  London 
T imes  expelled  from  the 
country  because  of 
revelations  implicating 
the  government  in  the 
Kishineff  massacre. 

June  10-11. Servia:  A  band 
of  conspirators  invade 
the  royal  palace  and 
slay  King  Alexander 
and  Queen  Draga.  15. 
The  national  assembly 
chooses  Peter  Kara- 
georgevitch  King. 

July.  Spain:  Silvela  minis¬ 
try  followed  by  a  cabi¬ 
net  under  Villaverde. 

July  20.  Italy:  Death  of 
Pope  Leo  XIII. 

Russia:  The  Govern¬ 
ment  takes  control  of  the 
property  of  the  Arme¬ 
nian  church. 


Feb.  13.  Venezuela:  Pro¬ 
tocols  with  Great  Britian 
Germany,  and  Italy 
signed  at  Washington; 
the  blockade  raised. 


Apr.  8.  China:  The  date 
for  the  partial  evacua¬ 
tion  of  Manchuria 
(Niu-Chwang)  by  Russia 
passes  without  any  ac¬ 
tion  on  the  part  of  the 
latter. 

May.  Korea:  Russian 
troops  enter  the  country 
ostensibly  to  protect  the 
interests  of  Russian  tim¬ 
ber  merchants  in  the 
valley  of  the  Yalu. 


July.  British  successes  in 
Nigeria;  power  of  Soko 
to  broken. 


294 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I9O3  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  America. 


1903 


1903 

Aug.  4.  International  wire¬ 
less  telegraphy  confer¬ 
ence  at  Berlin. 


1903 

Aug.  26.  Conviction  of 
the  walking  delegate  of  a 
New  York  labor  union 
for  extortion. 


1903 

Aug.  14.  The  Irish  Land 
Bill  receives  the  royal 
assent,  an  important 
concession  to  Irish  de¬ 
mands;  22.  Death  of 
Lord  Salisbury. 


1904 


Deaths  in  1903:  L.  Arditi, 
A.  Bain,  H.  De  Blowitz, 
C.  G.  Duffy,  F.  W.  Far¬ 
rar,  J.  Glaisher,  W.  E. 
Henley,  A.  S.  Hewitt, 
F.  W.  Holls,  W.  E.  H. 
Lecky,  E.  Legouve,  C.  G. 
Leland,  “  Edna  Lyall,” 
Theodor  Mommsen,  G. 
Paris,  P.  M.  Sagasta, 
Herbert  Spencer,  R.  H. 
Stoddard,  Cardinal  H. 
Vaughan,  J.  A.  McNeil 
Whistler,  G.  Zanardelli. 


1904 

Jan.  25.  MS.  of  the  first 
book  of  Paradise  Lost 
offered  for  sale  in  Lon¬ 
don. 


Mar.  11.  One  of  the  tunnels 
under  the  Hudson  River 
connecting  New  York 
City  and  New  Jersey, 
completed. 


Apr.  30.  Opening  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Ex¬ 
position  at  St.  Louis. 


Oct.  8.  Commercial  treaty 
with  China  signed. 

Oct.  20.  The  Alaska 
Boundary  Commission 
decides  in  favor  of  the 
United  States,  giving 
to  Canada  access  to  the 
sea  by  Portland  Channel 
only. 

Nov.  18.  Treaty  concluded 
with  the  Republic  of 
Panama  for  the  con¬ 
struction  of  a  canal ;  the 
U.  S.  receives  the  per¬ 
petual  lease  of  a  ten- 
mile  zone  in  return  for 
$10,000,000  and  an 
annual  rental. 

Dec.  17.  Wright  brothers 
make  first  aeroplane 
flight. 

Dec.  30.  The  Iroquois 
Theatre  in  Chicago  is 
burned  and  nearly  600 
lives  are  lost. 

1904. 

Jan.  13.  Ratification  of  the 
commercial  treaty  with 
China. 


Feb.  7-8.  A  fire  destroys 
the  business  section  of 
Baltimore  entailing  a 
loss  of  $70,000,000;  23. 
Senate  ratifies  canal 
treaty  with  Panama. 


Mar.  14.  The  U.  S.  Su¬ 
preme  Court  sustains 
the  judgment  of  the 
lower  court  in  declaring 
the  Northern  Securities 
Company  illegal. — 
President  Roosevelt  de¬ 
clares  all  civil  war 
veterans  over  62  en¬ 
titled  to  pensions. 

Apr.  22.  The  United  States 
completes  the  purchase 
of  the  Panama  Canal 
property  from  the 
French  shareholders. 

May.  An  American  citi¬ 
zen,  Perdicaris,  is  kid¬ 
napped  by  Moroccan 
bandits.  A  squadron 
ordered  to  Tangier. 


Oct.  Mr.  Chamberlain, 
having  resigned  from 
the  cabinet,  begins  his 
campaign  for  “fiscal 
reform,’’  i.  e.,  a  policy 
of  partial  protection. 


Dec.  Transvaal.  Demand 
by  financial  interests  for 
the  importation  of  coolie 
labor. 


1904. 

Jan.  Important  successes 
won  by  the  British 
forces  in  operating  Som¬ 
aliland. 

Feb.  10.  The  legislative 
council  of  the  Transvaal 
passes  an  ordinance  for 
the  importation  of 
non-European  (coolie) 
laborers. 


Mar.  31 .  Battle  between  the 
Tibetan  expeditionary 
force  under  Col.  Young- 
husband  and  the  natives 
who  are  defeated  with 
great  loss. 


Apr.  8.  Conclusion  of  an 
agreement  with  France 
as  to  mutual  relations 
of  the  two  powers  in 
Newfoundland,  West 
Africa,  Egypt,  Morocco, 
Siam,  and  Madagascar. 


1904  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


295 


.A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1903 


1903 

Aug.  10.  Disaster  in  the 
Paris  underground  rail¬ 
way;  about  100  lives 
lost. 


Oct.  14.  France:  Agree¬ 
ment  with  Great  Britain 
that  interpretation  of 
treaties  be  left,  if  pos¬ 
sible  to  The  Hague  tri¬ 
bunal. 


1903 

Aug.  4.  Italy:  Giuseppe 
Sarto,  Cardinal-Patri¬ 
arch  of  Venice  chosen 
Pope;  he  assumes  the 
title  Pius  X. — Bulgaria 
protests  against  Turkish 
outrages  in  Macedonia. 

Oct.  21.  Italy:  Premier 
Zanardelli  resigns  and  a 
new  ministry  formed  by 
Giolitti. 


1903 

Aug.  Colombia  rejects  the 
Panama  Canal  treaty 
concluded  with  the 
United  States. 


Oct.  8.  The  date  for  the 
evacuation  of  Manchuria 
by  Russia  passes  with 
that  power  still  in  pos¬ 
session  ;  a  crisis  with 
Japan  develops. 


Nov.  3.  Colombia:  In¬ 
surrection  in  Panama 
and  proclamation  of 
independence;  the  U.  S. 
enforces  order  and  recog¬ 
nizes  the  de  facto  govern¬ 
ment. 


Dec.  France:  The  Com¬ 
mission  of  Revision  de¬ 
clares  in  favor  of  re¬ 
opening  the  Dreyfus 
case. 


1904 


1904 

Jan.  Uprising  among  the 
Herreros  in  German 
Southwest  Africa. 


Feb.  13.  France:  A  treaty 
of  territorial  delimita¬ 
tion  concluded  with 
Siam  to  replace  that  of 
Oct.  1902. 


Mar.  28.  France:  The 
Chamber  passes  a  bill 
suppressing  instruction 
in  religious  institutions 
within  five  years. 


Dec.  Spain:  Resignation 
of  premier  Villa vcrde; 
Maura  forms  a  new 
ministry. 

Russia.  The  courts 
show  extreme  leniency 
to  the  Kishinefi  rioters. 

1904 


Dec.  Warlike  preparations 
in  Japan  owing  to  the  un¬ 
satisfactory  progress  of 
negotiations  with  Russia 
concerning  Manchuria 
and  Korea. 


Jan.  13.  After  prolonged  negotiations  the  Japanese 
government  presents  its  final  proposals  to  Russia 
in  regard  to  Manchuria  and  Korea;  Russia  delays 
its  reply  and  active  war  preparations  are  carried  on 
by  both  nations. 

Feb.  6.  Japan  severs  diplomatic  relations  with  Russia. 
8,  The  Japanese  fleet  attacks  the  Russian  fleet 
outside  Port  Arthur  ard  inflicts  serious  loss  by  the 
use  of  torpedoes;  9.  The  Japanese  sink  two  warships 
in  the  harbor  of  Chemulpo;  attacks  on  the  Russian 
fleet  continued  throughout  the  month,  together 
with  attempts  at  blocking  the  harbor;  Korea 
invaded. 

Mar.  6.  Japanese  bombard  Vladivostock;  repeated 
attempts  at  blocking  Port  Arthur  fail. 


Apr.  German  forces  en¬ 
counter  reverses  in  South- 
W  est  Africa  against  the 
Herreros. 


Apr.  7.  The  Japanese  occupy  Wiju  on  the  Yalu  River; 
13,  The  Russian  flagship  Petropavlovsk  destroyed  by 
a  Japanese  mine,  Admiral  MakarofI  being  among 
the  lost. 


May.  France  recalls  its  am¬ 
bassador  from  the  Vati¬ 
can  becauseofthe  Pope’s 
protest  against  the  visit 
of  President  Loubet  at 
Rome. 


May  1.  The  Japanese  force  the  passage  of  the  Yalu 
River  and  inflict  a  severe  defeat  on  the  Russians.  5. 
A  Japanese  army  begins  disembarcation  on  the 
Liao-Tung  peninsula.  26-27.  Russians  defeated  at 
Kinchow  and  Nanshan. 


296 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I904  A.D 


a.d.  j  Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

United  States. 

British  Empire. 

1904 


1904 

June.  A  conference  at 
Westminster  discusses 
cruelties  practiced  on 
natives  of  Congo  Free 
State  by  officials. 


July  11.  Comer  stone  of 
the  Workingmen’s  Col¬ 
lege,  laid  in  London. 


1904 

June  15.  The  excursion 
steamer,  Gen.  Slocum 
is  burned  in  the  East 
River  with  a  loss  of 
about  950  lives. 

June  23.  Republican  con¬ 
vention  at  Chicago 
nominates  Roosevelt 
and  Fairbanks  for 
president  and  vice- 
president. 

July  9-10.  The  Democratic 
convention  nominates 
A.  B.  Parker  and  H.  G. 
Davis  for  president  and 
vice-president;  25,  strike 
of  textile  workers  in  Fall 
River  breaks  out. 


1904 

June.  First  arrival  of 
Chinese  laborers  in  the 
Transvaal  gold  fields. 


July.  Re-organization  of 
the  Liberal  Unionist 
Council  for  the  pro¬ 
mulgation  of  Mr.  Cham¬ 
berlain’s  Tariff  views. 


Aug.  Rise  of  disagreement 
with  Venezuela  over  the 
seizure  of  the  property 
of  American  asphalt 
interests. 


Aug.  3.  The  expedition 
under  Col.  Younghus- 
band  reaches  Lhassa, 
the  capital  of  Tibet;  the 
Dalai  Lama  flees. 


Sept.  Return  to  England 
of  the  National  Ant¬ 
arctic  Expedition  with  a 
mass  of  valuable  infor¬ 
mation. 


Oct.  25.  The  Arrow  makes 
a  ten-mile  flight  at  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Ex¬ 
position.  27.  The  New 
York  Subway  (under¬ 
ground  railway)  is 
thrown  open  to  traffic. 


Sept.  Military  manoeuvres 
on  the  field  of  Bull  Run 
in  Virginia. 


Oct.  President  Roosevelt 
takes  steps  towards 
summoning  a  second 
Peace  Conference  at  The 
Hague. 


Sept.  7.  Treaty  concluded 
with  Tibet  establishing 
markets  for  British 
trade  and  allowing  no 
foreign  power  to  inter¬ 
fere  with  public  affairs. 


Oct.  28.  Great  Britain 
agrees  to  submit  the 
North  Sea  outrage  by 
the  Russian  fleet  to 
arbitration. 


Nov.  8.  President  Roose¬ 
velt  re-elected  by  an 
overwhelming  majority. 
15.  Treaty  of  arbitration 
with  Germany  signed. 


I904  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY, 


297 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1904 


1904 

June  28.  The  Danish 
steamer  Norge  sinks  in 
the  North  Sea;  over  600 
lives  lost. 


July  12.  Germany:  Treaty 
of  arbitration  signed 
with  Great  Britain.  30. 
France  breaks  oS  diplo¬ 
matic  relations  with  the 
Vatican. 


Aug.  France:  The  bishops 
of  Dijon  and  Laval  fol¬ 
low  a  summons  to  Rome 
in  disobedience  to  the 
government;  tension 
with  the  Vatican  in¬ 
creases. 


Oct.  The  French  premier 
urges  a  course  of  strong 
action  towards  the 
Vatican. 


Nov.  10.  France:  A  bill  for 
tae  separation  of  Church 
and  State  introduced  by 
the  premier. 


1904 

June  16.  Russia:  Gen. 
Bobrikoff,  governor- 
general  of  Finland,  as¬ 
sassinated. 


July  28.  Russia:  Von 
Plehve,  the  reactionary 
minister  of  the  interior, 
assassinated. 


Aug.  12.  Russia:  Birth  of 
an  heir  to  the  Czar. 


Sept.  Italy:  Strikes  and 
disorder  in  northern  part 
of  peninsula;  Socialists 
control  affairs  in  Milan 
for  a  few  days. 


Oct.  22.  Russia:  The  Baltic 
fleet  on  its  wray  to  the  far 
East  fires  upon  a  British 
fishing  fleet  in  the  North 
Sea,  killing  two  men. 


Nov.  Russia:  A  meeting  of 
delegates  of  the  Zems¬ 
tvos  at  St.  Petersburg 
petitions  the  Czar  for 
wide-spread  reforms,  in¬ 
cluding  the  establish¬ 
ment  of  political  and 
religious  equality  and  the 
creation  of  a  national 
legislature. 


1904 

June  14-15.  A  Russian 
force  disastrously  de¬ 
feated  at  Telissu;  27. 
The  Japanese  under  Ku- 
roki  take  the  passes  at 
Ta-ling  and  Mo-tien- 
ling  on  the  way  to  Liao- 
Yang;  continued  naval 
operations  with  gradual 
attrition  of  Russian  fleet; 
advance  against  the  for- 
tificationsof  Port  Arthur. 

July  9.  Russians  driven 
by  Gen.  Oku  from  Kai- 
ping.  17.  Russians 
under  Gen.  Keller  re¬ 
pulsed  at  Mo-tien-ling. 
25.  Gen.  Oku  occupies 
Ta-shih-chao.  27,  Jap¬ 
anese  enter  Niu- 

cbwang. 

Aug.  10.  The  Russian 

fleet  makes  a  sortie  from 
Port  Arthur  but  is  de¬ 
feated;  some  of  the 
vessels  seek  refuge  in 
neutral  ports,  the  rest 
return  to  the  harbor.  14. 
The  Japanese  defeat  the 
Vladivostock  squadron. 
Aug.  24.— Sept.  4.  The 
Russians  defeated  and 
driven  from  Lao-Yang 
in  one  of  the  greatest 
battles  of  history. 

Sept.  7.  The  Russian  army 
in  its  retreat  reaches 
Mukden. — Around  Port 
Arthur  the  Japanese  con¬ 
tinue  to  draw  their  lines 
closer,  displaying  heroic 
courage. 

Oct.  5.  The  Russian  army 
under  Gen.  Kuropatkin 
advances  south  from 
Mukden.  9-15.  In  a  tre¬ 
mendous  battle  on  the 
Sha-ho  the  Russians  are 
checked  with  a  loss 
estimated  at  60,000; 
desultory  fighting  con¬ 
tinues  till  the  18th; 
the  armies  face  each 
other  in  winter  quarters. 

Nov.  30.  The  Japanese  at 
Port  Arthur  capture 
203  Metre  Hill,  over¬ 
looking  the  harbor  and 
proceed  to  bombard  the 
Russian  fleet. 


298 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1904  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1904 


1904 

Deaths  in  1904:  Arnold,  E., 
Bartholdi,  F.A.,  Dvorak, 
A..  Finsen,  N.,  George, 
King  of  Saxony, 
Gerome,  J.  c.,  Gissing, 

G. ,  Hearn,  L.,  llerzl,  T., 
Hoar,  G.  F.,  Hutton,  L., 
Isabella  II.,  of  Spain, 
Jokai,M.,  Ivruger,  S.J.P., 
Longstreet,  J.,  Murad 
V.,  ex -sultan  of  Turkey, 
Reclus.E.,  Stanley,  H.M., 
Stephen,  Leslie,  Verest- 
chagin,  V.,  Von  Holst, 

H.  E.,  Waldeck -Rous¬ 
seau,  P.  M.,  Watts,  G.  F, 


1904 

Dec.  1.  The  president’s 
message  deals  at  length 
with  the  relations  of 
capital  and  labor  and 
the  regulation  of  corpo¬ 
rations. 


1904 

Dec.  22.  International 
commission  for  the  arbi¬ 
tration  of  the  North  Sea 
incident  with  Russia 
begins  its  sessions  at 
Paris. 


1905 


Jan.  6.  The  Lick  Observa¬ 
tory  announces  the  dis¬ 
covery  of  a  sixth  satellite 
of  Jupiter  and  of  a  num¬ 
ber  of  double  stars. 


1905 

Jan.  21.  A  protocol  is  sign¬ 
ed  with  Santo  Domingo 
which  is  designed  to 
guarantee  the  integrity 
of  Dominican  territory, 
undertake  the  adjust¬ 
ment  of  foreign  claims, 
administer  the  finances, 
and  assist  in  maintaining 
order;  28,  The  House 
authorizes  an  investiga¬ 
tion  of  the  iron  and  steel 
industry;  30,  The  Su¬ 
preme  Court  declares  the 
beef  trust  illegal. 


1905 

Jan.  6.  The  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  refuses  a  re¬ 
quest  of  American 
churches  that  he  use 
his  influence  to  have 
the  educational  tax  re¬ 
moved  from  British  Non¬ 
conformists. 


Feb.  16.  The  House  author¬ 
izes  an  investigation  of 
themethodsof  the  Stand¬ 
ard  Gil  Co.,  in  Kansas; 
26.  The  engineering  com¬ 
mittee  of  the  Panama 
Canal  Commission  unani¬ 
mously  recommends  a 
sea-level  canal  to  be  con¬ 
structed  in  twelve  years, 
at  a  cost  of  $230,500,000. 


Feb.  21.  Bill  introduced  in 
the  Canadian  Parliament 
creating  the  provinces 
of  Alberta  and  Saskatche¬ 
wan. 


1905  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


299 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


E 


urope,  elsewhere 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1904 


1904 

Dec.  2.  A  committee  of 
the  French  Chamber 
adopts  a  substitute  bill 
for  the  separation  of 
Church  and  State. 


1904 

Dec.  27.  Russia:  An  im¬ 
perial  manifesto  promises 
partial  reforms  but  up¬ 
holds  the  ideal  of  autoc¬ 
racy;  it  arouses  general 
disappointment. 


1904 

Dec.  31.  Gen.  Stoessel  in 
command  at  Port  Ar¬ 
thur  asks  for  an  armis¬ 
tice. 


1905 


1905 


1905 

Jan.  22.  The  striking  work¬ 
men  of  St.  Petersburg, 
led  by  Father  Gapon, 
move  toward  the  Winter 
Palace  Square  in  order 
to  present  their  petition 
to  the  czar  in  person. 
They  are  met  by  troops 
and  are  shot  down  by 
hundreds;  29.  Warsaw 
is  under  mob  rule. 


1905 

Jan.  2.  Port  Arthur  sur¬ 
renders  with  more  than 
24,000  officers  and  men, 
after  the  fleet  in  the 
harbor  had  been  blown 
up. 

Jan.  27.  Gen.  Kuropatkin 
announces  the  capture  of 
Sandepas  and  other  posi¬ 
tions;  29.  Driven  out  of 
Sandepas.  The  whole 
Russian  right  is  with¬ 
drawn  across  the  Hun. 


Feb.  8.  It  is  announced  that 
no  further  loans  will  be 
granted  Turkey  by  F ranee 
owing  to  complications 
arising  from  a  German 
contract  to  supply  artil¬ 
lery  to  the  Porte;  13. 
The  North  Sea  case  is 
closed  before  the  inter¬ 
national  commission, 
Paris.  Admiral  Rozhest- 
venski  is  held  responsible 
for  the  firing  on  the  Eng¬ 
lish  trawlers  near  the 
Dogger  Banks. 


Feb.  6.  The  procurator- 
general  of  Finland  is 
assassinated.  —  The  as¬ 
sembly  of  the  nobles  at 
St.  Petersburg  sends  an 
address  to  the  czar, 
urging  that  representa¬ 
tives  of  the  people  should 
have  a  share  in  the  gov¬ 
ernment;  17.  Grand  Duke 
Sergius  assassinated;  20. 
The  miners’  strike  in 
Belgium  spreads;  21. 
The  powers  accept  the 
proposal  for  higher  Turk¬ 
ish  customs  duties  on 
condition  that  the  ad¬ 
ditional  revenue  shall  be 
devoted  to  reforms;  24. 
The  piercing  of  the  Sim¬ 
plon  Tunnel  is  completed. 


Feb.  12.  The  Japanese  cut 
the  railroad  between 
Mukden  and  Harbin;  25. 
They  take  Beresnefi  Hill 
after  heavy  fighting;  27. 
The  Russian  flanks  are 
turned.  The  Japanese 
shell  Mukden;  28.  Severe 
fighting  continues  along 
the  entire  line. 


300 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I905  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1905 


1905 

Mar.  26.  Citizens  of  New 
York  subscribe  $600,000 
towards  an  endowment 
of  $1,000,000  for  the 
American  Academy  of 
Fine  Arts  in  Rome. 


1905 

Mar.  1.  Assurance  is  given 
the  Haitian  minister  that 
the  United  States  has 
no  intention  of  annexing 
Santo  Domingo. 


1905 

Mar.  21.  Viscount  Goschen 
and  the  Earl  of  Selbome 
defend  in  the  House  of 
Lords  the  increase  in 
naval  expenditure;  23. 
The  government  of  New¬ 
foundland  takes  measures 
to  prevent  American  fish¬ 
ermen  from  obtaining 
bait  there. 


Apr.  27.  Andrew  Carnegie 
gives  $10,000,000  for  a 
college  professors’  pen¬ 
sion  fund  in  the  United 
States,  Canada, and  New¬ 
foundland  ;  29.  The  czar 
of  Russia  grants  religious 
freedom. 


Apr.  26.  More  than  1000 
emigrants  gathered  by 
the  Salvation  Army  leave 
Liverpool  foi  Canada. 


May  3.  Lord  Dunraven 
issues  a  pamphlet  de¬ 
claring  that  Ireland  can¬ 
not  be  Anglicized  and 
urging  measures  of  self- 
government. 


May  2.  The  teamsters’ strike 
in  Chicago  is  accom¬ 
panied  by  rioting;  23. 
The  Southern  Industrial 
Parliament  opens  its  ses¬ 
sions  in  Washington. 


I905  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


301 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The 


World,  elsewhere. 


1905 


1905 

Mar.  17.  The  French  Cham¬ 
ber  of  Deputies  votes  to 
reduce  the  term  of  active 
servicein  the  army  to  two 
years;  29.  Count  von 
Biilow,  the  imperial  chan¬ 
cellor,  announces  that 
Germany  will  stand  firm 
in  the  interests  of  the 
open-door  principle  in 
Morocco. 


Apr.  29.  The  German  envoy 
at  Tangier  makes  an 
unconciliatory  statement 
on  Germany’s  attitude 
toward  Morocco. 


May  7.  Ex-Premier  Combes 
issues  a  statement  of  his 
policy  for  the  separation 
of  Church  and  State  in 
France;  31.  A  bomb  is 
thrown  in  Paris  at  a 
carriage  occupied  by  King 
Alfonso  and  President 
Loubet. 


1905 

Mar.  2.  The  Russian  Com¬ 
mittee  of  Ministers  votes 
to  grant  religious  freedom 
to  the  people;  21.  Agita¬ 
tion  for  Hungarian  as 
the  language  of  military 
command  is  supported 
by  the  leaders  of  the 
Kossuth  party  in  Aus¬ 
tria-Hungary;  22.  The 
Russian  Committee  of 
Ministers  recommends 
the  abolition  of  the  com¬ 
pulsory  use  of  the  Rus¬ 
sian  language  in  Polish 
schools;  23.  Authoriza¬ 
tion  for  an  international 
loan  of  $100,000,000  is 
signed  in  St.  Petersburg; 
29.  The  European  powers 
determine  to  place  the 
Macedonian  finances  un¬ 
der  international  con¬ 
trol. 


Apr.  3.  Belgium,  as  the  cheii 
creditor,  protests  against 
the  American  receiver¬ 
ship  for  Santo  Domingo; 
21.  The  Cretan  Assembly 
proclaims  the  union  of 
Crete  with  Greece;  22. 
Greece  and  the  powers 
refuse  to  recognize  the 
Cretan  proclamation;  29. 
The  czar  decrees  religious 
freedom. 

May  1.  100  persons  are  shot 
by  troops  at  Warsaw,  and 
a  number  are  killed  and 
wounded  at  Lodz;  16. 
The  governor -general  of 
Ufa  assassinated. 


1905 

Mar.  3.  St.  Petersburg  re¬ 
ports  Kuropatkin  to  be 
in  full  retreat  on  Tieling; 
5.  Japanese  within  five 
miles  of  Mukden.  Nogi 
with  the  Port  Arthur  vet¬ 
erans  suddenly  turns  west¬ 
ward  ;  S.  Kuroki  gains  a 
victory  on  the  east,  and 
thejapanese  appear on  the 
north  of  Mukden.  The 
Russians  evacuate  posi¬ 
tions  on  the  south  and 
southwest,  firing  great 
stores;  10.  Mukden  and 
Fushun  are  occupied  by 
the  Japanese.  Remnant 
of  Kuropatkin’s  army 
reaches  Tie  Pass. 
Russian  losses  in  fighting 
aroundMukden  are  27.700 
dead,  110,000  wounded 
and  40,000  captured; 
Japanese:41, 000  total.  17. 
Gen.  Linevitch  supersedes 
Kuropatkin;  23.  Japan¬ 
ese  loan  to  raise  $150,- 
000,000;  23-24.  Japanese 
carrying  out  flanking 
movements,  endangering 
Russian  communications; 
26.  Russians  driven  out 
of  all  positions  in  the 
watershed  of  the  Liao 
River  . 

Apr.  7.  The  Japanese  at¬ 
tack  with  heavy  losses; 
18.  Japanese  estimate  the 
strength  of  Linevitch’s 
army  at  200,000;  23. 

The  Russians  attempt 
to  advance  and  are  de¬ 
feated;  24.  The  Baltic 
fleet  is  sighted  off  the 
coast  of  Annam. 


May  18.  The  condition  of 
the  road  s  i  nterrupts  fight  - 
ing  in  Manchuria;  27-8. 
The  Baltic  fleet  under 
Rozhestvenski  is  defeated 
in  the  Korean  Straits. 
14,000  Russians  go  down 
with  their  ships,  3000 
are  taken  prisoners,  and 
1000  escape.  The  Jap¬ 
anese  loss  is  three  torpedo 
boats  and  about  800 
men. 


302 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1905  A.D. 


A.D. 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

United  States. 

British  Empire. 

1905  1905 


1905 


1905 


June  1.  The  Lewis  and 
Clark  Exposition  is  open¬ 
ed  at  Portland,  Oregon; 
10.  Ex-President  Cleve¬ 
land,  Judge  Morgan  J. 
O’Brien,  and  George 
Westinghouse  accept  ap¬ 
pointment  as  trustees  of 
the  majority  of  the  capi¬ 
tal  stock  of  the  Equitable 
Life  Insurance  Society; 
17,  Serious  rioting 
in  Chicago  by  the 
striking  teamsters;  29. 
The  New  York  State 
Insurance  Dept,  begins 
an  investigation  of  the 
Mutual  Life  Insurance 
Co.  at  the  request  of 
its  own  officers;  30.  John 
D.  Rockefeller  gives  $10,- 
000,000  to  the  General 
Education  Board. 


Aug.  23.  Knabenshue  makes 
a  successful  flight  over 
New  York  City  in  his 
airship;  26,  A  new  scien¬ 
tific  process  for  manu¬ 
facturing  diamonds  is  re¬ 
ported  as  discovered  by 
Dr.  C.  V.  Burton  of  Cam¬ 
bridge,  England. 


July  1.  Five  corporations 
and  seventeen  individ¬ 
uals  engaged  in  the  meat 
packing  industry  are  in¬ 
dicted  by  the  Federal 
Grand  Jury  in  Chicago 
for  alleged  violation  of 
the  Sherman  anti-trust 
law;  6.  The  remains  of 
John  Paul  Jones  are 
formally  received  by 
United  States  officials  at 
Paris;  29.  The  boycott 
of  American  trade  among 
Chinese  in  Shanghai  is 
reported  effective. 

Aug.  8.  The  peace  envoys 
of  Russia  and  Japan 
meet  at  Portsmouth,  N. 
H. 


July  10.  Lord  Roberts,  in 
the  House  of  Lords,  de¬ 
clares  the  army  to  be 
inadequate  and  totally 
unfit  for  war;  13.  Balfour 
declares  himself  opposed 
to  conscription;  17.  A 
royal  commission  ap¬ 
pointed  to  investigate 
the  problem  of  tramway 
and  underground  railway 
lines  in  London,  proposes 
an  expend  ture  of  $120, 
000,000. 


Aug.  20.  Lord  Curzon  re¬ 
signs  as  viceroy  of  India. 
The  earl  of  Minto  is  ap¬ 
pointed  his  successor;  25. 
London  announces  the 
signing  of  a  new  Anglo- 
Japanese  treaty  of  alli¬ 
ance. 


Sept.  12.  The  bridge  of  the 
Cape  to  Cairo  Railway 
across  the  Zambesi  River 
is  formally  opened. 


Sept.  26.  Great  Britain  and 
China  agree  to  a  confer¬ 
ence  to  conclude  a  new 
Tibetan  treaty. 


1905  A.U. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


303 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1905 


1905 

June  8.  Germany  proposes 
an  international  con¬ 
ference  on  the  Moroccan 
question;  21.  Premier 
Rouvier  asks  Germany 
for  an  explanation  of 
her  intentions  regarding 
Morocco. 


July  3.  The  Fren  h  Cham¬ 
ber  of  Deputies  passes 
by  a  vote  of  341  to  233 
the  bill  for  the  separation 
of  Church  and  State;  8. 
Germany’s  terms  in  re¬ 
gard  to  Morocco  are  ac¬ 
cepted. 


1905 

June  4.  The  czar  appoints 
Gen.  Trepotf  assistant 
minister  of  the  interior 
with  almost  unlimited 
power  to  suppress  popular 
demonstrations;  6.  The 
Zemstvo  Congress  is  held 
at  Moscow  despite  the 
police  orders;  7,  Norway 
declares  itself  separated 
from  Sweden;  23.  Re¬ 
volt  in  Lodz,  Poland; 
troops  kill  fifty  and 
wound  200;  28.  The 

Russian  battleship  Kniaz 
Potemkin,  of  the  Black 
Sea  squadron,  is  seized 
by  her  crew;  29  The  Kniaz 
Potemkin  shells  Odessa; 
1000  people  are  killed 
in  street  fighting.  Sailors 
mutiny  at  Libau  and 
attack  the  government 
stores. 

July  11.  Fighting  continues 
at  Warsaw  between  the 
strikers  and  the  troops. 
The  prefect  of  the  Mos¬ 
cow  police  is  assassinated. 


1905 

June  1.  Reforms  proposed 
for  Morocco  are  rejected 
by  the  sultan;  16.  A 
force  of  Russians  is  dis¬ 
lodged  from  Liao  Yang 
Wo  Peng  and  driven 
north  with  large  losses; 
20.  The  Japanese  begin 
an  enveloping  movement 
in  Manchuria.  Vladivo- 
stock  is  threatened. 


July  8.  Japanese  seize  the 
island  of  Saghalien,  used 
by  Russia  as  a  penal 
settlement;  24.  The  Rus¬ 
sians  are  defeated  north¬ 
west  of  N  an  -shan  -c  hentse . 


Aug.  30.  Cholera  becomes 
epidemic  in  Germany 
near  the  Russian  border. 


Sept.  26.  The  Franco-Ger¬ 
man  negotiations  over 
Morocco  are  concluded. 


Aug.  5.  The  Russian  govern¬ 
ment  decides  to  issue 
another  internal  loan 
of  $100,000,000;  24.  The 
government  of  Warsaw 
is  placed  under  martial 
law. 


Sept.  6.  The  entire  Baku 
region  is  under  the  con¬ 
trol  of  rioters;  25.  A 
political  congress,  con¬ 
sisting  of  300  delegates 
fiom  all  parts  of  the 
Russian  Empire,  assem¬ 
bles  at  Moscow  with  the 
consent  of  the  govern¬ 
ment. 


Aug.  4.  Japanese  closing 
in  on  Vladivostock ;  19. 
The  weather  causes  a 
cessation  of  hostilities 
in  Manchuria;  26.  The 
sultan  of  Morocco  re¬ 
fuses  to  recognize  control 
by  France  over  Franco- 
Algerian  citizens;  29. 
The  peace  plenipoten- 
ti  aries  reac  h  an  agreement . 
Japan  waives  indemnity, 
the  possession  of  interned 
warships,  and  the  limita¬ 
tion  of  Russian  naval 
power  in  the  far  East. 
Saghalien  is  to  be  divided. 

Sept. 5.  The  Russo-Japanese 
plenipotentaries  sign  the 
treaty  of  peace;  12.  The 
bridge  of  the  Cape  to 
Cairo  Railway  across  the 
Zambesi  River  isformally 
opened;  15.  An  armistice 
is  signed  in  Manchuria. 


304 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I905  A.D.— 


A.D. 


Progress  op  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1905 


1905 

Oct.  3.  The  International 
Tuberculosis  Conference 
meets  at  Paris. 


1905 

Oct.  5.  First  long  dis¬ 
tance  flight  by  Wright 
brothers’  aeroplane;  24£ 
miles  in  38  minutes. 


1906 


Deaths  in  1905: — Atkinson, 
Edward;  Baldwin,  W.  H., 
Jr.;  Butterworth,  Heze- 
kiah;  Dodge,  Mary  M.; 
Gomez,  M. ;  Harland  Hen¬ 
ry;  Hayjohn;  de  H^r^dia, 
J.  M.,  Irving,  Sir  H.;  Ise- 
lin,  Adrian;  Jefferson,  J.; 
Kinross,  Lord;  Lee,  Fitz- 
hugh;  Packard,  A.  S.; 
Reid,  Sir  Wemyss;  Sharp, 
W.;  Thomas,  Theodore; 
Verne,  Jules;  Wallace,  L.; 
Whitehead,  R.;  Wool- 
sey,  Sarah  C.  (“Susan 
Coolidge”);  Ziegler,  W. 


1906 


Nov.  18.  The  Panama  Canal 
board  of  consulting  en¬ 
gineers  decides  in  favor 
of  a  sea -level  canal. 


1906 

Jan.  1.  New  England  woollen 
manufacturers  voluntar¬ 
ily  raise  the  wages  of 
30,000  employees;  23. 
Government  opens  the 
beef  trust  case  in  Chicago ; 
30.  Consular -reform  bill 
passes  the  Senate. 

Feb.  14.  Ship-subsidy  bill 
passes  Senate;  19.  Re¬ 
port  sent  to  Congress  by 
the  Panama  Canal  com¬ 
mission  and  board  of 
consulting  engineers  re¬ 
commends  a  lock  canal, 
which  it  is  estimated  can 
be  built  in  8  or  9  years  at 
a  cost  of  $147,000,000; 
21.  Pure-food  bill  passes 
Senate. 


1905 


1906 

Jan.  16.  Formal  control  of 
the  fortifications  of  Hali¬ 
fax  taken  over  by  the 
Canadian  government. 


1906  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


305 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1905 


1906 


1905 


Dec.  6.  The  French  Senate 
adopts  by  a  vote  of  181 
to  102  the  bill  for  the 
separation  of  Church  and 
State. 


1906 

Jan.  14.  France  severs 
diplomatic  relations  with 
Venezuela;  17.  Fallieres 
elected  president  of 
France;  20.  Great  demon¬ 
strations  of  the  German 
Social  Democrats  are  held 
in  Berlin  and  other 
Prussian  towns. 

Feb.  22.  Germany  extends 
reciprocal  tariff  rates  to 
the  United  States. 


1905 

Oct.  24.  The  Russian  rail¬ 
road  strike  spreads 
throughout  the  empire; 
30.  The  czar  issues  a 
manifesto  assuring  civil 
liberty,  extension  of  the 
suffrage,  and  inability 
to  enforce  laws  without 
the  consent  of  the  Duma. 

Nov.  3.  The  Russian  cen¬ 
sorship  over  the  press 
and  private  dispatches  is 
abolished;  13.  Prince 
Charles  of  Denmark  is 
elected  king  of  Norway; 
15.  The  Social  Revolu¬ 
tionists  of  St.  Peters¬ 
burg  begin  a  great  strike 
with  the  object  of  over¬ 
throwing  the  monarchy. 

Dec.  9.  Russian  troops 
mutiny  in  Kronstad;  17. 
A  general  strike  is  de¬ 
clared  and  insurrection 
spreads  in  the  Russian 
provinces;  22.  125,000 

workers  are  out  in  St. 
Petersburg;  31.  Nearly 
all  of  southern  Russia 
is  in  rebellion,  the  in¬ 
surgents  having  control 
of  several  railway  lines 
and  cities. 

1906 

Jan.  18.  Algeciras  confer¬ 
ence  on  Morocco  begun; 
24.  The  Belgian  Chamber 
passes  the  port  of  Ant¬ 
werp  bill;  30.  The  crown 
prince  of  Denmark  is 
proclaimed  King  Fred¬ 
erick  VIII. 

Feb.  9.  The  Hungarian 
Parliament  is  dissolved 
by  a  show  of  force. 


1905 

Oct.  14.  The  Russo-Jap¬ 
anese  peace  treaty  rati¬ 
fied. 


1906 

Jan.  6.  Two  provinces  in 
Equador  are  held  by  reb¬ 
els;  22.  Chinese  troops  in¬ 
vade  Tonquin  but  are 
driven  back  by  the 
French  with  a  loss  of 
600  killed  or  wounded. 


3°6 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1906  A.D. 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1906 


1906 


Apr.  21.  Peary  reached 
87°  6'  N.lat.,  a  new  record. 


1906 

Mar.  9.  Joint  statehood 
bill  to  admit  Oklahoma 
and  Indian  Territory 
passes  the  Senate. 


Apr.  18.  San  Francisco 
earthquake  and  fire;  20. 
Conflagration  checked. 


1906 

Mar.  9.  The  House  of  Com¬ 
mons  adqpts  resolution 
to  the  effect  that  mem¬ 
bers  ought  to  be  paid 
£300  per  year;  12.  The 
Commons  announces  de¬ 
termination  to  resist  any 
proposal  to  cieate  a 
system  of  protection;  21. 
The  compensation  com¬ 
mission  in  S.  Africa  com¬ 
pletes  its  work — claims 
for  losses  in  the  Boer  War 
amount  to  $310,000,000. 

Apr.  25.  Woman  suffrage 
advocates  cause  a  com¬ 
motion  at  Westminster. 


May  19.  The  Simplon  Tun¬ 
nel  through  the  Alps, 
12i  m.  long,  is  formally 
opened. 


May  18.  The  raliroad  rate 
bill  passes  the  Senate. 


May  4.  Government  de¬ 
mands  withdrawal  of 
Turkish  troops  from  Ta- 
bah;  19.  A  deputation  of 
400  women,  to  the  prem¬ 
ier,  demands  the  right  to 
vote. 


June  26.  Cable  completed 
from  Guam  to  Japan. 


June  2.  Resolution  requir¬ 
ing  supplies  for  Panama 
Canal  to  be  bought  in 
the  U.  S.  passes  the 
Senate;  18.  Lake  Erie 
and  Ohio  River  Ship 
Canal  bill  passes  the 
Senate;  21.  Bill  for  lock 
canal  at  Panama  passes 
the  Senate;  The  Fall 
River  cotton  manufactur¬ 
ers  grant  a  14  per  cent, 
increase  in  wages;  22. 
Bill  appropriating  $25,- 
000  for  the  president’s 
travelling  expenses  passes 
the  Senate. 


1906  A.D. 


.OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


307 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1906 ' 1906 

Mar.  7.  The  Rouvier  minis¬ 
try  defeated  in  France 
as  a  result  of  the  opposi¬ 
tion  to  taking  the  church 
inventories;  10.  The  most 
terrible  mining  disaster 
on  record,  at  Courrieres, 
France.  About  1100 
killed;  11.  Strike  of  30,- 
000  miners;  21.  The  con¬ 
gress  of  miners  in  the 
north  of  France  resolves 
on  a  great  strike. 

Apr.  21.  The  German  feder¬ 
al  council  approves  the 
bill  for  the  payment  of 
members  of  the  Reichstag 
27.  The  homes  of  the 
leading  Royalists,  Bona- 
partists,  labor  leaders, 
and  anarchists  searched 
at  Paris  for  evidence  of 
a  plot  against  the  re¬ 
public. 

May  2.  Three-fourths  of  the 
strikers  in  Paris  return 
to  work. 


June  27.  The  International 
Cotton  Congress  at  Bre¬ 
men  decides  that  it  is 
necessary  to  broaden  the 
source  of  supply. 


1906 

Mar.  29.  In  the  municipal 
elections  in  Russia  the 
Constitutional  Demo¬ 
crats  have  sweeping  vic¬ 
tories. 


Apr.  5.  Censorship  of  the 
press  restored  in  St. 
Petersburg;  Vesuvius  in 
violent  eruption;  7.  The 
Moroccan  convention 
signed;  10.  Vesuvius  still 
active;  a  market  in 
Naples  collapses  from 
the  weight  of  ashes;  17. 
Russian  5%  loan  of 
$440,000,000  to  be  issued 
at  88. 

May  2.  Resignation  of  Count 
Witte  as  prime  minister 
of  Russia;  6.  Sharp 
actions  in  Bulgaria  be¬ 
tween  Turkish  and  Bul¬ 
garian  bands;  10.  The 
Duma  opened  in  St. 
Petersburg;  12.  Turkey 
yields  to  England’s  de¬ 
mand  for  evacuation  of 
points  in  the  Sinai  penin¬ 
sula;  20.  Austrian  crown 
and  Council  of  Ministers 
refuse  the  Hungarian  de¬ 
mand  for  a  separate 
tariff;  27.  Greece  breaks 
off  diplomatic  relations 
with  Roumania;  31.  A 
bomb  is  thrown  at  the 
king  and  queen  of  Spain 
after  their  wedding,  24 
persons  are  killed. 

June  14.  Bialystok  sacked 
and  200  Jews  killed,  fol¬ 
lowing  bomb -throwing  by 
a  Jewish  anarchist. 


1906 

Mar.  9.  600  Moros  killed  in 
the  battle  on  Mount  Da  jo , 
island  of  Jolo,  P.  I.;  27. 
A  bill  for  the  purchase 
of  the  Japanese  railroads 
by  the  government  is 
passed  by  the  House  after 
amendment  by  the  Peers. 


Apr.  27.  Anglo-Tibetan 
treaty;  China  retains  sov¬ 
ereignty  of  Tibet,  giving 
protection  to  British  in¬ 
terests. 


May  2.  Plague  spreads  rap 
idly  in  Northeastern  Per 
sia. 


June  19.  Peruvian  troops 
invade  the  disputed  sec¬ 
tion  of  eastern  Ecuador; 
30.  The  pope  consents  to 
arbitrate  the  territorial 
dispute  between  Colom¬ 
bia  and  Peru. 


i 

I 


3°8 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1906  A.D. 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1906 1 1906 


1906 


1906 


Aug.  28.  Esperanto  Con¬ 
gress  opens  at  Geneva. 


Aug.  15-16.  Race  war  at 
Brownsville,  Tex.;  22. 
All  colored  troops  are 
ordered  out  of  the  State. 


Sept.  20.  Sixteen  balloons 
start  from  Paris  in 
the  first  competition  for 
the  Gordon-Bennett  cup, 
which  is  won  by  Lieut. 
Lahn,  U.  S.  A.,  in  the 
balloon  United  States, 
which  lands  in  England; 
26.  The  Institute  of 
International  Law  regu¬ 
lates  the  use.  of  wireless 
telegraphy  in  time  of 
war,  and  limits  the  use 
of  torpedoes. 


Sept.  2.  President  favors 
simplified  spelling;  19,- 
500,000  acres  opened  to 
settlement  in  Oklahoma; 
22.  Many  negroes  killed 
in  Atlanta  and  the  city 
is  put  under  martial  law. 


Sept.  3.  Four  hundred  and 
ninety  delegates,  repre¬ 
senting  a  million  and  a 
half  members  of  trade 
unions,  meet  at  Liver¬ 
pool;  5.  The  Trade  Union 
Congress  passes  a  resolu¬ 
tion  in  favor  of  an  8-hour 
day  for  all  organized 
labor. 


Oct.  9.  Newfoundland  offi¬ 
cials  decide  to  enforce 
the  fishing  laws  strictly 
and  revoke  all  concessions 
to  Americans;  20.  Anglo- 
French  convention  covers 
future  administration  of 
the  New  Hebrides. 


1906  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


309 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


1906  1906 

July  3.  The  election  of 
Count  Boni  de  Castellane 
to  the  French  Chamber 
of  Deputies  is  annulled 
on  the  ground  of  bribery ; 
12.  Dreyfus  completely 
vindicated ,  restored  to 
the  army  and  given  the 
insignia  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor. 


Sept.  23.  Socialist  congress 
at  Mannheim.  Bebel 
opposes  general  strikes 
as  a  mode  of  political 
agitation. 


Oct.  The  police  at  Posen 
seize  10,000  copies  of  a 
violent  proclamation  call¬ 
ing  upon  the  Poles  to- 
meet  and  protest  against 
the  use  of  German  in 
religious  instruction  in 
the  schools. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1906 

July  10.  The  Russian  court- 
martial  acquits  Rozhest- 
venski  on  the  ground 
that  he  was  wounded. 
Four  officers  found  guilty 
of  surrendering  to  the 
enemy  are  sentenced  to 
be  shot,  but  are  after¬ 
wards  pardoned;  17.  The 
Czar  approves  the  famine 
relief  measures  of  the 
Duma;  21.  Dissolves 
the  Duma;  31.  Mutiny 
of  Russian  troops  at 
Helsingfors  is  suppressed 
after  great  loss  of  life. 

Aug.  6.  Russian  revolution¬ 
ary  societies  issue  a  call 
to  the  people  to  rise  and 
overthrow  the  czar’s 
government;  7.  The  gen¬ 
eral  strike  in  Russia  is 
called  off;  8.  The  Russian 
cabinet  appropriates  $27,- 
000,000  for  famine  relief, 
9.  The  Spanish  cabinet 
votes  to  ignore  the  papal 
protest  in  regard  to  civil 
marriages;  25.  A  bomb, 
intended  for  Premier 
Stolypin  of  Russia,  kills 
28  and  wounds  24  persons. 

Sept.  9.  Troops  destroy  the 
Jewish  quarter  of  Siedlce, 
Russian  Poland,  and 
hundreds  are  killed  and 
wounded;  17.  Severe 
measures  taken  by  the 
Spanish  government  to 
suppress  a  Carlist  revolt 
in  Catalonia;  20.  Final 
steps  taken  for  distribu¬ 
tion  of  land  to  the 
Russian  peasantry. 


Oct.  12.  Turkish  troops  de¬ 
feated  with  heavy  losses 
in  Yemen;  19.  The  Rus¬ 
sian  government  issues 
a  ukase  making  all  equal 
before  the  law,  removing 
all  restrictions  in  regard 
to  state  employment 
abolishing  the  communal 
system  and  the  poll  tax, 
and  leaving  peasants  free 
to  choose  their  place  of 
residence. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1906 

July  10.  The  dry-dock 
Dewey  reaches  the  Phil¬ 
ippines  after  a  voyage  of 
193  days;  23.  The  Pan- 
American  Congress  meets 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 


Aug.  12.  King  Menelik  of 
Abyssinia  signs  the  Fran¬ 
co -Italian -British  treaty; 
16-17,  Earthquakes  and 
fire  cause  great  destruc¬ 
tion  of  life  and  property 
in  Valparaiso,  Santiago, 
and  other  Chilean  cities; 
20.  Uprising  against  the 
Cuban  government. 


Sept.  1.  Dalny,  Manchuria 
opened  as  a  free  port;  2. 
The  emperor  of  China 
issues  an  edict  promising 
a  constitutional  govern¬ 
ment;  8.  Pres.  Palma  of 
Cuba  asks  the  U.  S.  to 
intervene;  14.  All  rail¬ 
roads  and  telegraph  lines 
in  Cuba  are  cut;  18.  A 
typhoon  at  Hong  Kong 
causes  the  loss  of  thou¬ 
sands  of  lives  and  the 
wrecking  of  36  vessels; 
21.  Emperor  of  China 
issues  edict  demanding 
that  the  opium  habit  in 
China  be  eradicated  in 
ten  years;  22.  400  Malays 
killed  by  Dutch  forces  on 
the  island  of  Bali;  24. 
Armistice  signed  in  Cuba. 

Oct.  25.  Japan  demands 
of  the  U.  S.  full  rights  of 
the  treaty  of  1894  for 
Japanese  subjects  in  Cal¬ 
ifornia;  28.  Over  800 
Japanese  coral  fishers 
drowned  off  Bato  Island 
in  a  hurricane. 


3io 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1906  A.D.— 


a.d.  ; Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1906 


1906 


1906  1906 

Nov.  1.  Three  cent  street 
cars  operated  for  the  first 
time  in  Cleveland;  7. 

The  Pennsylvania  R.R. 
raises  wages  10  per  cent. 


Dec.  19.  The  U.  S.  Senate 
ratifies  the  Red  Cross 
convention  providing  for 
the  amelioration  of  the 
condition  of  the  wound¬ 
ed  on  the  field. 

Deaths  in  1906:  Anthony, 
Susan  B.;  Brunetiere,  F.; 
Curie,  Pierre;  Craigie, 
Mrs.  (’’John  Oliver 
Hobbes”);  Christian  IX., 
of  Denmark;  Dunbar, 
Paul  L.;  Field,  Marshall; 
Gorman,  A.  T.;  Harper, 
W.  R. ;  Henderson,  D.  B. ; 
H  o  1  y  o  a  k  e  ,  G.  J.; 
von  Hartmann,  Karl; 
Huntington,  Daniel; 
Ibsen,  Henrik;  Johnson, 
Eastman;  Kodama, 
Baron;  Ristori,  Adelaide; 
Sage,  Russell;  Sutro, 
Emil;  Schofield,  Gen.  J. 
M. ;  Shaler,  N.  S. ;  Schurz, 
Carl;  Toole,  J.  L. ; 
Wheeler,  Gen.  J. 


Dec.  The  Education  bill,  for 
the  exclusion  of  the  de¬ 
nominational  control  of 
the  schools,  passes  third 
reading  in  the  House  of 
Lords;  12.  The  Commons 
rejects  all  amendments  of 
the  Lords;  Constitution 
granted  to  the  Transvaal ; 
19.  The  House  of  Lords 
rejects  the  concessions 
offered  by  the  Govern¬ 
ment  in  the  matter  of  the 
Education  bill;  20.  The 
Education  bill  with¬ 
drawn;  26.  The  Indian 
National  Congress  opens 
at  Calcutta;  30.  King 
Edward  approves  the 
appointment  of  James 
Bryce  to  be  ambassador 
to  the  U.  S.;  31.  An 
agreement  of  the  British 
railways  to  abolish  re¬ 
bates  goes  into  force. 


Dec.  22.  Pres.  Roosevelt 
orders  a  second  investi¬ 
gation  of  the  affair  at 
Brownsville;  29.  The 
Cleveland  Electric  Rail¬ 
way  announces  3£  cent 
fares  on  all  its  lines. 


1907 


1907 


1907 

Jan.  19.  Floods  on  the  Ohio 
River  render  homeless 
15,000  people  in  and 
around  Cincinnati;  23. 
The  Senate  adopts  the 
amendment  increasing 
the  salaries  of  the  vice- 
president,  speaker,  and 
members  of  the  Cabinet 
and  of  Congress. 


Feb.  7.  Rockefeller  gives  $32,000,000  to  be  ad¬ 
ministered  by  the  General  Education  Board. 

Feb.  26.  Major  Goethals 
appointed  chief  engineer 
of  the  Panama  Canal. 


1907 

Jan.  24.  Delegates  of  the 
Labor  Party  meet  at 
Belfast;  26.  The  Labor 
Party  favors  the  exten¬ 
sion  of  the  suffrage 
equally  to  all  men  and 
all  women. 


Feb.  9.  A  great  gathering 
of  women  in  London  de¬ 
mands  attention  for  the 
Female  Suffrage  bill;  27. 
Motion  in  the  Commons 
in  favor  of  the  disestab¬ 
lishment  and  disendow- 
ment  of  the  established 
church  in  England  and 
W  ales. 


1907  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


31 1 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1906 


1906 


Dec.  28.  The  French  Senate 
passes  the  amended  Sepa¬ 
ration  bill. 


1906 

Nov.  7.  By  a  new  interpre¬ 
tation  of  the  election 
law  the  Russian  Senate 
disfranchises  thousands 
of  city  and  railroad  em¬ 
ployees. 

Dec.  14.  The  Belgian  Cham¬ 
ber  votes  in  favor  of  an¬ 
nexing  the  Congo  Free 
State ;  29.  F  actories  closed 
at  Lodz,  Russian  Poland, 
100,000  men  out  of  work. 


1906 

Nov.  22.  The  Chinese  im¬ 
perial  regulations  for  the 
suppression  of  the  use  of 
opium  are  published. 


Dec.  26.  Severe  earthquake 
shocks  in  the  province  of 
Tacna,  Chile;  30.  The 
shah  and  the  crown 
prince  sign  the  Pers;an 
constitution. 


1907  1907 

Jan.  3.  New  French  law 
amending  the  Church 
and  State  Separation  law 
of  1905  is  signed  by  the 
president. 


1907 

Jan.  3.  Articles  of  the  Po¬ 
lish  National  League, 
embodying  plans  for  ac¬ 
tion  in  case  of  war,  pub¬ 
lished  at  Breslau;  26. 
Spanish  Parliament  sus¬ 
pended  by  the  king. 


Feb.  20.-  Consuls  in  Odessa 
appeal  to  their  embassies 
for  protection  for  foreign¬ 
ers  during  the  continued 
anti-Jewish  disturbances. 


1907 

Jan.  14.  The  greater  part 
of  Kingston,  Jamaica, 
destroyed  by  earthquake 
and  fire;  over  1000  dead- 
19.  Shah  of  Persia 
crowned  at  Teheran;  30. 
The  Chilean  Congress 
authorizes  the  construc¬ 
tion  of  a  railroad  from 
the  Peruvian  frontier 
to  the  Strait  of  Magellan. 


312 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I907  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1907 


1907  11907 

Aiar.  12.  Mrs.  Russell  Sage  gives  $10,000,000  to  create 
the  Sage  Foundation  for  philanthropic  work. 

[Mar.  4.  17,000,000  acres 
added  to  the  forest  re¬ 
serves;  14.  Pres.  Roose¬ 
velt  issues  orders  for  the 
exclusion  of  Japanese 
laborers  and  for  the 
dismissal  of  suits  against 
the  San  Francisco  school 
board;  violent  decline  on 
the  N .  Y.  Stock  Exchange ; 
Sec.  of  the  Treasury 
offers  to  redeem  $25,000,  • 
000  of  4  per  cent,  govern¬ 
ment  bonds;  30.  The 
chairman  of  the  Inter¬ 
state  Commerce  Commis¬ 
sion  and  the  Secretary 
of  Labor  begin  mediation 
at  Chicago  which  averts  a 
strike  on  more  than 
forty  railroads. 

Apr.  5.  Carnegie  gives  $6,000,000  to  the  Carnegie  In¬ 
stitute  at  Pittsburg. 


11907 

Mar.  2.  The  cause  of  muni¬ 
cipal  ownership  receives 
a  reverse  in  the  defeat  of 
the  Progressives  in  the 
London  elections;  9. 
Agreement  with  Russia  as 
to  intervention  in  Persia; 
20.  70  advocates  of 

woman  suffrage  arrested ; 
22.  The  Commons  rejects 
a  bill  for  the  introduction 
of  the  metric  system. 


jApr.  8.  The  Supreme  Court 
decides  that  the  Isle  01 
Pines  is  not  American 

territory;  a  convention  is  concluded  between  the 
United  States  and  England  fora  Canadian  boundary 
commission. 


14.  National  arbitration 
and  peace  congress  open¬ 
ed  in  New  York;  James- 


Apr.  15.  The  British  Colo¬ 
nial  Conference  begins 
sessions  in  London. 


town  Ter-centenary  Ex-  May  6.  Owing  to  political 


position  opened. 
May  9.  Haywood 
begun. 


trial 


agitation  in  the  university 
and  schools  of  Bengal,  the 
government  threatens  to 
withdraw  educational  aid. 


June  15.  Second  Peace 
Conference  at  The  Hague 
opened. 


June  3.  Wages  advanced  5 
per  cent,  in  cotton  mills 
of  northern  New  Eng¬ 
land;  24.  Treaty  with 
Santo  Domingo  signed; 
26.  Sec.  Taft  announces 
that  American  occupa¬ 
tion  of  Cuba  will  continue 
for  18  months;  29.  Con¬ 
tracts  awarded  for  two 
20,000  ton  battleships. 


June  3.  Irish  Home  Rule 
bill  withdrawn;  26.  The 
Commons  passes  a  reso¬ 
lution  to  curtail  the 
power  of  the  House  of 
Lords;  27.  King  Edward 
lays  the  foundation  stone 
of  a  new  extension  to  the 
British  Museum;  28. 
Great  combination  form¬ 
ed  of  the  iron  and  steel 
manufacturers. 


i 


I907  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


313 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1907  | 

Mar.  4.  The  grand  dukes 
of  Mecklenburg -Schwerin 
and  Mecklenburg-Strelitz 
announce  their  intention 
to  grant  constitutions  to 
the  duchies;  12.  The 
French  battleship  Jena 
blown  up  at  Toulon;  24. 
Treaty  between  France 
and  Siam  transfers  three 
provinces  to  the  former; 
29.  French  troops  occupy 
Oudja,  Morocco. 


1907 


1907 

Mar.  22.  Russian  evacua¬ 
tion  of  Manchuria  com¬ 
pleted;  24.  Dr.  Mauchamp 
killed  at  Morocco  City  by 
Mohammedan  fanatics. 


May  1.  France  refuses  to 
accept  the  certificate  pro¬ 
vided  under  the  Pure 
Food  Law  for  American 
meat;  14,  The  Reichstag 
passes  a  German -Ameri¬ 
can  commercial  agree¬ 
ment  to  remain  in  force 
until  July,  1908;  22.  The 
French  cabinet  agrees  on 
a  bill  to  suppress  adulter¬ 
ated  wines;  31.  French 
naval  reserve  strikes. 

June  1.  Demonstration  at 
Nimes  of  200,000  persons 
connected  with  the  French 
wine  trade;  5.  Strike  of 
the  French  naval  re¬ 
serve  comes  to  an  end ; 
11-12.  Mayors  of  muni¬ 
cipalities  in  the  wine 
district  of  France  re¬ 
sign  as  a  protest  against 
the  condition  of  the 
vine -growers;  20.  Se¬ 
rious  disturbances  in  the 
wine  provinces;  31.  The 
French  Senate  adopts  a 
bill  for  the  suppression 
of  the  adulteration  of 
wine. 


Apr.  7.  19  women  elected 
to  the  Finnish  Diet;  first 
women  representatives  in 
any  national  legislature. 


June  8.  The  czar  approves 
the  project  for  a  railroad 
from  Tomsk  to  Bering 
Strait  and  for  a  tunnel 
under  the  Strait;  14. 
The  Norwegian  Parlia¬ 
ment  votes  to  grant  the 
suffrage  to  about  300,- 
000  women  based  upon 
a  property  qualification; 
15.  The  czar  dissolves 
the  Duma  and  in  de¬ 
fiance  of  an  essential 
guarantee  of  the  Consti¬ 
tution  promulgates  a 
new  electoral  law;  29.  The 
Russian  government 
takes  measures  to  prevent 
Armenian  massacres. 


Apr.  15.  Manchuria  form¬ 
ally  returns  to  Chinese 
rule;  Chilpancingo  and 
Chilapa,  Mexico,  destroy¬ 
ed  by  earthquake;  19. 
Iloilo,  Philippines,  de¬ 
stroyed  by  fire. 

May  3.  The  Dominican  Con¬ 
gress  ratifies  the  new 
treaty  with  the  United 
States;  16.  Chinese  offi¬ 
cials  state  that  famine 
relief  sent  by  the  United 
States  has  healed  all 
breaches  between  the 
two  countries;  21.  All 
the  native  opium  dens 
in  Shanghai  are  closed 
by  imperial  edict. 


3H 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1907  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


1907 


1907 

July  4.  Centenary  of 
Garibaldi’s  birth  cele- 
b  r  a  t  e  d  throughout 
Italy 

July  17.  Pope  Pius  X. 
issues  a  syllabus  of  sixty- 
five  errors  concerning 
faith,  the  scriptures,  and 
ecclesiastical  authority. 

July  20.  Foundation  stone 
laid  of  the  Carnegie 
Palace  of  Peace  at  The 
Hague. 


Oct.  17.  First  regular 
wireless  despatch  over 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  for 
commercial  purposes.. 

Oct.  17.  Marconi  wire¬ 
less  service  opened  from 
Cape  Breton,  Canada, 
to  Clifden,  Ireland. 

Nov.  17.  Central  Ameri¬ 
can  Peace  Conference 
opened  by  Secretary  of 
State  Root. 

Deaths  in  1907:  Aldrich, 
T.  B.;  von  Bergmann, 
E.;  Berthelot,  P.  E.  M.; 
Carducci,  G.;  Casimir- 
Perier,  J.  P.;  Garrison, 
G.  P.;  Grau,  M.;  Grieg, 
E.  H.;  Grow,  G.  A.; 
Gunter,  A.  C.;  Heilprin, 
A.;  Joachim,  Joseph; 
Kelvin,  Lord;  Lamsdorf, 
Count;  Mansfield,  R.; 
Mendelyef.D.;  Mazaffar- 
eddin,  Shah  of  Persia; 
Moissan,  H.;  Morgan, 
J.  T.;  Oscar  II.,  King  of 
Sweden;  Saint  Gaudens, 
Augustus;  Sully-Prud- 
homme,  R.  F.;  Theurie, 
A.;  Watson,  Rev.  J. 
(‘‘Ian  Maclaren”). 


1907 

July.  The  question  of  the 
segregation  of  Japanese 
children  in  California 
becomes  acute. 

July  25.  President  Roose¬ 
velt  announces  the  rati¬ 
fication  of  the  Santo 
Domingo  treaty. 

July  28.  Haywood  ac¬ 
quitted  of  the  charge  of 
murdering  ex-Governor 
Steunenburg,  of  Idaho. 

Aug.  3.  Federal  District 
Court  fines  the  Standard 
Oil  Company  $29,240,- 
000,  for  accepting  re¬ 
bates;  the  order  was 
later  overruled  by  the 
circuit  and  Supreme 
courts. 

Aug.  17.  Secretary  Taft, 
as  mediator,  concludes 
an  agreement  between 
the  representatives  of 
Colombia  and  Panama. 

Sept.  18.  A  suit  is  begun 
in  federal  courts  to  dis¬ 
solve  the  Standard  Oil 
Company. 

Sept.  29.  President 
Roosevelt  starts  on  a 
Western  and  Southern 
tour. 

Oct.  14.  Anti-Japanese 
riots  in  San  Francisco. 

Oct.  16.  Secretary  of  War 
Taft  opens  the  first 
Philippine  Assembly. 

Oct.  21.  Financial  crisis 
at  New  York  City;  the 
Knickerbocker  Trust 
Company  and  several 
banks  suspend;  and  the 
panic  of  1907  follows. 

Nov.  16.  Oklahoma  be¬ 
comes  a  State. 


Dec.  11.  Pres.  Roosevelt 
announces  determina¬ 
tion  not  to  run  for  a 
third  term. 

Dec.  16.  The  United 
States  fleet  of  battle¬ 
ships  sails  from  Hamp¬ 
ton  Roads  on  a  world- 
circling  tour. 


British  Empire. 


1907 


Aug.  29.  Canada:  the 
superstructure  of  the 
great  cantilever  bridge 
over  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  nine  miles  above 
Quebec  collapses,  with 
loss  of  80  lives. 


Sept.  11.  Canada:  riotous 
demonstrations  against 
Japanese  take  place  at 
Vancouver,  B.  C. 


Dec.  17.  Great  Britain 
and  Russia  agree  upon 
joint  action  to  prevent 
an  uprising  in  Persia. 


1907  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


315 


A.D. 


1907 


France  and  Germany. 

Europe,  elsewhere. 

The  World,  elsewhere. 

1907 

July-August.  France:  A 
period  of  great  disturb¬ 
ance  among  the  wine 
growers. 

1907 

July  17.  Russia:  169 
members  of  first  Duma 
who  drew  up  the  Viborg 
manifesto  arraigned  for 
trial. 

July  23.  King  Leopold  of 
Belgium  opens  the  new 
port  of  Zeebrugge. 

1907 

July  19.  Japan  forces  the 
abdication  of  the  Em¬ 
peror  of  Korea  in  favor 
of  his  son  and  the  ad¬ 
mission  of  a  Japanese 
resident  general. 

July  31.  Moroccan  tribes¬ 
men  attack  Casablanca. 

Aug.  31.  Anglo-  Rmssian 
agreement  delimitating 
spheres  of  control  in 
Asia  signed. 

August.  Mexico:  The 

Government  purchases 
the  controlling  stock  in 
the  Mexican  Central 
and  Mexican  National 
railroads. 

Aug.  31.  Persia:  The 

Premier,  Amin-es-Sultan 
assassinated. 

Sept.  23.  Germany:  Em¬ 
peror  William  unveils 
a  memorial  at  Memel 
emblematic  of  rise  0 
Prussia. 

Oct.  18.  Germany:  Trial 
of  editor  Maximilian 
Harden  for  libelling 
Count  von  Moltke;  he 
was  later  acquitted. 

Oct.  11.  Persia:  The 
Shah  signs  a  new  con¬ 
stitution;  14.  Serious 
revolutionary  outbreaks 
occur. 

November.  Fighting  be¬ 
tween  the  French 
troops  and  the  Moroc¬ 
can  army. 

Nov.  14.  Third  Russian 
Duma  opens. 

Dec.  6.  Publication  of 
treaty  for  the  annexa¬ 
tion  of  the  Congo  Free 
State  to  Belgium. 

Dec.  8.  Sweden:  King 
Oscar  II.  dies,  and  is 
succeeded  by  Gustav  V. 

Dec.  14.  Russia:  Fifty- 
nine  members  of  the 
Duma  are  charged  with 
treason. 

Dec.  5.  Japan  announces 
that  emigration  to  the 
United  States  and 
Canada  will  be  limited. 

Dec.  18.  Peru  and  Chile 
conclude  their  first 
treaty  of  amity  and 
friendship. 

TABULAR  VIEWS 


1908  A.D 


316 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1908 


1908 

Jan.  12.  Completion  .  of 
the  work  of  excavating 
the  Pennsylvania  Rail¬ 
road  tunnels  under  the 
Hudson  River. 


1908 

Jan.  5.  George  A.  Petti- 
bone  acquitted  of  the 
charge  of  complicity  in 
the  murder  of  ex-Gov. 
Steunenburg,  of  Idaho. 

Jan.  6.  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court  declares  Em¬ 
ployers’  Liability  Law 
unconstitutional. 

Jan.  14.  Pres.  Roosevelt 
promises  an  end  to  the 
American  occupation  of 
Cuba,  fixing  February 
1,  1909,  or  earlier,  as  the 
time  for  the  withdrawal 
of  troops. 

Jan.  27.  The  Supreme 
Court  decides  that  a  law 
prohibiting  discrimina¬ 
tion  against  members  of 
labor  organizations  by 
common  carriers  to  be 
unconstitutional. 


1908 

Jan.  6.  C.  Arthur  Pear¬ 
son  acquires  control  of 
the  London  Times. 

Jan.  31.  Dr.  Jameson, 
premier  of  Cape  Colony, 
resigns. 


Feb.  3.  Supreme  Court 
declares  a  boycott  in¬ 
stituted  by  a  labor  or¬ 
ganization  to  be  a  com¬ 
bination  in  restraint  of 
trade. 

Feb.  10.  Arbitration 
treaty  with  France 
signed  at  Washington. 


Feb.  6.  $100,000  paid  by 

British  Government  to 
Raisuli  as  a  ransom  for 
Kaid  Sir  Harry  Mac- 
Lean;  sum  partially  re¬ 
paid  later. 


Mar.  4.  In  a  school  build¬ 
ing  near  Cleveland,  O., 
167  children  are  burned 
to  death. 

Mar.  13.  End  of  trial 
respecting  the  Penn¬ 
sylvania  State  Capitol 
fraud;  four  are  found 
guilty. 

Mar.  23.  The  Supreme 
Court  declares  uncon¬ 
stitutional  the  railroad 
rate  laws  of  Minnesota 
and  North  Carolina. 


Mar.  13.  The  House  of 
Commons  rejects  the 
Labor  Party’s.  Unem¬ 
ployed  Workingmen’s 
Bill. 


1908  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


317 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1908 


1908 

Jan.  10.  Germany:  Seri¬ 
ous  riots  in  the  streets 
of  Berlin  by  Socialists 
who  demand  universal 
suffrage. 

Jan.  28.  France:  The 
Chamber  of  Deputies 
sustains,  by  a  vote  of 
428  to  92,  the  Govern¬ 
ment’s  policy  in  Mo¬ 
rocco. 


1908 

Jan.  9.  Italy:  Sharp  en¬ 
counters  between  Italian 
troops  and  Abyssinians 
in  the  Italian  Somali¬ 
land. 


1908 

Jan.  11.  Mulai  Hafid 
proclaimed  Sultan  of 
Morocco  at  Fez;  civil 
war  follows. 

Jan.  25.  Haiti:  Revolu¬ 
tion  suppressed  and 
Jean  Juneau  executed. 


Mar.  Germany:  Suffrage 
riots  continue  in  the 
streets  of  Berlin. 


Feb.  1.  Portugal:  King 
Carlos  of  Portugal  and 
the  Crown  Prince  assas¬ 
sinated  at  Lisbon;  2. 
Manuel  II.  proclaimed 
king. 

Feb.  13.  Turkey:  Kiamil 
Pasha  resigns;  succeeded 
by  Hilmi  Pasha. 

Feb.  20.  Russia:  General 
Stoessel  found  guilty,  by 
a  court  martial,  of 
charges  in  connection 
with  the  defense  of  Port 
Arthur. 


Feb.  17.  Turkish  forces 
sent  to  Persian  frontier. 

Feb.  29.  Japan  demands 
an  apology  from  China 
for  seizure  of  steamer 
Tatsu  Maru. 


Mar.  1.  China  surrenders 
the  Tatsu  Maru  to 
Japan;  14.  China  agrees 
to  pay  indemnity  to 
Japan  and  to  suppress 
the  attempts  to  boycott 
Japanese  articles. 


3i8 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1908  A.D. 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1908 


1908 


May  12.  Corner-stone  of 
the  building  for  the 
Bureau,  of  American 
Republics  laid  at  Wash¬ 
ington. 


1908 

April.  Congress  passes 
act  providing  for  remis¬ 
sion  to  China  of  part  of 
the  Boxer  indemnity. 

Apr.  3.  The  Populist 
N  a  t  i  o  n  al  Convention 
nominates  Thos.  E. 
Watson  for  President. 

Apr.  5.  Arbitration  treaty 
with  Japan  signed  at 
Washington. 

Apr.  13.  The  first  con¬ 
ference  of  the  Board  of 
Governors  held  at  Wash¬ 
ington. 

Apr.  11.  The  Vr  eel  and 
Currency  Bill  passes 
House  of  Representa¬ 
tives. 

Apr.  30.  Senate  passes 
Currency  Bill. 


1908 

Apr.  5.  Sir  Henn’  Camp¬ 
bell-Bannerman  resigns 
the  premiership  of  Great 
Britain. 

Apr.  8.  H.  H.  Asquith 
becomes  Prime  Minis¬ 
ter,  and  David  Lloyd- 
George  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer. 


May  12.  Great  Britain, 
France,  Russia,  and 
Italy  withdraw  troops 
from  the  Island  of  Crete. 


July  6.  The  Peary  expe¬ 
dition  to  the  North  Pole 
starts. 


June  8.  Pres.  Roosevelt 
appoints  a  commission 
of  57  on  conservation  of 
national  resources. 

June  16.  The  Republi¬ 
can  National  Conven¬ 
tion  opens  at  Chicago; 
18.  Nominates  Wm.  H. 
Taft  for  President. 

July  7.  The  Democratic 
National  Convention 
meets  at  Denver;  10. 
Nominates,  for  the  third 
time,  Wm.  J.  Bryan 
for  President. 


June  16.  The  House  of 
Commons  passes  the 
Old  Age  Pensions  Bill. 


July  25.  The  Irish  Uni¬ 
versity  Bill  passes  the 
House  of  Commons. 
July  31.  The  House  of 
Lords  passes  the  Old 
Age  Pensions  Bill. 


1908  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


319 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


190S 


1908 

Apr.  4.  Germany:  The 
Reichstag  decides  that 
the  German  language 
must  be  spoken  at  all 
public  meetings  in  all 
parts  of  the  Empire. 


1908 


1908 

Apr.  11.  Venezuela  de¬ 
clines  to  consider  Ameri¬ 
can  demands  for  arbi¬ 
tration  of  claims. 


June  13.  France:  A  law 
adopted  by  the  Cham¬ 
ber  of  Deputies  and  by 
the  Senate  providing  for 
secret  ballot. 


May  6.  Manuel  II.  takes 
oath  of  office  before  the 
Portuguese  Cortes. 

May  8.  Portugal:  Troops, 
after  heavy  fighting,  de¬ 
feat  natives,  near  Bissao 
in  Portuguese  Guinea. 

May  22.  Russia:  The 
President  and  seventeen 
members  of  the  Duma 
arrested  and  imprisoned 


May  4.  Fernando  Gua- 
challa  elected  President 
of  Bolivia. 

May  15.  The  Shah  of 
Persia  deprives  Cabinet 
of  authority;  the  act 
causes  revolutionary 
outbreak. 

May  16.  Abyssinia:  King 
Menelik  and  Italian 
Gov’t  sign  agreement 
defining  boundaries  be¬ 
tween  Abyssinia  and 
Italian  Somaliland. 

May  27.  _  Peru:  Augusto 
B.  Leguia  elected  Presi¬ 
dent. 

June  26.  The  Shah  of 
Persia  declares  martial 
law  throughout  his 
realm. 


July  24.  Turkey:  The 
Sultan  restores  the  Con¬ 
stitution  of  1876,  and 
orders  a  general  election 
for  members  to  a  Par¬ 
liament. 


July  1.  Santo  Domingo: 
Ramon  Caceres  becomes 
President. 

July  4.  Japan:  The  minis¬ 
try  resigns;  12.  The  Em¬ 
peror  summons  Count 
Katsura  to  form  a  new 
Cabinet. 

July  9.  Venezuela:  Diplo¬ 
matic  relations  with  the 
United  States  are 
severed. 

July  12.  Panama:  Josd 
D.  Obaldia  elected  Presi¬ 
dent. 

July  22.  Venezuela:  Pres. 
Castro  on  grounds  that 
political  refugees  are 
harbored  in  Curagoa 
expels  Minister  from 
the  Netherlands. 


320 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1908  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society. 


1908 


1908 

Aug.  17.  The  Fourth  In¬ 
ternational  Esperanto 
Congress  meets  at  Dres¬ 
den. 


1908 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1908 


Aug.  14-19.  Race  riots, 
accompanied  by  de¬ 
struction  of  property 
and  lynching  of  negroes, 
occur  at  Springfield,  Ill. 


Sept.  13.  The  Eucharistic 
Congress  is  held  at 
London. 


Sept.  3.  After  investigat¬ 
ing  the  Springfield  riots, 
a  special  grand  jury 
returns  117  indictments. 


Oct.  1.  The  two-cent 
postage  rate  between  the 
United  States  and  Great 
Britain  goes  into  effect. 

Oct.  8.  Treaty  of  arbi¬ 
tration  with  China 
signed  at  Washington. 


Nov.  3.  The  presidential 
elections  result  in  the 
success  of  the  Republi¬ 
can  ticket,  with  W.  H. 
Taft  and  J.  S.  Sherman 
for  President  and  Vice- 
President  respectively. 

Nov.  4.  Pres.  Eliot,  of 
Harvard,  resigns. 


Oct.  5.  Great  Britain, 
France,  and  Russia  agree 
to  take  measures  to 
prevent  war  in  the 
Balkans. 

Oct.  26.  Canada:  The 
Liberals  successful  in 
the  general  elections. 


Nov.  11.  Mr.  Fisher 
forms  new  Australian 
Cabinet. 


1908  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


321 


A.D. 


1908 


1908 


Sept.  2.  France:  A  force  of 
15,000  Moors  defeated 
by  French  troops  at 
Boudenib  near  the  Al- 
gerian_frontier. 


Oct.  28.  Germany:  Pro¬ 
tests  made  against  the 
unrestraint  of  Kaiser 
William’s  public  ut¬ 
terances  concerning  in¬ 
ternational  affairs. 


Nov.  10.  The  Reichstag 
denounces  the  action  of 
the  Kaiser  in  speaking 
so  freely  of  foreign 
affairs;  17.  Emperor 
William  promises  that 
in  future  foreign  affairs 
will  be  conducted 
through  one  of  the 
ministers. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1908 

Aug.  2.  Turkey:  In  the 
midst  of  constitutional 
changes,  cabinets  rise 
and  fall  rapidly,  one  is 
formed  on  the  2d  and 
falls  on  the  5th,  while 
another  is  formed  on  the 
following  day;  Resolu¬ 
tion  inaugurated  by  the 
Young  Turk  party. 

Aug.  20.  The  Belgian 
Chamber  of  Deputies 
ratifies  the  Congo  an¬ 
nexation  treaty ;  Turkey 
agrees  to  a  settlement 
of  the  boundary  con¬ 
troversy  with  Persia. 

August.  The  relations  be¬ 
tween  Holland  and  Vene¬ 
zuela  become  strained, 
and  Holland  sends  war¬ 
ship  to  Venezuelan 
waters. 

Sept.  4.  Russia:  The  Gov¬ 
ernment  issues  edict 
requiring  professors  in 
the  universities  to  re¬ 
nounce  membership  in 
political  parties  not  re¬ 
cognized  by  the  author¬ 
ities. 

Sept.  9.  Belgium:  The 
Senate  adopts  Congo 
annexation  treaty. 

Oct.  5.  Austria-Hungary: 
The  Dual  Monarchy 
announces  the  formal 
annexation  of  Bosnia 
and  Herzegovina;  Bul¬ 
garia  issues  declaration 
of  independence,  and 
becomes  a  kingdom 
under  Prince  Alexander. 

Oct.  11.  Denmark:  New 
Cabinet  formed  under 
M.  Neergaard  as  pre¬ 
mier. 

Oct.  12.  The  Servian 
assembly  sustains  the 
Gov’t  in  its  protest 
against  Austrian  aggres¬ 
sion. 

Nov.  _  7.  The  Austrian 
Cabinet  resigns  because 
of  the  German-Czech 
dissensions. 

November.  The  relations 
between  Austria  and 
Servia  becomes  strained 
to  the  breaking  point; 
numerous  raids  and 
frontier  fights  occur. 


The  World,  elsewhere 


1908 

Aug.  18.  Persia:  A  diplo- 
m  a  t  i  c  representative 
sent  to  Athens  for  the 
first  time  in  2399  years. 


Nov.  22.  China:  The 
Gov’t  designates  Tang 
Shao-yi  as  special  com¬ 
missioner  to  thank  U.  S. 
for  the  partial  remission 
of  the  Boxer  indemnity. 

Nov.  24.  Venezuela:  The 
affairs  of  government 
placed  in  the  hands  of 
Vice-President  J.  V. 
Gomez,  during  the  ab¬ 
sence  in  Europe  of 
Pres.  Castro. 


21 


322 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1908  A.D.— 


a.d.  Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


1908  1908 

Dec.  4.  A  code  of  laws 
governing  naval  warfare 
is  prepared  by  confer¬ 
ence  of  the  Powers  held 
at  the  invitation  of 
Great  Britain. 


Deaths  in  1908:  Allison, 
W.  B.;  Campbell-Ban¬ 
nerman,  Sir  Henry;  Car¬ 
los  I.,  King  of  Portugal; 
Cleveland,  Grover;  Gil¬ 
man,  D.  C.;  Halevy,  L.; 
Kuang  Hgsu,  Emperor 
of  China;  Proctor,  Red- 
field;  Sardou,  Victorien; 
Smith,  C.  E.;  Stedman, 
E.  C.;  Tsi-an,  Dowager 
Empress  of  China. 


1909 


1909 

Jan.  13.  Prof.  A.  L. 
Lowell  becomes  pre¬ 
sident  of  Harvard  Uni¬ 
versity. 

Jan.  19-20.  Celebration 
of  Centenary  of  Edgar 
Allan  Poe. 


Feb.  12.  Centenary  of 
Abraham  Lincoln  widely 
celebrated. 

Feb.  25.  New  code  for 
naval  warfare  is  adopted 
by  an  international  naval 
conference  in  London. 


United  States. 


1908 

Dec.  10.  Abraham  Ruef 
convicted  on  charges  of 
bribery. 

Dec.  23.  Samuel  Gom- 
pers,  John  Mitchell,  and 
Frank  Morrison  are  held 
in  contempt  of  court  in 
connection  with  the 
Buck  Stove  case. 


1909 

Jan.  8.  President  Roose¬ 
velt  charges  Senator 
Tillman  with  being  in¬ 
volved  in  a  questionable 
land  deal  in  Oregon. 

Jan.  9.  Six  night  riders 
convicted  at  Union  City, 
Tenn. 

Jan.  11.  Secretary  Root 
and  Ambassador  Bryce 
sign  treaty  for  settle¬ 
ment  of  disputes  be¬ 
tween  the  United  States 
and  Canada. 

Jan.  25.  Sec.  of  State 
Root  resigns;  succeeded 
by  Robert  Bacon. 

Jan.  27-  The  Newfound- 
1  a  n  d  fisheries  treaty 
signed  at  Washington; 
whereby  differences  be¬ 
tween  U.  S.  and  Great 
Britain  are  to  be  sub¬ 
mitted  to  The  Hague. 

Feb.  13.  The  long-stand¬ 
ing  differences  between 
U.  S.  and  Venezuela 
adjusted;  the  three  out¬ 
standing  claims  to  be 
referred  to  The  Hague. 

Feb.  21.  The  U.  S.  fleet 
returns  to  Hampton 
Roads  after  a  voyage 
around  the  world. 

Feb.  23.  Patent  agree¬ 
ment  between  the  U.  S. 
and  Germany  signed  at 
Washington. 


British  Empire. 


1908 

Dec.  1.  The  House  of 
Lords  rejects  the  Licens¬ 
ing  Bill. 


1909 


Feb.  11.  Relations  be¬ 
tween  Great  Britain  and 
Germany  adjusted  in 
conference  between 
Chancellor  von  Billow 
and  Sir  Charles  Hard* 
inge. 


1909  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


323 


A.D. 

France  and  Germany. 

1908 

1908 

Europe,  elsewhere. 


1908 


The  World,  elsewhere 


1908 

Nov.  14.  China:  Death 
of  Emperor  Kuang  Hsu; 
15.  Death  of  Dowager 
Empress. 


Dec.  19.  Portugal:  The 
Cabinet  resigns,  and 
Dr.  Pereira  de  Lima) 
forms  a  new  ministry. 

Dec.  21.  Negotiations  re¬ 
sumed  between  Austria 
and  Turkey  concerning 
the  settlement  of  the 
Turkish  claims  to  Bos¬ 
nia  and  Herzegovina. 


Dec.  21.  China:  The  infant 
heir-apparent  is  pro¬ 
claimed  emperor;  re¬ 
gency  established  under 
Prince  Chun. 


1909 


1909 


1909 

January.  The  Great 
Powers,  including  Great 
Britain,  France,  Ger¬ 
many,  Russia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  and  Italy,  and 
the  Balkan  States  are 
occupied  with  negotia¬ 
tions  concerning  the 
settlement  of  questions 
relating  to  the  status  of 
the  new  kingdom  of 
Bulgaria  and  those  con¬ 
nected  with  the  assump¬ 
tion  of  sovereignty  by 
Austria  -  Hungary  over 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina. 


1909 

Jan.  2.  China:  Yuan  Shih- 
kai  deposed  as  com¬ 
mander  and  chief  of  the 
Chinese  army;  Na-tung 
appointed  in  his  stead. 

Jan.  12.  Turkey  accepts 
$10,500,000  as  ctpmpen- 
sation  for  Bosnia  and 
Herzegovina. 


Feb.  9.  France  and  Ger¬ 
many  sign  agreement  in 
reference  to  Morocco. 


Feb.  26.  Austria  and 
Turkey  sign  protocol 
settling  compensation 
for  Bosnia  and  Herze¬ 
govina. 


Feb.  Rebellion  in  Persia 
becomes  formidable. 

Feb.  15.  Mexico:  Theater 
fire  at  Acapulco,  Mexico, 
in  which  350  persons  are 
burned  to  death. 


324 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I909  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1909 


1909 

Mar.  23.  Lieutenant 
Shackleton  reports  hav¬ 
ing  reached  within  111 
miles  of  the  South  Pole. 


1909 

Mar.  4.  W.  H.  Taft  in¬ 
augurated  as  President 
of  the  United  States. 

Mar.  15.  Special  session 
of  Congress  begins. 

Mar.  16.  President  Taft 
in  a  message  to  Congress 
urges  revision  of  tariff. 

Mar.  17.  The  Payne 
Tariff  Bill  introduced  in 
House  of  Representa¬ 
tives. 

Mar.  20.  Col.  Duncan 
B.  Cooper  and  son  found 
guilty  of  killing  ex- 
Senator  Carmack;  later 
pardoned  by  Gov.  Pat¬ 
terson. 

Apr.  9.  The  Payne  Tariff 
Bill  passes  House  of 
Representatives  by  a 
vote  of  217  to  161. 


1909 

Mar.  24.  New  Zealand 
offers  a  battleship  to  the 
British  navy. 


Apr.  29.  Chancellor  of 
the  Exchequer  Lloyd- 
George  introduces  a 
revolutionary  budget  in 
House  of  Commons. 


May  25.  Andrew  Carne¬ 
gie  gives  $i,ooorooo  to 
the  hero  fund  of  France. 


June  1.  Alaska-Yukon- 
Pacific  Exposition  opens 
at  Seattle. 


May  _  4.  A  _  court  of  _  in¬ 
quiry  begins  investiga¬ 
tion  of  the  Brownsville 
affair  to  ascertain  which 
of  the  negro  soldiers 
are  eligible  for  reenlist¬ 
ment;  the  U.  S.  reestab¬ 
lishes  diplomatic  rela¬ 
tions  with  Venezuela. 

May  30.  General  street¬ 
car  strike  begins  in 
Philadelphia. 

June.  Tariff  revision  de¬ 
bates  occupy  the  Senate. 


June  10.  The  Lloyd- 
George  Budget  passes 
second  reading,  in  midst 
of  wild  excitement,  by 
a  vote  of  367  to  209. 


i 


1909  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


325 


a.d.  France  and  Germany. 


1909  1909 

Mar.  16.  Paris  disturbed 
by  strike  of  telephone, 
telegraph,  and  postal 
employees. 

Mar.  19.  French  Ministry 
sustained  >  by.  Chamber 
of  Deputies  in  contest 
with  striking  state  em¬ 
ployees. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1909 

Mar.  7.  Italy:  General 
elections  result  in  vic¬ 
tory  for  the  Government. 

Mar.  25.  Austria’s  an¬ 
nexation  of  Bosnia  and 
Herzegovina  recognized 
by  the  Powers. 

Mar.  25.  Servia:  Crown 
Prince  George  renounces 
succession  to  the  Ser¬ 
vian  throne. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1909 

Mar.  31.  Cuba:  U.  S. 
troops  evacuate  Cuba, 
thus  terminating  inter¬ 
vention. 


Apr.  1.  Germany:  The 
Gov’t  introduces  bill 
in  Reichstag  to  prevent 
American  fertilizer  in¬ 
terests  from  purchasing 
the  •  Prussian  potash 
mines. 


May  13.  Germany:  The 
National  Liberals  and 
Radicals  withdraw  from 
Reichstag  breaking  Gov¬ 
ernment  “bloc.” 

May  13.  France:  Premier 
Clemenceau  sustained 
by  Chamber  of  Depu¬ 
ties. 


Apr.  13.  Turkey:  Mutiny 
of  the  army  in  Constan¬ 
tinople;  14.  New  min¬ 
istry  formed  under  Tew- 
fik  Pasha;  19.  The 
Young  Turk  forces  in¬ 
vest  Constantinople,  and 
on  the  24th  enter  the 
city;  25.  The  Sultan’s 
guard  surrenders;  27. 
Abdul  Hamid  deposed 
and  .  Mohammed  V. 
proclaimed  Sultan;  30. 
Turkish  Ministry  reor¬ 
ganized  under  Tewfik 
Pasha. 

Apr.  30.  Persia:  Russian 
forces  cross  border  and 
occupy  Tabriz. 

May  11.  Russia  and 
China  sign  agreement 
concerning  Manchurian 
railways. 

May  13.  Albania:  Revolt 
breaks  out  amidst  tribes¬ 
men. 


May  4.  The  Shah  of  Per¬ 
sia  grants  a  constitution. 

May.  Rebellion  breaks 
out  in  Santo  Domingo; 
25.  Insurgents  defeated. 

May  21.  Revolution 
started  in  Colombia. 


326 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1909  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


1909 


1909 

July  6.  Champlain  Ter¬ 
centenary  celebrated  at 
Ticonderoga. 

July  25.  M.  Bleriot  flies 
in  his  monoplane  over 
English  channel. 


1909 

July  5.  The  United  States, 
Great  Britain,  and  Aus¬ 
tria  refuse  to  recognize 
the  Russo-Chinese  agree¬ 
ment  concerning  the 
Manchurian  railway. 

July.  8.  The  Payne- Al¬ 
drich  Tariff  Bill  passes 
the  Senate. 

July  12.  Income  Tax 
Amendment  to  the  Con¬ 
stitution  adopted  by 
Senate. 


Aug.  28.  International 
Medical  Association 
meets  at  Budapest.. 

Aug.  30.  International 
Trade  Congress  opens 
at  Paris. 


Sept.  1.  Dr.  Frederick 
A.  Cook,  of  Brooklyn, 
announces  that,  on  April 
21,  1908,  he  reached  the 
North  Pole. 

Sept.  6.  Commander 
Peary  announces  that 
he  discovered  the  North 
Pole,  on  April  6,  1909. 

Sept.  12.  Halley’s  comet 
seen  from  the  University 
of  Heidelberg,  by  Prof. 
Wolff. 

Sept.  13.  Commander 
Peary  denies  that  Cook, 
reached  the  North  Pole. 

Sept.  25.  Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration  inaugurated 
in  New  York  City. 

Oct.  2.  The  Kalgan  Rail¬ 
road,  constructed  solely 
by  Chinese,  begins  oper¬ 
ation. 

Oct.  28.  John  D.  Rocke¬ 
feller  gives  Si,ooo,ooo 
to  fight  hook-worm  dis¬ 
ease. 


Aug.  5.  President  Taft 
signs  the  Payne-Aldrich 
Tariff  Bill. 

Aug.  27.  National  Conser¬ 
vation  Congress  meets 
at  Seattle. 


Sept.  14.  President  Taft 
begins  tour  of  West  and 
South.  , 

Sept.  23.  President  Taft 
opens  the  great  Gunni¬ 
son  tunnel  in  Colorado. 


Oct.  11.  Charles  R.  Crane 
resigns  as  ambassador 
to  China  after  a  contro¬ 
versy  with  Sec.  Knox. 


British  Empire. 


1909 

July  28.  The  House  of 
Commons,  in  order  to 
force  a  vote  on  the 
budget,  adopts  a  rigid 
closure  rule. 


Aug.  19.  South  African 
Union  Bill  passes  Brit¬ 
ish  Parliament. 


Sept.  17.  The  House  of 
Commons  passes  the 
Irish  Land  Bill. 


I909  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


327 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1909 


1909 

July  14.  Prince  von  Bu- 
low  resigns  and  Dr. 
von  Bethmann-Hollweg 
named  as  Chancellor  of 
the  German  Empire. 

July  20.  France:  Resig¬ 
nation  of  Clemenceau 
Ministry. 

July  23.  M.  Briand 
forms  Cabinet. 


1909 

July.  Spain:  Riots  and 
demonstrations  against 
the  Moorish  war. 

July  28.  Martial  law  de¬ 
clared  throughout  Spain. 


Aug.  16.  Denmark:  New 
Cabinet  formed  under 
Count  Holstein-Ledre- 
borg. 

Aug.  19.  Greece  and  Tur¬ 
key  leave  Cretan  ques¬ 
tion  in  hands  of  the  four 
Powers. 

Sept.  26.  The  Spanish 
troops  victorious  at 
Melilla. 


1909 

July  13.  General  rebel¬ 
lion  breaks  out  in  Mo¬ 
rocco;  constitutionalists 
in  Persia  victorious  and 
enter  Teheran. 

July  16.  Mohammed  Alim 
dethroned,  _  and  the 
Crown  Prince,  Sultan 
Ahmed  Mirza  declared 
Shah  of  Persia. 

July  17.  The  Greek  Cabi¬ 
net  resigns,  and  M. 
Rhallis  forms  new  gov’t. 

July  19.  Moorish  tribes¬ 
men  attack  Spanish 
soldiers  at  Melilla. 

July  20.  Argentina  and 
Bolivia  differ  concerning 
boundary  line. 

Aug.  4.  Gonzales  Valen¬ 
cia  becomes  President 
of  Colombia. 

Aug.  27.  China:  A  Con¬ 
stitution,  modelled  after 
that  of  Japan,  promul¬ 
gated. 

Sept.  Persian  rebels  suc¬ 
cessful;  refuse  to  submit 
until  Shah  convokes 
mejliss. 

Sept.  4.  Chinese- Japan¬ 
ese  agreement  concern¬ 
ing  Manchuria  signed 
at  Pekin. 


Oct.  13.  Spain:  Execu¬ 
tion  in  Barcelona  of 
Prof.  Francisco  Ferrer 
causes  great  excitement 
and  indignation  among 
European  Socialists. 

Oct.  15.  Greece:  The 
Greek  Parliament  abol¬ 
ishes  right  of  royal 
princes  to  hold  command 
in  the  army. 

Oct.  21.  The  Spanish 
Cabinet  resigns,  and 
Senor  Moret  forms  new 
ministry. 

Oct.  22.  Denmark:  The 
Cabinet  and  Count  Hol¬ 
stein  resign;  M.  Lahle 
forms  another  gov’t  on 
27th. 

Oct.  29.  Greece:  Naval 
mutiny  suppressed. 


Oct.  10.  Civil  war  in 
Nicaragua;  19.  Mulai 
Hafid  recognized  as  Sul¬ 
tan  of  Morocco  on  con¬ 
dition  that  he  guarantees 
provisions  of  Algeciras 
agreement. 

Oct.  24.  Zelaya  forces 
badly  defeated. 

Oct.  25.  Peruvian  and 
B  o  1  i  v  i  an  Congresses 
ratify  boundary  proto¬ 
col. 

Oct.  26.  Prince  Ito  assas¬ 
sinated  at  Harbin  by  a 
Korean. 


328 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I909  A.D. 


A.D. 


1909 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


1910 


1909 

Nov.  3.  Commander 
Peary’s  polar  records 
approved  by  the  Na¬ 
tional  Geographical 

Society. 


Dec.  8.  Dr.  Cook’s  polar 
records  received  for  ex 
amination  by  a  commit¬ 
tee  of  experts  from 
faculty  of  the  University 
of  Copenhagen;  later 
rejected  as  evidence  that 
he  had  penetrated  as  far 
North  as  the  pole. 

Deaths  in  1909:  Barth, 
Theodore;  Bull,  W.  T. . 
Coquelin,  B.  C.;  Craw¬ 
ford,  P.  M.;  Cuyler,  T 
L.;  De  Armond,  D.  A. 
Gilder,  R.  W.;  Hale,  E 
E.;  Harriman,  E.  H.; 
Helper,  H.  R.;  Ito, 
Prince  Hirobumi;  John¬ 
son,  J.  A.;  Leopold  II, 
King  of  Belgium;  Lorn- 
broso,  Cesare;  Meredith, 
George;  Mitchell,  D.  G. 
(“Ik  Marvel’’);  Mod- 
jeska,  H.;  Newcomb, 
Simon;  Peckham,  R.  W.; 
Swinburne,  A.  C.;  von 
Halle,  Ernst;  Wright, 
C.  D.;  Zalinski,  E.  L.  G. 

1910 

Jan.  19.  The  Southern 
Health  Conference  or¬ 
ganized  at  Atlanta,  Ga., 
to  fight  the  hook-worm 
disease. 


United  States. 


1909 

Nov.  11.  _  After  investiga¬ 
tion,  it  is  announced  that 
the  Sugar  Trust  has  de¬ 
prived  the  Government 
of  millions  in  custom 
frauds. 

Nov.  18.  American  war 
ship  sent  to  Nicaragua 

Dec.  2.  U.  S.  troops  land 
in  Nicaragua. 


1910 

Jan.  5  Sec.  Knox  proposes 
to  the  Powers  that  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  Inter¬ 
national  Prize  Court 
at  The  Hague  be  ex¬ 
tended  so  as  to  make  it  a 
court  of  arbitral  justice. 
— Sec.  Knox  proposes 
to  the  Powers  that  the 
Manchurian  Railway  of 
China  be  financed  by 
international  syndicate. 
Jan.  6.  Atty.-Gen.  Wick- 
ersham  makes  report 
exonerating  Sec.  Bal¬ 
linger. 

Jan.  7.  President  Taft  dis¬ 
misses  Gtfford  Pinchot 
from  Forestry  Bureau, 
for  insubordination. 

Jan.  17.  The  Separate 
Statehood  Bill  for  Ari¬ 
zona  and  New  Mexico 

gasses  the  House  of 
.epresentatives. 

Jan.  26.  Joint  committee 
of  Congress  begins  Bal- 
linger-Pinchot  investi¬ 
gation. 


British  Empire. 


1909 

Nov.  4.  The  Lloyd-George 
Budget  passes  House  of 
Commons. 

Nov.  17.  The  Irish  Land 
Bill,  somewhat  amended, 
passes  House  of  Lords. 

Nov.  30.  House  of  Lords 
reject  budget  by  a  vote 
of  350  to  75. 

Dec.  1.  New  Parliamen¬ 
tary  elections  called. 


1910 

Jan.  10.  King  Edward 
dissolves  Parliament  and 
orders  another  to  meet 
on  Feb.  15. 


1910  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


329 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1909 


1909 

Nov.  8.  France:  Cham¬ 
ber  of  Deputies  rejects 
bill  changing  mode  of 
election  of  members  of 
lower  house. 


1909 


Dec.  2.  Italy:  The  Cabi¬ 
net  of  Signor  Giolitti 
resigns;  10.  New  minis¬ 
try  established  by  Baron 
Sidney  Sonnino. 

Dec.  17.  Death  of  King 
Leopold  II.,  of  Belgium. 

Dec.  22.  Portugal:  New 
ministry  is  formed  under 
Senor  Beiras. 

Dec.  23.  Belgium:  Albert 
I.  becomes  king  and 
promises  reforms  in  the 
Congo. 


1910 


1910 

Jan.  12.  Germany:  The 
Government  announces 
approval  of  American 
policy  in  Manchuria. 

Jan.  20.  France:  Great 
floods  throughout 

France ; the  Seine  reaches 
highest  point  in  three 
centuries. 


1910 

Jan.  11.  Turkey:  Hakka 
Bey  announces  forma¬ 
tion  of  new  Cabinet. 

Jan.  14.  Spain:  Plot  dis¬ 
covered  to  overthrow 
ministry,  followed  by 
many  arrests. 

Jan.  22.  The  Knox  plan 
to  neutralize  the  Man¬ 
churian  Railroad  re¬ 
jected  by  Russia  and 
Japan,  and  on  the  fol¬ 
lowing  day  by  Great 
Britain  and  France. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1909 

Nov.  15.  Persia:  The 
Shah  opens  the  Persian 
Parliament. 


Dec.  20.  Nicaragua;  Jos6 
Madriz  elected  president 
by  Congress  and  Zelaya 
is  exiled. 


1910 


330 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1910  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


1910 


1910 


United  States. 


1910 


Mar.  5.  The  U.  S.  Postal 
Saving  Bank  Bill  becomes 
law. 

Mar.  16.  Speaker  Can¬ 
non’s  decision  on  a  point 
of  order  overruled  by 
combination  of  Repub¬ 
lican  insurgents  and 
Democrats  by  a  vote  of 
163  to  111. 

Mar.  19.  Resolution  for 
a  reorganization  of  the 
Rules  Committee  passes 
House  of  Representa¬ 
tives. 

Apr.  4.  Decision  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  the 
Arkansas  and  Nebraska 
Railroad  rate  cases  ad¬ 
verse  to  the  claims  of  the 
States. 

Apr.  5.  The  Socialists 
carry  the  municipal  elec¬ 
tions  of  Milwaukee. 

Apr.  6.  The  negro  sol¬ 
diers  of  the  25th  in¬ 
fantry  regiment  found 
guilty  by  a  military 
court  of  the  Brownsville 
shooting  affair. 


British  Empire. 


1910 

Feb.  21.  King  Edward 
opens  Parliament. 


Mar._  21.  Premier  As¬ 
quith  introduces  Parlia¬ 
ment  Reform  Bill  in 
House  of  Commons. 


Apr.  14.  The  House  of 
Commons,  by  a  vote  of 
351  to  246,  pass  the 
resolution  limiting  the 
veto  power  of  the  House 
of  Lords. 

Apr.  28.  The  House  of 
Lords  adopts  the  Bud¬ 
get  Bill. 


1910  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


331 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1910 


1910 

Feb.  5.  Germany:  Tariff 
agreement  with  the 
United  States  approved 
by  the  Reichstag. 


Mar.  6.  Berlin:  The 
Socialists,  in  defiance  of 
police,  hold  a  large  open 
air  meeting. 


1910 

Feb.  1.  Sweden:  M. 
Konow  forms  a  new 
Cabinet. 

Feb.  8.  Spain:  The  Moret 
Ministry  overthrown; 
Senor  Canalejas  forms 
a  new  Cabinet. 

Feb.  12.  Spain:  The  Gov¬ 
ernment  notifies  the 
Pope  of  plans  to  revise 
the  concordat  with  the 
Vatican. 

Feb.  27.  Russia:  The 
Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs  submits  to  Sec. 
Knox  an  alternative 
plan  for  the  construc¬ 
tion  of  the  Sougun- 
Chinchow  Railroad. 

Mar.  21.  Resignation  of 
Italian  Cabinet. 

Mar.  28.  Monaco:  Prince 
Charles  proclaims  a  re¬ 
presentative  govern¬ 
ment  with  universal 
suffrage. 

Mar.  30.  Greece:  King 
George  issues  a  royal 
decree  for  the  revision 
of  the  constitution. 

Mar.  31.  Italy:  A  new 
Cabinet,  with  Luigi  Luz- 
zati  as  Premier,  is 
formed. 

Apr.  4.  Italy:  The  Pope 
declines  to  see  ex-Pres. 
Roosevelt. 

Apr.  7.  Turkey:  The  ad¬ 
vance  of  Albanian  clans¬ 
men  repelled  by  Turkish 
troops  before  Prestina. 


1910 

Feb.  2.  Mexico:  The  Mexi¬ 
can  Packing  Company 
fails!  with  liabilities  of 
$37,000,000. 

Feb.  18.  Nicaragua:  Fed¬ 
eral  army  defeated,  at 
San  Vicento,  by  the 
insurgents. 

Feb.  21.  Egypt:  Pasha 
Boutros,  the  Premier, 
assassinated  by  a  Na¬ 
tionalist  student. 

Feb.  23.  China:  Imperial 
troops  occupy  Lassa; 
the  Dalai  Lama  flees  to 
India. 


Apr.  3.  Morocco:  Mad 
Mullah  is  reported  to 
have  destroyed  many 
towns  and  killed  hun¬ 
dreds  of  tribesmen. 

Apr.  14:  <  China:  The  for¬ 
eign  missions  of  Chang¬ 
sha  destroyed  by  rioters. 

Apr.  27.  Venezuela: 
Senor  J.  V.  Gomez 
elected  President  b  y 
Congress, 


332 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1910  A.D 


A.D.J 


1910 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


1910 

May  4.  Lieutenant  Peary 
receives  a  gold  medal 
from  the  Royal  Geo¬ 
graphical  Society. 

May  18.  The  earth  passes 
through  the  tail  of 
Halley’s  comet. 


1910 

May  14.  Announcement 
from  Washington  of  the 
settlement  of  proposed 
Chinese  Railroad  loan; 
Great  Britain,  France, 
Germany,  Russia  and 
U.  S.  are  to  participate 
equally. 


June  18.  The  World’s 
Missionary  Conference 
is  held  in  London. 

June  21.  The  Paris  Aca¬ 
demy  of  Medicine  an¬ 
nounces  discovery  of  an 
anti-typhoid  vaccine. 


July  12.  The  Pan-Amer¬ 
ican  Congress  opened  at 
Buenos  Aires. 


Aug.  15.  The  sixth  inter¬ 
national  Esperanto  Con¬ 
vention  assembles  at 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Aug.  18..  A  bronze  statue  of 
Washington,  presented 
by  the  State  of  Virginia 
to  France,  unveiled  at 
Paris. 


June  10.  The  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Com¬ 
pany  indicted  by  Federal 
Grand  Jury  under  Sher¬ 
man  Anti-Trust  Law; 
the  company  yields  later 
to  demands  of  Govern¬ 
ment. 

June  20.  Pres.  Taft  signs 
the  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico  Statehood  Bill. 

July  8.  Carl  Etherington, 
an  alleged  anti-saloon 
league  detective, lynched 
by  a  mob,  in  Newark, 
Ohio. 

July  21.  Forest  fires  rage 
in  Manitoba,  Ontario, 
Montana,  Washington, 
Michigan,  and  Wiscon¬ 
sin. 


Aug.  9.  An  attempt  is 
made  to  assassinate 
Mayor  Gaynor  of  New 
York  City. 

Aug.  31.  Ex-Pres.  Roose¬ 
velt  at  Ossawatomie 
proclaims  the  New 
Nationalism. 


British  Empire. 


1910 

May  6.  Death  of  King 
Edward  VII. 

May  7.  George  V.  pro¬ 
claimed  King  of  Great 
Britain  and  Emperor  of 
India. 


June  10.  Sir  Chas.  Hard- 
inge  appointed  Viceroy 
of  India. 


Aug.  3.  The  British  Par¬ 
liament  adjourns  with¬ 
out  settling  the  question 
of  the  veto  power  of  the 
House  of  Lords. 


1910  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


333 


a.d.  France  and  Germany. 


1910  1910 


June  9.  France:  Premier 
Briand  outlines  the  Gov¬ 
ernment’s  programme  of 
Parliamentary  activity; 
electoral  reform,  im¬ 
proved  budget  measures, 
an  income  tax,  and  judi¬ 
cial  and  administrative 
reform  are  conspicuous 
features. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1910 

May  13.  Russia:  Expul¬ 
sion  of  Jews  resumed  at 
Kieff. 


June  7.  Italy:  Southern 
Italy  shaken  by  a  severe 
earthquake;  Messina  al¬ 
most  destroyed  and 
200,000  persons  lose 
their  lives. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1910 

May  5.  Costa  Rica;  Car- 
tago  nearly  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake,  ap¬ 
proximately  1000  being 
killed. 

May  11.  Peru  and  Ecua¬ 
dor  mobilize  troops  in 
anticipation  of  war. 

May  24.  Egypt:  Ex-Pres. 
Roosevelt  in  a  speech 
endorses  British  occupa¬ 
tion,  and  arouses  thereby 
opposition  of  National¬ 
ist  students. 

May  30.  Inception  of  the 
Colonial  Federation  of 
United  South  Africa; 
ex-Pres.  Roosevelt,  at 
Guildhall,  in  London, 
advises  England  to  sup¬ 
press  anarchy  or  let 
Egypt  govern  itself. 

June  4.  Peru  and  Ecua¬ 
dor  withdraw,  troops, 
accepting  mediation  by 
the  U  nited  States, 
Brazil,  and  Argentina. 


July  7.  Spain:  King  Al¬ 
fonso  signs  a  bill  pro¬ 
hibiting  the  entrance  of 
additional  religious  or¬ 
ders  until  the  negotia¬ 
tions  with  the  Vatican 
are  satisfactorily  con¬ 
cluded. 

July  29.  Spain:  The 
Spanish  envoy  to  the 
Vatican  is  recalled, — no 
settlement  having  been 
arranged. 

Aug.  28.  Montenegro  be¬ 
comes  a  kingdom,  with 
former  Prince  Nicholas 
as  King. 


Aug.  16.  Senor  Pedro 
M  ontt,  President  of 
Chile,  dies  at  Bremen. 

Aug.  21.  Nicaragua.:  The 
Revolutionists  win  a 
decisive  battle. 

Aug.  24.  Japan  formally 
annexes  Korea. 

Aug.  26.  Panama:  Carlos 
Mendoza  elected  Presi¬ 
dent  by  the  Assembly. 

Aug.  31.  Nicaragua:  Gen. 
Juan  Estrada  is  inaugu¬ 
rated  President. 


334 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1910  A.D 


A.D. 


1910 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


1910 

Sept.  7.  The  Interna¬ 
tional  Court  of  Arbitra¬ 
tion  at  The  Hague  de¬ 
cides  the  Newfoundland 
fisheries  controversy, 
which  had  endured,  in 
one  form  or  another, 
practically  throughout 
the  history  of  United 
States. 

Oct.  5.  Dedication  of  St. 
Patrick’s  Cathedral  in 
New  York. 

Oct.  16.  Walter  Wellman 
and  a  crew  of  five  at¬ 
tempt  a  transatlantic 
flight  in  dirigible  air¬ 
ship,  America  IV.;  the 
experiment  is  unsuccess¬ 
ful,  and  the  party  and 
ship  are  rescued  in  mid¬ 
ocean  by  the  steamer 
Trent. 


Nov.  Washington  grants 
complete^  suffrage  to 
women. 


Dec.  10.  Puccini’s  opera, 
The  Girl  of  the  Golden 
West,  is  sung  for  the  first 
time  at  the  Metropoli¬ 
tan  Opera  House,  New 
York. 

Deaths  in  1910:  Agassiz, 
Alex.;  Bjornson,  Bjorns- 
tjerne;  Brewer,  B.  J.; 
Carlisle,  J.  G.;  Clemens, 
S.  L.  (Mark  Twain); 
Eddy,  M.  B.;  Edward 
VII.;  Fuller.  M.  W.; 
Hill,  D.  B.;  Howe,  J.W.; 
Huggins,  Sir  W.;  James, 
W.;  Koch,  R.;  LaFarge, 
John;  McEnery,  S.  D.; 
Montt,  P.;  Nightingale, 
F.;  Platt,  T.  C.;  Schia¬ 
parelli,  G. ;  Spencer, 
Earl  J.;  Smith,  Goldwin; 
Tolstoi,  Count  Leo. 


United  States. 


1910 

Sept.  3.  The  National 
Conservation  Associa¬ 
tion  meets  at  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  and  is  addressed 
by  President  Taft. 

Sept.  27.  Pres.  Taft  places 
all  assistant  postmasters 
under  the  Civil  Service 
regulations. 


Nov.  8.  The  general  elec¬ 
tion  results  in  sweeping 
Democratic  gains,  the 
House  of  Representa¬ 
tives  becoming  Demo¬ 
cratic  by  a  large  major¬ 
ity. 


Dec.  7.  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  Ballinger  is  vin¬ 
dicated  by  the  Congres¬ 
sional  Committee  of  in¬ 
vestigation  of  all  charges 
against  him. 

Dec.  12.  Pres.  Taft  ap¬ 
points  Edward  D.  White 
Chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court. 


British  Empire. 


1910 


Oct.  17.  Great  Britain 
threatens,  unless  order  is 
restored  within  three 
months,  to  occupy  cer¬ 
tain  districts  of  unrest 
in  Persia. 


Nov.  3.  Reorganization 
of  British  Cabinet. 

Nov.  9.  English,  French, 
and  German  banks  sign 
an  agreement  to  parti¬ 
cipate  with  an  American 
syndicate  in  making  a 
loan  of  $50,000,000  to 
China. 

Nov.  16.  The  Govern¬ 
ment  Bill  restricting 
the  veto  power  of  the 
House  of  Lords  is  intro¬ 
duced  in  that  body  by 
Lord  Crewe. 

Nov.  22.  British  suffra¬ 
gettes  assault  Premier 
Asquith  and  Augustine 
Birrell. 

Nov.  28.  Parliament  dis¬ 
solved  and  new  elections 
are  ordered. 

Dec.  19.  The  general 
elections  result  in  a  co¬ 
alition  majority  for  the 
Government,  of  126. 


1910  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


335 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


1910 


1910 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1910 

Sept.  Spain:  Serious  riots, 
occasioned  by  the  strike 
of  coal  miners,  occur  in 
various  cities. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1910 


Nov.  7.  France:  The 

Cabinet  resigns,  and 
M.  Briand,  the  premier, 
forms  another. 

Nov.  9.  Socialists  and 
Catholics  fail  in  attempt 
to  vote  lack  of  confi¬ 
dence  in  new  Cabinet. 


October.  Portugal :  Seri¬ 
ous  revolutionary,  out¬ 
breaks  occur  in  Lisbon. 

Oct.  6.  The  royal  family 
of  Portugal  takes  refuge 
at  Gibraltar. 

Oct.  18.  Greece:  M.  Vene- 
zelos  forms  new  Cabinet. 

Oct.  28.  The  revolution¬ 
ary  Portuguese  Govern¬ 
ment  decrees  the  free¬ 
dom  of  the  Press  and 
the  separation  of  Church 
and  State. 

Oct.  30.  Ex-Premier 
Franco  arrested  on 
charges  of  abuse  of 
power  in  office. 

Nov.  8.  Portugal:  Revo¬ 
lutionists  abolish  Mon¬ 
archy  and  establish  a 
Republic;  King  Manuel 
exiled. 


Noy.  22.  Mexico:  Fran¬ 
cisco  I.  Madero  pro¬ 
claims  himself  President. 

Nov.  24.  Naval  rebels  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro  kill  their 
officers  and  take  posses¬ 
sion  of  three  ships. 
They  .  shell  the  other 
warships  in  the  harbor, 
and  send  an  ultimatum 
ashore  to  which  the 
Gov’t  accedes. 


Dec.  20.  France:  The 
Chamber  of  Deputies 
votes  confidence  in 
the  Gov’t’s  policy  in 
settling  the  railroad 
strike. 


Dec.  23.  Spain:  The 
Cortes  passes  “padlock 
bill”  forbidding,  for  two 
years,  the  further  crea¬ 
tion  of  religious  orders. 


Dec.  1.  Gen.  Porfirio 
Diaz  inaugurated  Pres, 
of  Mexico  for  eighth 
term. 


336 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I9II  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1911 


1911 

Jan.  9._  The  first  South 
American  Postal  Con¬ 
gress  meets  at  Monte¬ 
video. 

Jan.  11.  Kaiser  William 
II. ’s  Society  for  the  Pro¬ 
motion  of  Scientific  Re¬ 
search  is  formally  opened 
in  Berlin. 

Jan.  20.  Andrew  Carne¬ 
gie  adds  $ 10,000,000  to 
the  endowment  of  the 
Carnegie  Institute  at 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Jan.  23.  Opening  at  Paris 
of  the  Oceanographic 
Institute  built  by  the 
Prince  of  Monaco. 


Mar.  29.  Tercentenary  of 
the  Authorized  Version 
of  the  Bible  is  celebrated 
in  London. 


1911 

Jan.  3.  First  Postal  Say¬ 
ings  Bank  opened  in 
the  United  States. 

Jan.  5.  Pres.  Taft,  Sec. 
Knox,  and  Ambassador 
Bryce  open  negotiations 
for  an  arbitration  treaty 
between  the  U.  S.  and 
Great  Britain. 

Jan.  11.  Pres.  Taft,  in  a 
special  message,  asks 
for  15,000,000  to  fortify 
the  Panama  Canal. 

Jan.  19.  The  Ways  and 
Means  Committee  given 
power  to  appoint  com¬ 
mittees  subject  to  ap¬ 
proval  of  the  House. 

Jan.  30.  .  The  Bill  creating 
a  Tariff  Board  passes 
the  House  of  Represen¬ 
tatives. 

Feb.  14.  The  Canadian 
Reciprocity  Bill  passes 
the  House  of  Represen¬ 
tatives. 

Feb.  21.  Treaty  of  Com¬ 
merce  and  Navigation 
between  the  United 
States  and  Japan  signed 
at  Washington. 


Mar.  1.  The  title  of  Sen. 
Lorimer  to  _  his  seat  in 
the  Senate  is  confirmed 
by  a  vote  of  46  to  30. 

Mar.  3.  Pres.  Taft  signs 
a  bill  abolishing  federal 
circuit  courts. 

Mar.  4.  Pres.  Taft  calls 
an  extraordinary  session 
of  Congress  to  meet  on 
April  4  to  consider  the 
reciprocity  agreement 
with  Canada. 

Mar.  7.  Resignation  of 
Ballinger  as.  Secretary 
of  the  Interior;  W.  L. 
Fisher  appointed  in  his 
stead. 

Mar.  13.  Constitution¬ 
ality  of  the  federal  cor¬ 
poration  tax  law  affirmed 
by  the  Supreme  Court. 


1911 

Jan.  1.  Pauper  disquali¬ 
fications  for  the  old  age 
pensions  cease  to  be 
operative  in  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Jan.  3.  The  Indian  Gov¬ 
ernment  issues  order 
prohibiting  emigration 
of  indentured  Indians 
to  the  Natal. 

Jan.  28.  The  Duke  of 
Connaught  appointed  as 
successor  to  Earl  Grey 
as  Governor-General  of 
Canada. 


Feb.  1.  Mylius  convicted 
for  libelling  George  V. 

Feb.  9.  The  House  of 
Commons,  by  a  vote  of 
324  to  222,  endorse  the 
principle  of  free  trade. 

Feb.  22.  The  Canadian 
Parliament  passes  a 
resolution  attesting  its 
loyalty  to  the  British 
Empire  and  its  intention 
to  control  its  fiscal  poli¬ 
cies. 


Mar.  11.  Sir  James  Ward, 
premier  of  New  Zealand, 
advocates  an  Imperial 
Council  and  graduated 
contributions  to  an  im¬ 
perial  fleet. 


I  91 1  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


337 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1911 


1911 

Jan.  3.  France:  The  In¬ 
stitute  of  France  de¬ 
cides  that  it  will  not 
admit  women  .to  its 
membership. 

Jan.  10.  M.  Brisson  is 
re-elected  President  of 
the  French  Chamber  of 
Deputies. 


1911 

Jan.  7.  Italy:  A  commis¬ 
sion  of  senators  recom¬ 
mend  that  the  Italian 
Senate  should  be  made 
more  representative  in 
character. 


1911 

Jan.  10.  Salvador:  Man¬ 
uel  E.  Oranjo  elected 
President. 

Jan.  11.  Roumania:  The 
Ministry  resigns,  and 
M.  Carp  forms  conserva¬ 
tive  cabinet. 

Jan.  19.  Paraguay:  Pres. 
Gondra  resigns,  and  is 
succeeded  by  Col.  Jara. 


Feb.  _  24.  France:  The 
majority  in  favor  of  the 
Government  reduced  to 
sixteen. 

Feb.  27.  Resignation  of 
premier,  M.  Briand. 


Mar.  1.  France:  A  new 
French  Gov’t  is  formed 
under  M.  Monis  as 
premier. 

Mar.  7.  Germany:  The 
Chancellor  warns  the 
Vatican  against  issuing 
decrees  or  bills  affecting 
Germans  without  first 
consulting  the  Gov’t. 

Mar.  10.  The  Green¬ 
wich  standard  of  time 
adopted  in  France  and 
Algiers. 


Feb.  25.  Bulgaria:  Five 
ministers  charged  with 
systematic  violation  of 
the  law. 


Mar.  7.  Russia:  Jubilee 
of  the  emancipation  of 
the  Serfs  celebrated  in 
St.  Petersburg. 

Mar.  11.  _  Italy:  The  trial 
of  thirty  Neapolitan 
Camorrists,  charged 
with  murder,  begins  at 
Viterbo. 

Mar.  18.  Italy:  Resigna¬ 
tion  of  Premier  Luzzati 
and  Cabinet. 


Mar.  1.  Uruguay:  Jos6 
Batele  y  _  Ordonnez 
elected  President. 

Mar.  7._  The  Mexican 
revolution  becomes  more 
serious,  and.  2  0,0  0  0 
American  soldiers  are  or¬ 
dered  to  the  border. 

Mar.  27.  Ma.dero,  leader 
of  the  Mexican  revolu¬ 
tionists,  states  that  he 
will  not  lay  down  arms 
until  Diaz  is  displaced. 


33« 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I9II  A.D 


A.D. 


1911 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


1911 

Apr.  29.  The  Interna¬ 
tional  Exhibition  of  In¬ 
dustries  opened  at  Turin 
by  King  of  Italy. 


United  States. 


1911 

Apr.  4.  Congress  meets  in 
special  session;  Champ 
Clark  elected  Speaker. 

Apr.  12.  Resolution  for 
an  amendment  to  the 
Constitution  providing 
for  direct  election  of 
Senators  passes  House 
of  Rep.  by  a  vote  of 
296  to  16. 

Apr.  21.  Bill  for  reci¬ 
procity  with  Canada 
passes  the  House  of 
Representatives. 


May  14.  The  Interna¬ 
tional  Institute  of  Agri¬ 
culture  holds  genera, 
assembly  at  Rome. 

May  23.  Opening  of  New 
York  City  public  library. 


June  4.  A  statue  of  Victor 
Emmanuel  II.  unveiled 
by  King  of  Italy. 


May  1.  Supreme  Court 
decides  that  the  federal 
government,  not  that  of 
the  States,  controls  for¬ 
est  reserves. 

May  8.  The  Farmer’s 
Free  List  Bill  passes  the 
House. 

May  15.  The  House  of 
Rep.  appoints  a  com¬ 
mittee  with  A.  0.  Stan¬ 
ley  as  chairman,  to 
investigate  the  affairs 
of  the  Steel  Trust; 
Henry  L.  Stimson  suc¬ 
ceeds  Jacob  M.  Dic¬ 
kinson  as  Sec.  of  War. 

May  16.  Supreme  Court 
decides  that  the  Stand¬ 
ard  Oil  Company  is  an 
organization  in  restraint 
of  trade,  and  orders  its 
dissolution  within  six 
months;  distinguishes 
between  reasonable  and 
unreasonable  restraint 
of  trade. 

May  29.  Supreme  Court 
orders  dissolution  of  the 
American  Tobacco  Com¬ 
pany. 

June  12.  The  Senate 
passes  the  resolution 
for  the  constitutional 
amendment  providing 
for  the  direct  election 
of  Senators. 


British  Empire. 


1911 

Apr.  2.  Decennial  census 
taken  in  United  King¬ 
dom;  woman  suffragists 
attempt  to  evade  enu¬ 
meration. 

Apr.  3.  Great  Britain 
and  Japan  sign  new 
commercial  treaty;  21, 
John  Redmond,  speak¬ 
ing  at  Holyhead,  states 
that  Irish  party  will 
vote  for  Welsh  Dis¬ 
establishment  Bill. 

Apr.  24.  Parliament  re¬ 
assembles  and  begins 
consideration  of  the 
Parliament  Bill;  26. 
Amendment  to  Parlia¬ 
ment  Bill  providing  for 
referendum  of  constitu¬ 
tional  questions  to  the 
electorate  rejected  in 
Commons  by  a  vote  of 
286  to  164. 

May  4.  Lloyd-George  in¬ 
troduces  National  Insur¬ 
ance  Bill  in  Commons. 

May  8.  British  and  Chi¬ 
nese  Govts,  sign  an 
agreement  in  Peking  to 
decrease  Chinese  pro¬ 
duction  of  opium  and 
its  import  from  India 
in  equal  proportions  for 
seven  years. 

May  15.  The  Parliament 
Bill  passes  the  Commons 
by  a  vote  of  362  to  24i. 

May  22.  Lord  Lans- 
downe’s  Parliament  Bill 
passes  House  of  Lords. 


June  22.  The  coronation 
of  George  V.  and  Queen 
Mary  takes  place  in 
Westminster  Abbey. 


I9H  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


339 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1911 


1911 

Apr.  12.  France:  The 
Champagne  riots  break 
out  again  in  the  Epernay 
district. 


1911 


1911 

Apr.  8.  Morocco:  Fez 
falls  before  an  attack  of 
the  Berbers. 

Apr.  23.  Mexico:  After 
varying  success,  the  in¬ 
surgents  and  federals 
agree  to  sign  an  armis¬ 
tice  for  four  days’  peace. 


May  11.  The  German 
Reichstag  rejects  Alsace- 
Lorraine  constitution 
bill;  finally  accepts  it 
on  the  26th. 

May  21.  France:  Sec.  of 
War  killed  and  Premier 
Monis  injured  by  the 
fall  of  an  aeroplane 
at  Issy-les-Molineaux; 
French  relief  column 
enters  Fez,  after  policy 
of  intervention  is  ap¬ 
plied. 

May  30.  Germany :  Reichs¬ 
tag  passes  Working¬ 
men’s  Insurance  Bill. 


June  7.  Germany  warns 
France  that  Moroccan 
sovereignty  must  be 
respected. 

June  12.  France  an¬ 
nounces  that  she  will 
act  in  concert  with 
Spain  in  the  Moroccan 
matter  without  consult¬ 
ing  the  other  Powers. 

June  23.  The  French 
Ministry  of  Monis  is 
defeated  and  resigns;  27. 
New  ministry  formed 
under  M.  Caillaux  as 
premier. 


May  29.  Russia  and 
Japan  express  a  desire 
to  share  in  the  interna¬ 
tional  loan  to  China; 
The  Pope  issues  an  en¬ 
cyclical  condemning  the 
anti-religious  attitude  of 
the  Portuguese  Repub¬ 
lic. 


June  8.  Belgium:  Resig¬ 
nation  of  Schollaert 
Cabinet  on  failure  of 
the  Education  Bill. 

June  14.  New  ministry 
formed  under  M.  de 
Broqueville. 

June  26.  Austria:  The  Pre¬ 
mier,  Baron  Bienerth, 
resigns,  and  is  succeeded 
by  Baron  Gautsch. 


May.  Mexico:  After  in¬ 
terrupted  negotiations 
and  the  capture  of  Jua¬ 
rez,  articles  of  peace  are 
signed  at  Juarez. 

May  25.  Porfirio  Diaz 
resigns  as  Pres,  of  Mex- 
cio  and  Francisco  de 
la  Barra  is  chosen  as 
provisional  president. 


June.  Albania:  The 
guerilla  warfare  of 

the  clansmen  continues. 

June  13.  Persia:  W.  Mor¬ 
gan  Shuster,  American 
financier,  placed  in 
charge  of  Persian 

finances. 

June  15.  Mexico:  The 
International  Boundary 
Commission  gives  Mex¬ 
ico  a  part  of  the  Cha- 
miza  tract  near  El  Paso, 
Texas. 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I9II  A.D 


340 


A.D. 


1911 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


1911 


1911 


July  26.  Universal  Races 
Congress  meets  in  Lon¬ 
don. 


July  17.  The  Senate 
passes  with  amendments 
the  House  Bill  provid¬ 
ing  for  publicity,  of 
campaign  contributions. 

July  19.  The  Senate  rati¬ 
fies  the  arbitration 
treaty  between  the 
United  States  and  Great 
Britain. 

July  26.  The  Reciprocity 
Bill  passed  by  Congress 
and  signed  by  Pres. 
Taft. 

July  27.  The  LaFollette 
compromise  Wool  Bill 
passed  by  the  Senate. 


Sept.  9.  First  aerial  postal 
service  in  United  King¬ 
dom  instituted  between 
Hendon  and  Windsor. 


Aug.  1.  The  Senate  passes 
the  Farmers’  Free  List 
Bill. 

Aug.  2.  Anglo-American 
and.  Franco-American 
Arbitration  .  treaties 
signed  at  Washington. 

Aug.  15.  Pres.  Taft  vetoes 
bill  admitting  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico  to 
statehood;  recommends 
certain  changes. 

Aug.  17.  Pres.  Taft  vetoes 
Wool  Bill  and  Farmers’ 
Free  List  Bill. 

Aug.  .  18.  The  Senate 
modifies  the  Arizona  and 
New.  Mexico  Statehood 
Bill  in  accordance  with 
views  of  the  President. 

Aug.  22.  Pres. Taft  vetoes 
Cotton  Bill. 

Sept.  15.  Pres.  Taft  be¬ 
gins  a  15,000  mile  cam¬ 
paign  tour. 


British  Empire. 


1911 

July  5.  Lord  Lansdowne’s 
amendment  to  the  Par¬ 
liament  Bill  adopted  in 
the  Lords  by  a  vote  cf 
253  to  46. 

July  13.  The  Anglo- 
Japanese  Treaty  of  Alli¬ 
ance  renewed  for  ten 
years. 

July  21.  Premier  Asquith 
states  in  a  letter  to  Mr. 
Balfour  that  he  will 
advise  King  to  create  a 
sufficiently  large  num¬ 
ber  of  peers  to  carry  the 
Parliament  Bill. 

July  24. .  Canada:  The 
Opposition  in  the  Do¬ 
minion  Parliament  de¬ 
mands  that  Reciprocity 
Bill  be  submitted  to  the 
Canadian  people. 

July  29.  Canada:  Premier 
Laurier  advises  the  dis¬ 
solution  of  the  Parlia¬ 
ment. 

Aug.  7.  The  Balfour  mo¬ 
tion  of  censure  on  the 
Government  fails  by  a 
vote  of  246  to  346. 

Aug.  8.  Commons  reject 
the  amendments  of  the 
House  of  Lords  to  Par¬ 
liament  Bill;  the  House 
of  Lords  decides  not  to 
insist  on  its  amendment, 
and  passes  the  Parlia¬ 
ment  Bill;  the  House  of 
Commons  passes  a  reso¬ 
lution  in  favor  of  pay¬ 
ing  members  an  annual 
salary  of  £400. 


Sept.  21.  Canada:  the 
general  elections  result 
in  a  victory  for  the  Con¬ 
servatives  and  a  rejec¬ 
tion  of  the  Reciprocity 
Agreement  with  the 
United  States. 


I9H  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


341 


a.d.  France  and  Germany. 


1911  1911 

July  1.  Germany:  The 
Government  orders  a 
gunboat  to  Agadir  to 
protect  German  inter¬ 
ests  in  Morocco. 

July  17.  It  is  announced 
that  Germany  demands 
a  cession  of  a  part  of  the 
French  Congo  for  fore¬ 
going  her  claims  in 
Morocco. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1911 

July  10.  Russia  informs 
Germany  that  she  will 
support  France  in  the 
Morocco  matter. 

July  15.  Turkey:  A  Turk¬ 
ish  force,  under  Edhem 
Pasha;  ambushed  by 
Albanians  near  Ipek. 

July  31.  Russia:  The 
Government  demands 
the  dismissal  of  Shuster 
as  Financial  Agent  of 
Persia. 


Aug.  3.  France:  The  rail¬ 
way  men  adopt  a  reso¬ 
lution  against  Sabotage. 

Aug.  4.  It  is  reported 
that  Herr  Kinderlen- 
Waechter  and  M.  Cam- 
bon  arrive  at  an  agree¬ 
ment  concerning  the 
Moroccan  question. 


Sept.  1.  France:  Food 
riots  in  Northern  France. 

Sept.  10.  Germany:  So¬ 
cialist  Conference  meets 
at  Jena. 


Aug.  3.  The  Albanian 
tribesmen,  persuaded  by 
King  Nicholas  of  Mon¬ 
tenegro,  accept  the 
Turkish  concessions. 

Aug.  24.  _  Portugal: 

Manuel  Arriaga  elected 
President. 


Sept.  2.  Portugal:  New 
Cabinet  formed  under 
Senhor  Chagas. 

Sept.  14.  Russia:  M.  Sto- 
lypin,  the  Premier,  mor¬ 
tally  wounded  at  Kieff; 
18.  Premier  Stolypin 
dies;  19.  M.  Kokovtsoff 
appointed  Prime  Min- 
ister. 

Sept.  28.  Italy:  After 
long  negotiations  pre¬ 
sents  ultimatum  to  Tur¬ 
key;  29.  No  satisfaction 
being  obtained  Italy 
declares  war  on  Turkey; 
30.  The  Turkish  Min¬ 
istry  under  Hakki  Bey 
resigns;  Turkey  appeals 
to  Powers;  Italy  bom¬ 
bards  Preveza,  and  an¬ 
nounces  blockade  of 
Tripolitan  coast. 

Sept.  29.  Sweden:  In  the 
general  elections,  the 
Conservatives  are  de¬ 
feated,  and  M.  Lindman 
resigns  as  Premier. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1911 


Aug.  14.  Haiti:  General 
Leconte  elected  Presi¬ 
dent. 


Sept.  8.  Fighting  occurs 
between  Peruvians  and 
Bolivians  at.Manuripe. 
Sept.  Revolutionary  out¬ 
breaks  occur  in  China. 


342 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I9II  A.D 


a.d.  Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


1911  1911 

Oct.  9.  International 
Maritime  Conference 
meets  at  Paris.  Inter¬ 
national  Committee  of 
Cotton  Growing  Assoc¬ 
iations  meets  in  Berlin. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1911 

Oct.  19.  Chairman  N.W. 
Aldrich  presents  to  the 
U.  S.  National  Mone¬ 
tary  Commission  his 
plan  for  banking  and 
currency  reform. 


1911 

Oct.  6.  Canada:  Mr.  Bor¬ 
den  becomes  Premier 
and  forms  conservative 
ministry. 

Oct.  19.  Mr.  Birrell  out¬ 
lines  the  Government’s 
proposed  Irish  Home 
Rule  Bill. 

Oct.  23.  Winston  Church¬ 
ill  becomes  First  Lord 
of  the  Admiralty  and 
Reginald  McKenna 
Home  Secretary. 


Nov.  9.  Dedication  of 
granite  temple  erected 
over  the  cabin  in  which 
Abraham  Lincoln  was 
born. 


Dec.  8.  King  George  se¬ 
lects  position  for  the  All- 
India  memorial  to  Ed¬ 
ward  VII. 

Deaths  in  19  11:  Ab¬ 
bey,  E.  A.;  Bigelow 
John;  Clarke,  Sir  C.  P.; 
Dilke,  Sir  Chas. ;  Dry- 
den,  J.  F.;  Frye,  W.  P.; 
Gilbert,  Sir  W.  S.;  Har¬ 
lan,  J.  M.;  Higginson, 
T.  W.;  Hooker,  Sir  J.  D.; 
Houssaye,  Henri;  John¬ 
son,  T.  L.;  Komura, 
Marquis  J.;  March,  F. 
A.;  Mills,  R.  Q.;  Mor¬ 
ton,  Paul;  Pulitzer, 
Joseph;  Rouvier,  M.; 
Stolypin,  P.  A. 


Nov.  13.  The  Sulzer  re¬ 
solution  providing  for 
the  abrogation  of  the 
treaty  of  1832  with  Rus¬ 
sia  passes  House  by  a 
vote  of  300  to  1. 

Nov.  15.  Plan  for  the 
dissolution  of  the  Stand¬ 
ard  Oil  Company  is 
made  public. 


Dec.  2.  The  McNamara 
brothers  confess  respon¬ 
sibility  for  the  explosion 
which  occurred  in  the 
building  of  the  Los 
Angeles  Times. 

Dec.  18.  Pres.  Taft  noti¬ 
fies  the  Russian  Gov’t 
that  the  treaty  of  1832, 
under  which  Russia  has 
excluded  Jewish  Amer¬ 
ican  citizens,  will  be 
abrogated  on  Dec.  31. 


Nov.  4..  The  Ulster  Union¬ 
ists  issue  a  manifesto 
refusing  to  accept  Home 
Rule. 

Nov.  8.  Mr.  Balfour  re¬ 
signs  as  leader  of  the 
Unionist  party. 

Nov.  11.  King  George  V. 
leaves  England  for  India 
consigning  the  govern¬ 
ment  of  the  realm  to  a 
commission  formed  of 
Prince  Arthur  of  Con¬ 
naught,  the  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  and  Lord 
Morley. 

Nov.  13.  Mr.  Bonar  Law 
selected  as  leader  of 
the  Unionist  party. 

Nov.  27.  Sir  Edward  Grey, 
in  a  speech  before  the 
Commons  concerning  the 
Moroccan  negotiations, 
supports  the  claims  and 
position  of  France. 

Dec.  6.  The  Insurance 
Bill  passes  House  of 
Commons. 

Dec.  12.  Coronation  Dur¬ 
bar  at  Delhi,  at  which 
King  George  V.  an¬ 
nounces  the  transfer  of 
the  capital  from  Cal¬ 
cutta  to  Delhi. 

Dec.  15.  The  Insurance 
Bill  passes  House  of 
Lords. 


1911  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


343 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1911 


1911 

Oct.  18.  Germany:  The 
Kaiser  unveils,  at  Aix- 
la-Chapelle,  statue  of 
Frederick  the  Great. 

Oct.  25.  After  many 
diplomatic  exchanges, 
France  and  Germany 
arrive  at  agreement  con¬ 
cerning  points  of  dif¬ 
ference  in  Moroccan 
controversy. 


Nov.  2.  France  and  Ger¬ 
many  negotiate  treaty 
concerning  exchange  of 
territory  in  Africa;  4. 
The  treaty  agreed  upon 
and  signed. 

Nov.  24.  Publication  in 
London  of  the  five  secret 
articles  of  the  Anglo- 
French  declaration  of 
1904  concerning  Egypt 
and  Morocco. 

Nov.  27.  German  Navy 
League  begins  campaign 
advocating  the  enlarge¬ 
ment  of  the  naval  force. 


1911 

Oct.  3.  Italy  announces 
complete  blockade  of 
Tripolitan  ports. 

Oct.  4.  Said  Pasha  forms 
new  Turkish  Ministry. 

Oct.  5.  Italian  flag  raised 
at  Tripoli. 

Oct.  7.  Sweden:  M.  Staaff 
forms  new  ministry. 


Nov.  3.  Russia  demands 
an  apology  for  insult  to 
consular  officers  by  Per¬ 
sian  gendarmerie. 

Nov.  5.  Italy,  by  Royal 
Decree,  annexes  Tripoli 
and  Cyrenaica. 

Nov.  8.  The  Portuguese 
Cabinet  resigns. 

Nov.  11.  Portugal:  New 
ministry  formed  under 
Senhor  Vasconcelles. 


1911 

Oct.  1.  Mexico:  General 
Francisco  I.  Madero 
elected  President. 

Oct.  14.  China:  Because 
of  the  serious  revolu¬ 
tionary  activities  in 
China,  Yuan  Sbih-kai 
is  recalled  from  banish¬ 
ment  and  made  Viceroy. 

Oct.  16.  Mexico:  Fight¬ 
ing  between  Maderistas 
and  Zapatistas. 

Oct.  19.  Persia  appeals 
to  Great  Britain  for  as¬ 
sistance  against  Russia. 

Oct.  26.  China:  The  Revo¬ 
lutionist  leader  Li- 
Huan-Hung  proclaims 
a  republic. 

Oct.  30.  China:  The  Em¬ 
peror  grants  a  constitu¬ 
tion. 

Nov.  8.  Shuster  charges 
both  Russia  and  Great 
Britain  _  with  unwar¬ 
ranted  interference  in 
Persian  affairs. 

Nov.  14.  China:  An  im¬ 
perial  edict  commands 
Yuan  Shih-kai  to  accept 
premiership;  26.  Revo¬ 
lutionists  attack  Nan¬ 
king. 


Dec.  20.  France:  The 
Chamber  assents  to 
Franco-German  agree¬ 
ment  by  a  vote  of  393  to 
36. 


Dec.  1.  Russia  sends  an¬ 
other  ultimatum  to  Per¬ 
sia  demanding  dismissal 
of  Shuster;  3.  Sends 
troops  into  Persia. 


Dec.  1.  China:  Rebels 
capture  Nanking;  5. 
Prince  Chun,  the  regent, 
abdicates,  and  guardians 
are  appointed  for  infant 
emperor. 

Dec.  4.  Persia  appeals 
to  the  world  for  aid 
against  Russia;  22: 
Persia  yields  to  the  de¬ 
mands  of  Russia;  dis¬ 
misses  Shuster. 


344 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1912  A.D 


A.D. 


1912 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


1912 


Mar.  7.  Amundsen,  the 
Norwegian  explorer,  an¬ 
nounces  the  discovery  of 
the  South  Pole,  which 
he  reached  on  Dec.  11, 
1911. 


United  States. 


1912 

Jan.  4.  Pres.  Taft  issues 
proclamation  recogniz¬ 
ing  the  admission  of  New 
Mexico  to  the  American 
Union  of  States. 

Jan.  14.  The  Supreme 
Court  decides  that  the 
amended  Employers’ 
Liability  Law  is  consti¬ 
tutional. 

Jan.  16.  Pres.  Taft  noti¬ 
fies  the  Cuban  Govern¬ 
ment  that  intervention 
will  result  unless  the 
military  .  authorities 
cease  to  interfere  in 
civil  affairs. 

Jan.  29.  Clarence  S.  Dar- 
row  indicted  on  charge 
of  bribing  McNamara 
jurors. 

Feb.  10.  The  Senate  Com¬ 
mittee  on  Privileges  and 
Elections  exonerates 
Senator  Stephenson,  of 
Wisconsin,  from  charges 
of  corruption. 

Feb.  14.  Pres.  Taft  pro¬ 
claims  the  admission  of 
Arizona  to  statehood. 

Feb.  19.  Supreme  Court 
decides,  that,  in  accord¬ 
ance  with  the  constitu¬ 
tional  guaranty,  it  is 
function  of  Congress  to 
determine  whether  or 
not  the  adoption  of  the 
initiative  and  referen¬ 
dum  renders  govern¬ 
ment  of  a  State  unrepub¬ 
lican  in  form. 

Feb.  .  25.  Col.  Roosevelt 
writes  to  seven  gover¬ 
nors  that  he  will  accept 
the  Republican  nomina¬ 
tion  for  President. 

Mar.  2.  Pres.  Taft  issues 
proclamation  of  neutral¬ 
ity  in  reference  to  Mexi¬ 
co. 

Mar.  7.  The  Senate,  after 
adopting  certain  amend¬ 
ments,  ratifies.  arbitra¬ 
tion  treaties  with  Great 
Britain  and  France. 

Mar.  14.  Pres.  Taft  for¬ 
bids  shipment  of  arms 
into  Mexico. 


British  Empire. 


1912 


Feb.  14.  Bill  for  the  dis¬ 
establishment  of  Welsh 
Church  introduced  in 
House  of  Commons. 


Mar.  1.  General  strike  of 
coal  miners  begins  in 
Great  Britain;  more 
than  a  million  men  stop 
work,  the  mines  sus¬ 
pend  operation,  and  in¬ 
dustries  generally  suffer. 

Mar.  21.  Minimum  Wage 
Bill  passes  House  of 
Commons,  and  House 
of.  Lords  on  the  28th; 
crisis  in  miners’  strike 
is  passed. 

Mar.  Suffragettes  be¬ 
come  particularly  vio¬ 
lent,  smashing  hundreds 
of  windows. 


1912  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


345 


a.d.  France  and  Germany. 


1912  1912 

Jan.  10.  France:  As  a 
result  of  sensational 
charges  of  M.  Clemen- 
ceau,  in  reference  to  the 
conduct  of  the  negotia¬ 
tions  regarding  Morocco 
the  premier,  M.  Cail- 
laux,  and  the  Cabinet 
resign;  13.  A  new  Cabi¬ 
net  formed  under  M. 
Poincare;  17.  Violent 
outburst  of  anti-Italian 
feeling  follows  seizure 
of  French  liners  by 
Italian  warships  ( see 
Italy);  matter  later  re¬ 
ferred  to  arbitration. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1912 

Jan.  12.  Naval  engage¬ 
ment  takes  place  in  the 
Red  Sea  between  Italian 
cruisers  and  Turkish 
gunboats,  in  which  seven 
Turkish  ships  are  sunk; 
17.  Italian  torpedo  boats 
seize  the  French  liners 
Carthage  and  Manouba, 
alleging  that  they  carry 
contraband;  strained 
diplomatic  relations  be¬ 
tween  two  countries. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1912 

Jan.  2.  China:  Dr.  Sun 
Yat  Sen  proclaims  him¬ 
self  provisional  Presi¬ 
dent  of  the  Republic  of 
China. 

January.  Mexico:  Inci¬ 
pient  revolts  against  the 
Madero  Government 
break  out. 


Feb.  1.  France:  War  De¬ 
partment  abolishes  sys¬ 
tem  of  secret  reports; 
10;  Senate  ratifies  Mo¬ 
rocco  agreement  bill. 

Feb.  Germany:  In  gen¬ 
eral  elections,  the  Social¬ 
ists  make  remarkable 
gains. 


Mar.  11.  Westphalian 
and  French  miners  strike 
i  n  _  sympathy  with 
Engish  miners. 

Mar.  30.  France  estab¬ 
lishes  protectorate  over 
Morocco. 


Feb.  22.  Italy:  The  Par¬ 
liament  passes  a  bill 
for  the  annexation  of 
Tripoli. 


Mar.  7.  Austria-Hungary: 
The  Hungarian  Premier, 
Count  Khuen-Hedevary, 
resigns,  but  continues 
in  power. 


Feb.  2.  Honduras:  Gen¬ 
eral  Bonilla  assumes  the 
presidency. 

Feb.  5.  Santo  Domingo: 
Eladio  Victoria  elected 
President. 

Feb.  12.  China:  The  Em¬ 
peror  abdicates,  and  a 
Republic  is  established; 
15.  Yuan  Shih-kai 
elected  President  by  the 
National  Assembly. 


Mar.  21.  Paraguay:  The 
Government  overthrown 
by  a  revolution  led  by 
General  Navero. 

Mar.  29.  China:  Tang- 
Shao-yi  becomes  first 
premier  of  the  Republic. 


346 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1912  A.D 


A.D. 


1912 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


1912 

Apr.  12.  Memorial  to 
Queen  Victoria  unveiled 
at  Cimiez. 

Apr.  16.  Miss  Harriet 
Quimby,  a  woman  avi¬ 
ator,  flies  across  the 
English  Channel. 


May  1.  New  typhoid  se¬ 
rum  submitted  to  the 
French  Academy  by 
Drs.  Metchnikoff  and 
Broughton  Alcock;  and 
a  new  medicinal  treat¬ 
ment  of  cancer  an¬ 
nounced  by  Dr.  Grezda 
of  Agram. 


United  States. 


1912 

Apr.  1.  Wool  Bill  passes 
House. 

Apr.  27.  Committee  on 
Banking  and  Currency 
in  House  begin  investi¬ 
gation  of  the  Money 
Trust. 

Apr.  29.  Inquiry  ordered 
by  the  Senate  into  con¬ 
tributions  and  campaign 
funds  for  the  years  1904- 
1908. 

May  17.  Eugene  V.  Debs 
nominated  for  President 
by  the  Socialist  National 
Convention. 

May  28.  The  Smith  Com¬ 
mittee  of  Inquiry  of  the 
Senate  make  report  on 
the  sinking  of  the  Ti¬ 
tanic. 

May  30.  Steel  Bill  passes 
Senate. 


British  Empire. 


1912 

Apr.  15.  The  White  Star 
liner  Titanic  strikes  ice¬ 
berg  off  the  coast  of  N ew- 
foundland  and  sinks, 
with  loss  of  1513. 

Apr.  17.  The  proposed 
loan  to  China  becomes 
open  equally  to  six 
Powers:  Great  Britain, 
France,  Germany,  Japan, 
Russia,  and  the  United 
States. 

May  2.  Titanic  inquiry 
opens  under  presidency 
of  Lord  Mersey. 

May  23.  General  strike 
proclaimed  of  all  trans¬ 
port  workers  of  London; 
ends  July  29. 

May-June.  Discussions 
in  House  of  Commons 
concerning  Irish  Home 
Rule. 


June  8.  Memorial  to 
Christopher  Columbus 
unveiled  at  Washington, 
D.  C. 


July  24.  First  Interna¬ 
tional  Congress  on  Eu¬ 
genics  held  in  London; 
Prof.  Herschell  Parker 
and  Belmore  Brown 
announce  that  they  have 
ascended  within  three 
hundred  feet  of  the 
summit  of  Mt.  McKin¬ 
ley. 


June  17.  President  Taft 
vetoes  Army  Appropri¬ 
ation  Bill. 

June  18.  Republican  Na¬ 
tional  Convention  meets 
in  Chicago. 

June  22.  President  Taft 
renominated  by  Repub¬ 
licans;  followers  of 
Roosevelt  “bolt’]  and 
propose  organization  of 
new  Progressive  Party. 

June  25.  Democratic 
National  Convention  as¬ 
sembles  at  Baltimore. 

July  2.  Dr.  Woodrow  Wil¬ 
son  nominated  on  46th 
ballot  by  Democratic 
National  Convention. 

July  11.  House  of  Rep.  im¬ 
peaches  Judge  Archbald. 

July  13.  Senator  Lorimer 
unseated. 

July  29.  Lieutenant  Beck¬ 
er,  of  the  New  York 
City  Police,  arrested  for 
having  instigated  mur¬ 
der  of  Herman  Rosen¬ 
thal;  in  subsequent  de¬ 
velopments,  a  great 
scandal  arises  from  al¬ 
leged  grafting  practises 
of  the  police. 


June  12.  Col.  J.  E.  B. 
Seeley  becomes  Secre¬ 
tary  of  State  for  war  in 
British  Gov’t. 

June  19.  The  House  of 
Commons,  by  a  majority 
of  69,  declines  to  exclude 
Ulster  from  operation  of 
Home  Rule  Bill. 


July  9.  New  Zealand: 
MacKensie  Ministry  re¬ 
signs,  and  Mr.  Massey 
forms  another  on  the 
10th. 

July  11.  Great  Britain 
protests  against  exemp¬ 
tion  of  American  coast¬ 
wise  ships  in  Canal  Tolls 
Bill,  pending  in  U.  S. 
Congress. 


1912  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


347 


A.D 


France  and  Germany. 


1912 


1912 

Apr.  15.  Germany:  De¬ 
fense  Bill,  providing  for 
great  increase  in  naval 
and  military  expendi¬ 
tures,  introduced  in 
Reichstag. 

Apr.  17.  France:  Native 
Moroccan  troops  mu¬ 
tiny;  22.  Order  restored 
after  bloody  fighting. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1912 

Apr.  18.  Italian  warships 
bombard  forts  at  en¬ 
trance  of  Dardanelles. 

Apr.  21.  Austria-Hung- 
gary:  George  Lukacs  be¬ 
comes  Hungarian  Pre¬ 
mier. 

Apr.  30.  Portugal :  Royal¬ 
ist  raid  occurs  at 
Mongao. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1912 

Apr.  17.  Mexico  declines 
to  recognize  right  of 
U.  S.  Government  to 
interfere  in  her  affairs. 


May  8.  Germany:  The 
Reichstag  adopts  new 
rule  of  practice  by  which 
members  have  right  to 
interpellate  ministers. 

May  13.  Germany:  Em¬ 
peror  William,  in  pri¬ 
vate  conversation  with 
Burgomaster  of  *Strass- 
burg,  threatens  to  abol¬ 
ish  the  constitution  of 
Alsace  and  Lorraine  and 
incorporate  provinces 
with  Prussia. 

May  21.  Germany:  De¬ 
fense  Bill  passed  by 
Reichstag. 

May  23.  France:  M. 
Paul  Deschanel  elected 
President  of  Chamber  of 
Deputies  in  place  of  M. 
Brisson  (deceased). 

June  30.  France:  Cele¬ 
bration  at  Paris  of  bi¬ 
centenary  of  Rousseau. 


May  15.  King  Frederick 
of  Denmark  dies  and  is 
succeeded  by  Christian 
X. 

May  22.  Austria-Hun¬ 
gary:  On  reopening  of 
Hungarian  Chamber, 
Count  Tisra  is  elected 
President  amid  scenes 
of  great  confusion. 


June  5.  Hungary:  Scenes 
of  wild  disorder  occur 
in  Chamber  when  the 
opponents  of  the  Tisra 
Army  Bill  are  expelled 
by  the  police. 

June  19.  Montenegro: 
General  Martinovitch 
forms  new  Cabinet. 

June.  Guerilla  warfare 
between  Italians  and 
Arabs  continues  in  Tri¬ 
poli. 


June  28.  The  Chinese  Pre¬ 
mier,  Tang  Shao-yi, 
resigns;  succeeded  by 
Lu  Cheng-Nsieng. 


July  9.  France:  Chamber 
of  Deputies  accepts  the 
principle  of  the  Govern¬ 
ment’s  electoral  reform 
bill;  io.  Despite  violent 
demonstration  by  Op¬ 
position,  the  bill  passes 
by  vote  of  339  to  217. 


July  8.  Italy:  Trial  of 
the  Camorrists  at  Vi¬ 
terbo  ends,  and  twenty- 
six  men  are  convicted 
— the  sentences  of  im¬ 
prisonment  varying  from 
five  to  thirty  years. 

July  17.  Turkey:  Min¬ 
istry  under  Said  Pasha 
resigns,  and  is  succeeded, 
on  i8th,  by  Tewfik 
Pasha;  on  the  same  day 
the  last  named  ministry 
is  overthrown  and  Ghazi 
Mukhtar  Pasha  forms 
a  Cabinet. 


July  29.  Japan:  Mutsu- 
hito.  Emperor  of  Japan, 
dies:  he  is  succeeded  on 
the  30th  by  his  son 
Yoshihito. 


348 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1912  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1912 


1912 

Aug.  14.  The  Duke  of 
Connaught  dedicates 
National  Memorial  to 
Nova  Scotian  Assembly, 
which  was  first  opened 
in  1758. 


Sept.  4.  Eighth  Interna¬ 
tional  Congress  of  Ap¬ 
plied  Chemistry  meets 
at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Sept.  9.  Prof.  Vilhjalmar 
Stefansson  returns  after 
four  years’  exploration 
in  arctic  regions. 

Sept.  10.  International 
Congress  for  Labor 
Legislation  opens  at 
Zurich. 

Sept.  30.  Opening  of  the 
Pulitzer  School  of  Jour¬ 
nalism  at  Columbia  Uni¬ 
versity. 


1912 

Aug.  2.  The  Monroe  Doc¬ 
trine  extended,  by  Lodge 
resolution  in  the  Senate, 
to  cover  foreign  corpo¬ 
rations  holding  land  on 
American  continents; 
the  Stanley  Committee 
for  investigating  U.  S. 
Steel  Corporation  reports 
to  House  of  Representa¬ 
tives  and  suggests  legisla¬ 
tion  to  control  industrial 
combinations  and  trusts. 

Aug.  5.  Progressive  Na¬ 
tional^  Convention  opens 
in  Chicago,  and  on  the 
7th  nominates  Theodore 
Roosevelt  for  President. 

Aug.  9.  Senate  passes 
Canal  Tolls  Bill;  Presi¬ 
dent  Taft  vetoes  Wool 
Bill. 

Aug.  14.  Steel  and  Iron 
Tariff  Revision  Bill, 
which  was.  vetoed  by 
Pres.  Taft,  is  passed  over 
his  veto  by  House  of 
Rep.,  but  veto  is  sus¬ 
tained  in  the  Senate. 

Sept.  13.  The  United 
States  Government  de¬ 
cides  to  intervene  in 
Santo  Domingo,  be¬ 
cause  of  civil  war  ob¬ 
taining  there. 


1912 

Aug.  19.  Great  Britain 
accepts  the  invitation  of 
Count  Berchtold  to  ex¬ 
change  ideas  relative  to 
situation  in  Balkan 
States. 


Sept.  6.  The  British 
Trade  Union  Congress  at 
Newport  votes  against 
Syndicalism  and  re-af- 
firms  its  support  of  in¬ 
dependent  working-class 
political  action. 

Sept.  19.  After  making 
demonstrations  against 
Home  Rule,  Ulster 
Unionists  sign  a  Solemn 
Covenant,,  pledging  con¬ 
tinued  resistance. 


1912  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


349 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere, 


1912 


1912 

Aug.  17.  France  and  Ger¬ 
many  accept  invitation 
of  Count  Berchtold  to 
join  in  “conversation” 
with  reference  to  Balkan 
affairs. 


1912 

Aug.  5.  Frontier  fights 
between  Montenegrins 
and  Turks. 

Aug.  8.  Turkish  Minister 
leaves  Cettigne. 

Aug.  16.  Austria:  Count 
Berchtold,  .  .  Austrian 
Foreign  Minister,  in¬ 
vites  Powers  to  join 
in  “conversation”  on 
Balkan  situation. 


1912 

Aug.  7.  Russia  and  Japan 
arrive  at  agreement  au¬ 
thorizing  spheres  of  in¬ 
fluence  in  Manchuria. 
Aug.  9.  Haiti:  Tancrede 
Auguste  made  President 
'  after  death  of  Leconte. 
Aug.  19.  Peru:  Guillermo 
E.  Billinghurst  elected 
President. 


Sept.  10.  France:  The 
Government  announces 
that  in  future  practically 
the  entire  fleet  will  be 
concentrated  in  Medi¬ 
terranean. 


Sep.  6.  Russia  and  China 
renew  treaty  of  St. 
Petersburg  for  ten  years. 

Sept.  9.  Servia:  The 
Tripkovitch  Ministry,  re¬ 
signs;  12.  M.  Pashitch 
forms  new  Gov’t. 

Sept.  30.  The  Balkan 
powers,  Bulgaria,  Servia, 
Montenegro, and  Greece, 
begin  mobilization  .  of 
troops  in  their  respective 
capitals. 


350 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1912  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


1912 


1912 


1912 

Oct.  — The  Clapp  Com¬ 
mittee  continues  inves¬ 
tigations;  4.  Ex- Presi¬ 
dent  Ro  osevelt  admits 
that  corporations  con¬ 
tributed  to  his  campaign 
fund  in  1904,  but  denies 
that  they  secured  any 
material  advantage  as  a 
return. 

Oct.  6.  United  States  ma¬ 
rines  capture  L6on,  the 
greatest  stronghold  of 
the  Nicaraguan  revolu¬ 
tionists;  the  insurrection 
is  suppressed  and  order, 
for  the  time,  restored. 

Oct.  7.  Trial  of  Lieut. 
Becker  begins  in  New 
York  City. 

Oct.  14.  Attempted  as¬ 
sassination  of  Col. Roose¬ 
velt  in  Milwaukee. 

Oct.  24.  Becker  found 
guilty. 


Nov.  22.  Cambridge  Uni¬ 
versity  abolishes  rule 
limiting  divinity  degrees 
to  members  of  the 
Church  of  England. 

Nov.  California,  Arizona, 
Kansas,  and  Oregon 
grant  complete  suffrage 
to  women 


Nov.  4.  Supreme  Court 
formulates  simplified 
rules  of  equity  procedure 
in  federal  courts. 

Nov.  5.  The  general  elec¬ 
tion  results  in  success  of 
Wilson  and  Marshall, 
the  Democratic  nomi¬ 
nees  for  President  and 
Vice-President. 


British  Empire. 


1912 

Oct.  22.  House  of  Com¬ 
mons  appoints  commit¬ 
tee  to  investigate 
alleged  atrocities  in  the 
Putumayo  district  of 
Peru. 


Nov.  9.  James  Bryce, 
ambassador  to  U.  S., 
resigns. 

Nov.  11.  Government  de¬ 
feated  by  22  votes  dur¬ 
ing  committee  stage  of 
Home  Rule  Bill. 

Nov.  28.  An  organized 
attempt  made  by  suf¬ 
fragettes  to  destroy  pil¬ 
lar-box  mail. 


1912  A.D 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


351 


A.D. 


1912 


France  and  Germany. 


1912 

Oct.  5.  Premier  Poincar6 
submits  proposals  to 
the  Powers  whereby  war 
in  the  Balkans  may  be 
prevented,  and  suggests 
joint  _  intervention  by 
Austria-Hungary  and 
Russia. 

Oct.  11.  Germany:  Resig¬ 
nation  of  Herr  Kaempf, 
President  of  Reichstag. 


Nov.  4.  France  rejects 
Turkish  appeal  for  in¬ 
tervention;  6.  Parlia¬ 
mentary  commission  ap¬ 
pointed  to  inquire  into 
depopulation. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1912 

Oct.  8.  Montenegro,  de¬ 
spite  protest  of  Powers, 
declares  war  against  Tur¬ 
key;  9.  Attacks  Turkish 
forces  at  Podgoritza  and 
captures  the  Planinitza 
and  Detchitch  moun¬ 
tains;  13.  Bulgaria,  Ser- 
via,  and  Greece  present 
notes  to  Turkey  demand¬ 
ing  autonomy  for  Mace¬ 
donia  within  six  months; 
18.  The  powers  men¬ 
tioned  declare  war 
against  Turkey,  andtheir 
armies  advance  into 
Turkish  territory;  Peace 
treaty  between  Italy  and 
Turkey  signed  at  Ouchy, 
Switzerland;  the  Powers 
later  recognize  Italian 
sovereignty  in  Tripoli; 
22.  Kirdjaii  captured  by 
Bulgarians,  Prishtina  by 
Servians;  Bulgarians  win 
great  victory  at  Kirk 
Killise;  24.  Bulgarians 
advance  on  Adrianople, 
and. Greeks  occupy  Kaz- 
hani ;  26.  Servians  occupy 
Uskub;  29-30.  Great 
battle  fought  near  Lule 
Burgas  between  Bul¬ 
garians  and  Turks,  after 
which  Turks  are  forced 
to  retreat  toward  Chat- 
aldja  lines;  30.  Ghazi 
Mukhtar  Pasha  resigns, 
and  Kiamil  Pasha  forms 
new  government. 

Nov.  3.  The  Balkans: 
Turkey  requests  Powers 
to  intervene;  5.  Bul¬ 
garians  force  Turks  with¬ 
in  the  Chataldja  lines 
with  great  loss;  8.  Salo¬ 
nika  surrenders  to  the 
Crown  Prince  of  Greece; 
13.  Turkey  opens  peace 
negotiations  with  Bul¬ 
garia;  17.  Servians  cap¬ 
ture  Monastir;  21.  Af¬ 
ter  short  suspension  of 
hostilities  during  the 
negotiations,  the  war  is 
resumed,  Turkey  having 
declined  the  peace  con¬ 
ditions  offered. 

Nov.  10.  Socialists  in 
Vienna  make  demon¬ 
stration  against  war  in 
Balkans. 

Nov.  12.  Premier  Cana- 
lejas,  of  Spain,  assas- 
sinated;  14.  Count 
Romanones  forms  new 
Cabinet. 


The  World,  elsewhere, 


1912 

Oct.  16.  Mexico:  Revo¬ 
lution  breaks  out  in 
Vera  Cruz;  later  sup¬ 
pressed,  and  its  leader, 
Felix  Diaz,  is  captured 
and  condemned  to  death 
— a  penalty  subsequently 
revoked. 

Oct.  —  Peru:  Diplomatic 
exchanges  with  United 
States  with  reference  to 
alleged  Putumayo  atro¬ 
cities  in  which  Peru 
protests  against  com¬ 
mission  of  investigation. 


Nov.  1.  Cuba:  Gen.  Ma¬ 
rio  G.  Menocal  elected 
President. 

Nov..  11.  Diplomatic  re¬ 
lations  between  Peru 
and  Chile  are  resumed 
after  a  suspension  of 
2Y2  years. 

Nov.  28.  Gen.  Victoria 
resigns  as  Pres,  of  Santo 
Domingo,  and  is  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  Archbishop 
Nouel. 


I 


352 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1912  A.D.- 


a.d.  Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


1912  1912 

Dec.  3.  Oxford  Univer¬ 
sity  abolishes  rule  re¬ 
stricting  divinity  de¬ 
grees  to  members  of  the 
Church  of  England. 

Deaths  in  1912:  Alma- 
Tadema,  Sir  L.;  Astor, 
J.  J.;  Booth,  Wm.; 
Brisson,  Henri;  Cana- 
lejas,  Jos6;  Evans,  R.D.: 
Frederick  VII.,  King  of 
Denmark;  Labouchere, 
Henry;  Lang,  Andrew; 
Lister,  Baron,  J.;  Loy- 
son,  C.;  Mutsuhito,  Em¬ 
peror  of  Japan;  Nogi, 
M.;  Rayner,  Isidore; 
Sherman  J.  S.;  Stead, 
W.  T.;  Weaver,  J.  B. 


1913 


1913 

Jan.  1.  The  Parcels  Post 
system  inaugurated 
throughout  the  United 
States. 


United  States. 


1912 

Dec.  3.  The  Archbald 
impeachment  trial  be¬ 
gins. 

Dec.  18.  Burnett  Immi¬ 
gration  Bill  with  illiter¬ 
acy  test  attached  passes 
the  House  of  Repre¬ 
sentatives. 


1913 

Jan.  13.  Judge  Archbald 
found  guilty  upon  five 
articles  of  impeachment 
and  disqualified  from 
ever  holding  public  office 
in  the  United  States. 

Jan.  23.  Bill  limiting  cam¬ 
paign  contributions  to 
15000  passes  the  Senate. 


Feb.  10.  It  is  reported 
that  Capt.  R.  F.  Scott, 
the  polar  explorer, 
reached  the  South  Pole, 
but  that,  on  the  return 
journey,  he  and  four 
members  of  the  party 
perished. 


Feb.  1.  Senate  adopts  the 
proposed  amendment  to 
the  _  Constitution  re¬ 
stricting  Presidents  to 
one  term  of  six  years. 

Feb.  3.  The  Income  Tax 
amendment  to  the  Con¬ 
stitution  is  ratified  by 
the  required  number  of 
States,  and  becomes  a 
part  of  the  organic  law. 

Feb.  4.  Pres.  Taft  vetoes 
Rivers  and  Harbors  Ap¬ 
propriation  Bill. 

Feb.  8.  House  of  Rep. 
passes  the  Webb  Liquor 
Bill;  10.  Senate  passes 
Webb  Bill;  14.  Pres. 
Taft  vetoes  the  Immi¬ 
gration  Bill;  _  18.  The 
Senate  #  overrides  veto 
of  Immigration  Bill,  but 
House  sustains  it;  28. 
The  Senate  overrides 
the  veto  of  the  Webb 
Bill. 

Feb.  Pres.  Taft  declines 
to  recognize  the  Huerta 
government  of  Mexico — 
a  policy  continued  by 
Pres.  Wilson. 


British  Empire. 


1912 

Dec.  14.  South  Africa: 
Premier  Botha  resigns; 
20.  Forms  new  Cabinet. 

Dec.  16.  Bonar  Law,  in 
important  speech  at 
Ashton-  under-Tyne 
outlines  Unionist  Tariff 
policy. 

Dec.  17.  Meeting  of  the 
ambassadors  >  of  the 
Great  Powers  in  London 
to  discuss  the  Balkan 
situation. 

Dec.  21.  British  Medical 
Ass’n  rejects  Gov’t’s 
proposals  regarding  pro¬ 
visions  of  Insurance  Act. 


1913 

Jan.  16.  The  Irish  Home 
Rule  Bill  passes  the 
House  of  Commons  by  a 
majority  of  110  (first 
passage). 

Jan.  27.  The  Speaker  of 
the  House  of  Commons 
rules  out  the  Woman’s 
Suffrage  Bill  because  of 
changes  in  the  _  text 
after  the  first  reading. 

Jan.  30.  Home  Rule  Bill 
rejected  in  the  House  of 
Lords. 

Feb.  13.  The  House  of 
Lords  reject  the  Welsh 
Disestablishment  Bill. 


1913  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


353 


a.d.  France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1912 

Dec.  The  Balkans:  Bul¬ 
garia,  Servia,  and  Mon¬ 
tenegro  sign  armistice 
with  Turkey,  but  Greece 
abstains;  5.  The  signa¬ 
tories  to  the  armistice 
agreement  appoint  dele¬ 
gates  to  peace  confer¬ 
ence  at  London;  16. 
Representatives  of  Tur¬ 
key  and  the  Balkan 
States  assemble  in  Lon¬ 
don  for  conference;  28. 
The  allies  reject  pro¬ 
posals  of  Turkey. 


1913 

Jan.  22.  Turkey:  The 
Gov’t,  decides  to  yield 
Adrianople;  23.  The  war 
party  in  Constantinople 
revolts,  because  of  pro¬ 
posed  treaty  concessions^ 
and  Nazim  Pasha,  min¬ 
ister  of  war,  is  assas¬ 
sinated. 

Jan.  30.  The  Balkan  Al¬ 
lies  give  notice  that  the 
armistice  has  terminated 
and  that  war  will  be 
resumed. 

Feb.  The  Balkans:  Re¬ 
sumption  of  hostilities 
by  Allies  and  a  general 
advance  on  Turkish 
lines. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1912 

Dec.  4.  Japan:  Resigna¬ 
tion  of  the  premier. 
Marquis  Saionji;  19. 
Prince  Katsura  forms 
new  Government. 


1913 

January.  Serious  disorder 
continues  in  Mexico. 


Feb.  Mexico:  A  battle  is 
fought  in  the  streets  of 
Mexico  City  between 
the  federal  troops  and 
the  followers  of  Felix 
Diaz;  18.  Pres.  Madero 
is  taken  prisoner,  and 
Victoriano  Huerta  is 
proclaimed  provisional 
President;  23.  ex-Pres. 
Madero  and  _  ex-Vice- 
Pres.  Suarez  killed  while 
being  transferred  to  the 
penitentiary  in  Mexico 
City. 

Feb.  10.  Japan:  The  pre¬ 
mier,  Katsura,  and  his 
Cabinet  resign;  he  is 
succeeded  by  Count 
Yomomato. 


1912 


1913 


1912 

Dec.  7.  Germany:  The 
Triple  Alliance  renewed 
without  change. 

Dec.  26.  France:  Premier 
Poincare  announces  can¬ 
didature  for  Presidency. 


1913 

Jan.  17.  France:  The 
National  Assembly  se¬ 
lects  Raymond  Poincare 
as  President;  20.  M. 
Aristide  Briand,  after 
resignation  of  M.  Poin¬ 
care,  forms  new  Cabinet. 


Feb.  14.  Germany: 
Largely  through  efforts 
of  Socialists,  the  Gov’t 
acquires  majority  of 
stock  in  new  petroleum 
monopoly;  27.  A  com¬ 
mittee  of  the  Reichstag 
decides  to  limit  the  profit 
of  the  Gov’t  in  oil  to  5 
per  cent. 

Feb.  18.  France:  Poin- 
carfe  inaugurated  as 
President. 


354 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1913  A.D 


A.D. 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

United  States. 

British  Empire. 

1913 

1913 

1913 

Mar.  1.  The  House  over¬ 
rides  veto  of  the  Webb 
Bill. 

Mar.  3.  First  territorial 
legislature  of  Alaska 
meets  at  Juneau. 

Mar.  4.  Pres.  Taft  signs  bill 
creating  Department  of 
Labor;  Woodrow  Wilson 
inaugurated  as  President 
of  the  United  States. 

Mar.  17.  Pres.  Wilson 
calls  special  session  of 
Congress  to  revise  the 
tariff  law 

Mar.  18.  Pres.  Wilson  dis¬ 
courages  American 
Bankers  from  continuing 
in  the  six-Power  Chinese 
loan  group. 

1913 

Mar.  26.  Winston  Church¬ 
ill,  speaking  in  the 
House  of  Commons, 
urges  Great  Britain  and 
Germany  to  suspend 
naval  construction  for 
a  year. 

May  1.  The  National 
Peace  Congress  meets  at 
St.  Louis. 

May  8.  First  inter-de¬ 
nominational  conference 
in  America  meets  in  New 
York  to  consider  the 
possibility  of  uniting  all 
Christian  organizations. 

May  1 2.  International 
Peace  Conference  meets 
at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Apr.  3.  The  U.  S.  Gov’t, 
recognizes  Republic  of 
China. 

Apr.  7.  Congress  con¬ 
venes  in  extraordinary 
session. 

Apr.  8.  Seventeenth 
Amendment  to  the  Con¬ 
stitution  is  ratified  by 
the  requisite  number  of 
States. 

Apr.  19.  Pres.  Wilson 
urges  the  State  of  Cali¬ 
fornia  to  make  the  pio- 
posed  legislation  con¬ 
cerning  ownership  of 
land  by  aliens  less  ob¬ 
jectionable  to  Japan. 

Apr.  30.  The  Webb  Anti- 
Alien  Land  Bill  passed 
by  Legislature  of  Cali¬ 
fornia. 

May  4.  Gov.  _  Johnson 
signs  Anti-Alien  Land 
Bill. 

May  8.  The  Underwood 
Tariff  Bill  passes  the 
House  of  Represen¬ 

tatives  by  a  vote  of  281 
to  139. 

Apr.  3.  Mrs.  Emmeline 
Pankhurst  sentenced  to 
three  years’  imprison¬ 
ment  on  charge  of  in¬ 
stigating  destruction  of 
property. 

1913  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


355 


a.d.  France  and  Germany. 


1913  1913 

Mar.  18.  France:  Pre¬ 
mier  Briand  and  his 
Cabinet  resign. 

Mar.  21.  France:  The 
B  a  r  t  h  o  u  ministry  is 
announced. 


Apr.  18.  Germany:  Herr 
Liebknecht,  Socialist 
leader,  causes  sensation 
by  charging  the  Krupps 
and  other  gun  manu¬ 
facturers  with  bribing 
officers  in  the  War  De¬ 
partment  and  with  creat¬ 
ing  war  scares  in  other 
countries  for  the  pur¬ 
pose  of  business  advant¬ 
age. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1913 

Mar.  6.  The  Balkans: 
J  a  n  i  n  a,  with  32,000 
troops,  surrenders  to 
Greeks;  The  Hungarian 
Chamber  enact  a  suf¬ 
frage  law  granting  a 
limited  franchise  to  wo¬ 
men;  18.  King  George 
of  Greece  is  assassinated 
at  Salonika;  19.  Crown 
Prince  Constantine  is 
proclaimed  King  of 
Greece;  26.  Adrianople, 
after  prolonged  siege, 
surrenders  to  combined 
force  of  Bulgarians  and 
Servians. 

Mar.  11.  Russia  and 
Austria-Hungary  agree 
to  demobilize  troops  on 
the  Russo-A  u  s  t  r  i  a  n 
border. 

Apr.  23.  The  Balkans: 
Montenegrin  soldiers 
capture  Scutari. 

Ap>r.-May.  Negotiations 
instituted  for  peace  be¬ 
tween  Balkan  allies  and 
Turkey. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1913 

Mar.  7.  Mexico:  Huerta 
denies  that  Madero  and 
Suarez  were  murdered. 

Mar.  21.  Honduras:  Pres. 
Manual  Bonilla  dies, 
and  is  succeeded  by  Vice- 
Pres.  Francisco  Ber¬ 
trand. 


Apr.  8.  The  first  Parlia¬ 
ment  of  the  Chinese 
Republic  convenes. 

Apr.  12.  Japan:  The 
Japanese  Ambassador 
presents  formal  protest 
to  United  States  against 
the  discriminatory  pro¬ 
visions  of  the  proposed 
anti-alien  land  legisla¬ 
tion  in  California. 


May  5.  Montenegro, 
yielding  to  pressure  of 
the  Powers,  evacuates 
Scutari. 

May  30.  The  Balkan 
Allies  and  Turkey  sign 
treaty  o  f  peace  at 
London. 


May  4.  Michel  Oreste 
elected  President  of 
Haiti. 

May  8.  Bolivia:  Gen. 
Ismael  Montes  elected 
President. 

May  10.  China:  The 
Gov't,  accepts  loan  of 
$125,000,000  from  the 
international  banking 
syndicate. 

May.  Rebellion  against 
the  Huerta  government 
breaks  out  in  Northern 
Mexico. 


356 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1913  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1913 


1913 

June- July  _  Celebration  of 
the  semi-  centennial  of 
the  Battle  of  Gettys¬ 
burg. 


June.  Alaska  grants  com¬ 
plete  suffrage  to  women. 

July  26.  Illinois  grants 
partial  suffrage  to 
women. 


1913 

June  10.  The  Supreme 
Court  decides  that  the 
States  have  the  right  to 
fix  intra-state  railroad 
rates  so  long  as  they  do 
not  make  them  confisca¬ 
tory. 

June  23.  Pres.  Wilson 
reads  his  message  to 
Congress  urging  reform 
of  the  banking  and  cur¬ 
rency  law. 

June  28.  Sec.  Bryan  and 
Ambassador  Chinda 
sign  renewal  of  the 
arbitration  _  agreement 
between  United  States 
and  Japan. 

July  11.  The  Senate  be¬ 
gins  an  investigation  of 
the  alleged  political  acti¬ 
vities  of  the  National 
Manufacturing  Ass’n. 


Aug.  15.  A  memorial  to 
the  Pilgrim  Fathers  un¬ 
veiled  at  Southampton, 
England. 

Aug.  20.  The  Universal 
Peace  Congress  con¬ 
venes  at  The  Hague. 

Aug.  28.  Dedication  of 
the  Palace  of  Peace  at 
The  Hague. 


Sept.  14.  Prof.  Malladra 
descends  1200  feet  into 
the  crater  of  Vesuvius, 
and  registers  a  tempera¬ 
ture  of  626°  F. 


Oct.  10.  Pres.  Wilson 
presses  electric  button 
which  causes  the  blowing 
up  of  the  Gamboa  dike, 
the  last  obstruction  to 
t  he  navigation  from 
ocean  to  ocean  through 
the  Panama  Canal. 

Oct.  14.  Benjamin  Alt¬ 
man  bequeaths  to  New 
York  City  a  $15,000,000 
art  collection. 


Aug.  1.  The  State  De¬ 
partment  announces  that 
Great  Britain,  Russia, 
and  Turkey  have  de¬ 
clined  to  participate  in 
the  Panama-Pacific  Ex¬ 
position. 

Aug.  4.  Pres.  Wilson  se¬ 
lects  ex-Gov.  Lind,  of 
Minn.,  as  special  envoy 
to  Mexico. 

Aug.  27.  Pres.  Wilson 
outlines  before  Congress 
his  Mexican  policy  which 
among  other  things  in¬ 
cludes  the  retirement 
from  power  of  Huerta 
and  the  holding  of  an 
election  for  president. 

Sept.  9.  The  Underwood- 
Simmons  Tariff  Bill 
passes  Senate;  18.  The 
A  dministration  Currency 
Bill  passes  the  House  of 
Rep.;  The  impeachment 
trial  of  Gov.^  Sulzer 
begins. 


Oct.  16.  The  Sulzer  Im¬ 
peachment  trial _  ends; 
he  is  found  guilty  of 
three  of  the  offenses 
charged  in  the  eight  ar¬ 
ticles  of  impeachment; 
he  is  deposed  as  gover¬ 
nor,  but  not  disqualified 
from  holding  office. 


1913 

June  11.  A  committee  of 
the  House  of  Commons 
exonerates  certain  Cabi¬ 
net  members  of  wrong¬ 
doing  in  purchasing 
shares  of  Marconi  stock. 


July  7.  The  Irish  Home 
Rule  Bill  passes  the 
House  of  Commons,  this 
being  its  second  passage. 

July  8.  _  The  Welsh  Dis¬ 
establishment  Bill  passes 
the  Commons  for  second 
time. 

July  14.  Bill  abolishing 

Elural  voting  passes 
louse  of  Commons. 


Sept.  The  Ulster  de¬ 
monstrations  continue. 

Sept.  29.  Great  Britain 
announces  <  withdrawal 
from  the  international 
group  of  five  Powers 
which  was  to  lend  money 
to  China;  it  is  alleged 
that  the  group  is  dis¬ 
solved. 

Oct.  22.  Lloyd-George 
makes  known  plan  of 
the  Gov’t,  for  getting 
the  people  back  to  the 
land. 


1913  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


357 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1913 


1913 

June  30.  The  bill  provid¬ 
ing  for  an  increase  of 
the  German  army  passes 
Reichstag. 


1913 

June  7.  The  Powers  of 
Europe  demand  that 
the  Balkan  _  States  de¬ 
mobilize  their  armies. 


1913 


July  7.  France:  The 
Chamber  of  Deputies 
adopts  the  three-year 
military  service  bill  by 
a  vote  of  339  to  223. 


Aug.  7.  The  French  Sen¬ 
ate  passes  the  three-year 
military  service  law  by 
a  vote  of  245  to  37. 


July  8.  The  Balkans:  Ser- 
via,  declares  war  against 
Bulgaria,  and  captures 
Istip  after  severe  bat¬ 
tle;  Greece  declares 
war  against  Bulgaria; 
16.  King  Charles  mobi¬ 
lizes  Roumanian  troops; 
20.  Turkish  soldiers  re¬ 
occupy  Adrianople. 


Sept.  15.  The  Balkans: 
Bulgaria  and  Turkey 
sign  agreement  concern¬ 
ing  boundary. 


Oct.  6.  Russia  and  Japan 
recognize  the  Republic 
of  China. 

Oct.  25.  Premier  Roma- 
nones  of  Spain  resigns 
27.  Eduardo  Dato  forms 
a  Conservative  ministry 
for  Spain. 


Julv.  Serious  revolution¬ 
ary  outbreaks  occur  in 
southern  China.  . 

July  15.  Bulgaria:  Dr. 
Danev  and  Cabinet  re¬ 
sign. 


Aug.  10.  A  treaty  of 
peace  between  Rouma- 
nia,  Servia,  Montenegro, 
and  Greece  and  Bulgaria 
is  signed  at  Bucharest. 

Aug.  18.  _  Mexico:  Huer¬ 
ta  declines  offer  of  medi¬ 
ation  from  the  United 
States  Government. 


Oct.  6.  #  China:  Yuan 
Shih-kai  is  elected  per¬ 
manent  President  by 
the  Chinese  Parliament. 

October:  _  Mexico.  The 
Revolutionists  are  gen¬ 
erally  successful;  26. 
Election  held  in  territory 
under  federal  control, 
but  few  vote;  result 
undecisive;  Huerta  re¬ 
tains  executive  powers. 


358 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1913  A.D 


a.d.  Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


1913  1913 


United  States. 


1913 


British  Empire. 


1913 

Nov.  10.  Premier  As- 

Suith,  for  the  British 
rovernment,  states  that 
there  has  been  no 
thought  of  intervention 
in  the  Mexican  affairs, 
and  that  England  en¬ 
dorses  with  the  utmost 
cordiality  the  American 
policy. 


Deaths  in  1913:  Avebury, 
Lord;  Bebel,  A.  F.; 
Brady,  A.  N.;  Doane, 
W.  C.;  George,  King  of 
Greece;  Katsura,  Prince 
Taro;  Madero,  F.  I.; 
Miller,  C.  H.;  Morgan, 
J.  P.;  Nebeker,  E.  H.; 
Ollivier,  E.;  Picard,  A. 
M.;  Rochefort,  H.;  Wal¬ 
lace,  A.  R.;  Wolseley,  Sir 
G.  J. 


Dec.  2.  Pres.  Wilson  in 
his  annual  address  be¬ 
fore  Congress  announces 
that  he  plans  to  follow 
a  policy  of  “watchful 
waiting”  with  reference 
to  Mexico. 

Dec.  19.  The  Senate 
passes  the  Glass-Owen 
Currency  Bill. 


Dec.  5.  The  British  Gov¬ 
ernment  forbids  im- 

?ortation  of  arms  into 
reland;  Premier  As¬ 
quith  announces  his  wil¬ 
lingness  to  compromise 
the  Home  Rule  contro¬ 
versy  upon  the  prin¬ 
ciples  expressed  by  Sir 
Edward  Carson. 


1914 


1914 

Jan.  5.  Henry  Ford  an¬ 
nounces  that  the  Ford 
Motor  Company  will 
set  aside  $10,000,000 
of  the  1914  profits  for 
the  benefit  of  the  em¬ 
ployees,  and  establishes 
a  minimum  wage  of  $5 
per  day  for  all  employed. 


1914 

Jan.  25.  The  Alaska  Rail¬ 
way  Bill  passes  the 
Senate. 


1914 

January.  Ulster  opposi¬ 
tion  to  Home  Rule 
evinces  itself  in  numer¬ 
ous  demonstrations. 


Feb.  13.  It  is  reported 
from  Italy  that  torpe¬ 
does  have  been  exploded 
two  miles  away  by  ultra¬ 
violet  rays  in  experi¬ 
ments  conducted  by  the 
Government;  Validity 
of  experiments  denied 
later. 

Feb.  26.  The  antarctic 
expedition  led  by  Dr. 
Frederick  Mawson  re¬ 
turns  to  Adelaide. 


Feb.  3.  Pres.  Wilson  re¬ 
moves  embargo  on  ship¬ 
ment  of  arms  into 
Mexico. 

Feb.  4.  The  Burnett  Im¬ 
migration  Bill  passes 
the  House  of  Rep. 

Feb.  9.  The  Senate  enacts 
new  military  law  to  su¬ 
persede  that  of  1806. 

Feb.  18.  The  Alaska  Rail¬ 
way  Bill  passes  the 
House  of  Representa¬ 
tives. 


1913  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


359 


a.d.  France  and  Germany. 


1913  1913 

Nov.  5.  France:  The 
Chamber  of  Deputies 
rejects  a  woman  suffrage 
amendment  to  the  pro- 

Eosed  electoral  reform 
ill  by  a  vote  of  311  to 
313;  Nov.  18.  France: 
The  electoral  reform  bill, 
providing  for  propor¬ 
tional  representation, 
passes  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies. 

Dec.  2.  France:  J.  L. 
Barthou  resigns  the  pre¬ 
miership  of  France;  8. 
M.  Gaston  Doumergue 
forms  new  ministry. 

Dec.  2.  Germany:  Intense 
feeling  of  opposition 
created  by  clash  of  the 
military  with  the  citi¬ 
zens  of  Alsace  at  Zabern; 
4.  The  Reichstag  votes 
lack  of  confidence  in 
Chancellor  von  Beth- 
mann-Hollweg  and  his 
ministry  because  of  the 
support  given  the  mili¬ 
tary  authorities  in  Al¬ 
sace. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1913 

Nov.  3.  Russia:  Mendel 
Beilsis  tried  at  Kieff, 
acquitted  of  charge  of 
killing  a  Christian  by 
“ritual  murder.” 

Nov.  5.  _  Bavaria :  The 
mad  King  Otto  is  de¬ 
posed  ■  the  regent.  Prince 
Ludwig,  proclaimed  king 
as  Ludwig  III. 

Nov.  13.  Greece  and  Tur¬ 
key  sign  treaty  of  peace 
at  Athens. 

Dec.  11.  Switzerland:  Dr. 
Arthur  Hoffman  elected 
President. 

Dec.  14.  Greece  annexes 
the  Island  of  Crete. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1913 

Nov..  14.  Mexico:  Great 
Britain,  Germany,  and 
other  nations  advise 
Huerta  to  yield  to  the 
demands  of  the  United 
States;  27.  The  rebels 
capture  Mazatlan. 


Dec.  9.  The  Mexican 
Congress  declares  the 
election  of  Oct.  26.  void, 
and  empowers  Huerta 
to  continue  the  adminis¬ 
tration  of  the  office;  28. 
The  rebels  attack  Oji- 
naga,  the  last  strong¬ 
hold  of  the  federals  in 
the  North. 

Dec.  22.  King  Menelik, 
of  Abyssinia,  reported 
to  have  died  on  Dec.  12. 


1914 


1914 

Jan.  10.  Germany:  A 
court  martial  acquits 
Col.  von  Reuter  and 
Lieut.  Schad  of  charges 
preferred  against  them 
in  connection  with  the 
Zabern  affair. 

Jan.  24.  The  Reichstag 
orders  an  investigation 
of  Zabern  affair. 

Feb.  25.  France:  The 
French  Senate  rejects 
the  Government  propo¬ 
sition  to  replace  direct 
taxation  with  an  income 
tax. 


1914 

Jan.  2.  Spain:  King  Al¬ 
fonso  dissolves  the  Cor¬ 
tes  and  orders  a  general 
election. 

Jan.  27.  Portugal:  The 
Cabinet  headed  by  Dr. 
Alfonso  Costa  resigns. 


Feb.  8.  Portugal;  Ber¬ 
nardino  Machado  forms 
new  ministry. 

Feb.  10.  Sweden:  Premier 
Albert  Staaff  resigns 
because  of  differences  of 
opinion  in  Cabinet  con¬ 
cerning  necessity  of  in¬ 
creasing  means  of  de¬ 
fense  in  Sweden. 

Feb.  11.  Russia:  M.  Ko- 
kovtsoff,  the  Premier, 
resigns;  13.  M.  Koremy- 
kin  forms  new  ministry. 

Feb.  16.  Sweden:  Dr. 
Knut  Hammarckjold 
forms  new  Cabinet. 

Feb.  21.  Prince  William 
of  Wied  accepts  throne 
of  Albania. 


1914 

Jan.  10.  Mexico:  Gen. 
Villa  wins  the  battle  of 
Ojinaga. 

Jan.  11.  China:  Pres. 
Yuan  Shih-kai  dissolves 
the  Chinese  Parliament. 


Feb.  4.  Peru:  Pres.  Bil- 
linghurst  is  deposed  and 
exiled  by  revolutionists. 


360 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I914  A.D 


A.D. 


1914 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


1914 


Apr.  4.  Experiments  near 
Madrid,  Spain,  demon¬ 
strate  that_  electric 
lamps  may  be  lighted  by 
wireless  current. 


United  States. 


1914 

Mar.  5.  Pres.  Wilson 
asks  Congress  for  repeal 
of  the  tolls-exemption 
clause  of  the  Panama 
Canal  Tolls  Act. 

Mar.  19.  Amendment 

granting  woman  suffrage 
defeated  in  Senate. 


Apr.  4.  Sec.  Daniels  for¬ 
bids  service  of  intoxi¬ 
cating  liquors  at  the 
officers’  mess  in  navy;  8. 
Outlines  of  a  proposed 
treaty  with  Colombia 
become  known,  in  which 
it  is  suggested  that  the 
United  States  is  to  pay 
Colombia  $25,000,000 
for  her  claims  to  Panama 
and  that  Colombia  is 
to  have  free  use  of  the 
Canal;  14.  The  U.  S. 
fleet  is  ordered  to  Tam¬ 
pico  and  other  points  on 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  as  a 
result  of  insults  to  the 
flag  by  the  Huerta 
agents;  19.  Pres.  Wilson 
requests  authority  from 
Congress  to  secure  repa¬ 
ration  for  insults  to 
American  flag;  20.  The 
House  approves  the  ac¬ 
tion  of  the  Executive 
and  authorizes  use  of  the 
army  and  navy  to  secure 
reparation;  21.  Vera 
Cruz  is  _  captured  by 
U.  S.  marines,  command¬ 
ed  by  Rear-Admiral 
Fletcher;  22.  The  Sen¬ 
ate  passes  resolution 
approving  the  course  of 
the  President  after  con¬ 
siderable  debate  con¬ 
cerning  the  motives  to 
be  ascribed  for  action; 
25.  The  U.  S.  accept 
offer  of  good  offices  of 
Argentina,  Brazil,  and 
Chile;  28.  Pres.  Wilson 
orders  federal  troops 
into  Colorado  because 
of  civil  war  which  virtu¬ 
ally  obtains  there. 


British  Empire. 


1914 

Mar.  2.  The  South  Afri¬ 
can  Assembly  approves 
deportation  of  labor 
leaders  who  directed  the 
late  railroad  strike;  5. 
The  Irish  Home  Rule 
Bill  is  introduced  for 
third  passage  in  the 
House  of  Commons; 
9.  Premier  Asquith  pro¬ 
poses  temporary  exclu¬ 
sion  of  Ulster  from  the 
operation  of  the  Home 
Rule  Bill;  19.  The  Op¬ 
position  rejects  the  As¬ 
quith  compromise  pro¬ 
positions;  24.  Resigna¬ 
tions  of  Army  officers 
check  movement  upon 
Ulster;  King  George 
criticized  when  officers 
are  reinstated,  but  As¬ 
quith  assumes  responsi¬ 
bility  and  states  that  no 
assurance  of  permanent 
exemption  _  from  duty 
has  been  given  to  recal¬ 
citrant  officers;  30.  As¬ 
quith  accepts  resigna¬ 
tion  of  Col.  J.  E.  B. 
Seeley,  and  assumes  the 
portfolio  of  war  himself; 
announces  that  he  will 
retire  temporarily  from 
Parliament  and  stand 
for  reelection. 

Apr.  Warlike  prepara¬ 
tions  for  opposition  to 
Home  Rule  continue  in 
Ulster. 

Apr.  8.  Premier  Asquith 
is  reelected  to  House  of 
Commons,  unopposed, 
by  his  constituency  of 
East  Fife,  Scotland. _ 

Apr.  28.  Certain  British 
officers  again  refuse  to 
lead  their  troops  against 
Ulster. 


1914  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


36I 


A.D. 

France  and  Germany. 

Europe,  elsewhere. 

The  World,  elsewhere. 

1914 

1914 

Mar.  16.  The  slaying  of 
Gaston  Calmette  editor 
of  the  Paris  Figaro,  by 
the  wife  of  Finance 
Minister  Caillaux  causes 
crisis  in  French  Cabinet 
and  great  sensation 
throughout  France. 

1914 

Mar.  1.  Albania:  Epirus 
declares  its  independence 
and  a  rebellion  breaks 
out. 

Mar.  3.  Swedish  parlia¬ 
ment  dissolved  as  a 
result  of  dissensions 
concerning  proposed  in¬ 
crease  of  armaments  and 
new  election  ordered; 
new  election  (in  April) 
results  in  success  of  Con¬ 
servatives  who  represent 
those  _  desiring  greater 
defensive  means. 

Mar.  8.  Italy:  The  Pre¬ 
mier,  Signor  Giolitti, 
resigns. 

Mar.  13.  Italy:  Signor 
Salandra  invited  to  form 
new  Government. 

Mar.  14.  Serviaand  Tur¬ 
key  sign  a  peace  treaty 
at  Constantinople. 

1914 

Mar.  21.  Mexico:  Gen. 
Villa  makes  the  long-ex¬ 
pected  attack  on  Tor- 
reon;  fighting  continues 
throughout  March. 

Mar.  23.  Japan:  The 
Emperor  Yoshihito  pro¬ 
rogues  Diet  because  of 
continued  deadlock  con¬ 
cerning  naval  appropria¬ 
tion  bill. 

Apr.  1.  France:  The  Com¬ 
mittee  investigating  the 
Rochette  affair  censure 
Caillaux  and  Monis;  3. 
The  Chamber  refuses  to 
prosecute  Caillaux  and 
Monis. 

Apr.  2.  Mexico:  The  re¬ 
bels  under  Gen.  Villa 
capture  Torreon  after 
eleven  days  of  fighting. 

Apr.  7.  Japan:  Viscount 
Kejoura  informs  the 
Emperor  of  his  inability 
to  form  new  ministry; 
Count  Okuma,  on  the 
15th,  succeeds  in  form¬ 
ing  new  Government. 

Apr.  10.  Mexico:  A  party 
of  United  States  marines, 
landing  for  supplies,  are 
arrested  in  Tampico, 
and  subjected  to  insults; 
Huerta  apologizes  brief¬ 
ly  for  arrest  of  marines; 
19.  Huerta  .  refuses  to 
salute  _  United  States 
flag  within  the  time 
alloted,  i.  e.,  by  six 
o’clock  of  that  day;  23. 
Gen.  Bustillos  becomes 
president  of  Venezuela; 
24.  The  rebels  capture 
Monterey;  27.  Huerta 
accepts  offer  of  media¬ 
tion  from  the  A.  B.  C. 
Powers. 

362 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I914  A.D. 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1914 


1914 

May  14.  Anglo-Ameri¬ 
can  Exposition  at  Shep¬ 
herd’s  Bush,  London,  is 
formally  opened. 


June  8.  Thirty-seven 
nations  are  represented 
at  the  International 
Business  Conference  at 
Paris. 

June  16.  By  will,  James 
Campbell  bequeaths 
$35,000,000  to  found 
hospital  and  medical 
school  in  connection 
with  St.  Louis  Univer¬ 
sity. 


1914 

May  6.  The  administra¬ 
tion’s  Anti-trust  Bill  is 
introduced  in  House  of 
Representatives. 

May  14.  Chas.  S.  Mel- 
len  testifies  before  Inter¬ 
state  Commerce  Com¬ 
mission  concerning  finan¬ 
cial  and  political  trans¬ 
actions  of  the  New  York 
and  New  Haven  Rail¬ 
road. 


June  1.  The  House  of 
Rep.  vote  unanimously 
to  exempt  labor  organ¬ 
izations  from  prosecu¬ 
tion  under  the  Sherman 
Anti-Trust  Law. 

June  11.  The  Senate 
passes  the  Panama 
Canal  Tolls  Repeal  Law. 

June  25.  The  H.  B. 
Clafiin  &  Co.,  mer¬ 
chants,  of  New  York, 
fail  with  liabilities  of 
$30,000,000. 

July  11.  The  House  of 
Representatives  passe 
the  Hay  Bill  creating 
an  aviation  service  in 
the  Army  Signal  Corps. 


1914 

May  12.  Premier  Asquith 
announces  that  in  case 
the  Home  Rule  Bill 
passes  a  third  time  he 
will  introduce  amend¬ 
ments  looking  toward 
satisfactory  settlement 
of  Ulster  demands. 

May  25.  The  Irish  Home 
Rule  Bill  passes  House 
of  Commons. 

May  29.  The  Canadian 
Pacific  Railroad  ship 
Empress  of  Ireland  is 
struck  in  the  St.  Law¬ 
rence  River  by  the  col¬ 
lier  Storstad  and  sunk, 
causing  death  of  1024 
persons;  later  investi¬ 
gations  place  entire  re¬ 
sponsibility  for  accident 
on  the  Storstad. 


July  1.  The  Ulster  Volun¬ 
teers  succeed  in  landing 
arms  and  ammunition 
despite  the  vigilance  of 
the  authorities;  10.  Uls¬ 
ter  organizes  “provis¬ 
ional  government,”  giv¬ 
ing  Sir  Edward  Carson 
power  to  call  the  Volun¬ 
teers  to  arms. 

July  27.  Sir  Edward 
Grey,  in  an  attempt  to 
avert  a  general  European 
war,  seeks  to  convene 
a  conference  of  the  in¬ 
terested  Powers  at  Lon¬ 
don;  the  effort  is  unsuc- 

ppccfiil 

July  29.  British  fleet 
leaves  Portsmouth  under 
sealed  orders. 

July  30.  Great  Britain 
declines  to  pledge  neu¬ 
trality  on  the  basis  of 
terms  offered  by  Ger¬ 
many  which  were  in 
effect  that  Germany 
would  guarantee  the  in¬ 
tegrity  of  continental 
France,  but  not  of  the 
French  colonies. 


1914  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


363 


A.D 


France  and  Germany. 


1914 


1914 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1914 

May  28.  Albania:  The 
rebels  bombard  the  capi¬ 
tal,  Durazzo,  and  King 
William  takes  refuge 
aboard  warship  of  Italy. 


June  2.  The  French  Min¬ 
istry  resigns;  7.  M.  A. 
F.  Ribot  forms  Cabinet, 
but  on  the  first  division, 
June  12,  is  defeated  by 
a  vote  of  262  to  306;  13. 
M.  Ren6  Viviani  heads 
new  Cabinet  as  premier. 


June  28.  Austria-Hun¬ 
gary:  The  heir  to  the 
throne  of  the  dual  mon¬ 
archy  the  Archduke 
Francis  Ferdinand,  and 
his  wife.  Duchess  of 
Hohenburg,  are  assas¬ 
sinated  at  Sarajevo, 
Bosnia,  by  a  group  of 
Serbs  of  Bosnia. 


July  27.  France  :  Mme. 
Caillaux  acquitted. 

July  30.  Germany:  sends 
an  ultimatum  to  Russia 
demanding  that  mobili¬ 
zation  cease  within 
twenty-four  hours  and 
stating  that  otherwise 
German  forces  will  be 
mobilized. 


July  2.  Austria-Hungary: 
The  assassin  of  Archduke 
Francis  Ferdinand  makes 
a  confession  implicating 
the  Pan-Servian  Union 
and  other  societies;  23. 
Austria  sends  ultima¬ 
tum  to  Servia,  demand¬ 
ing  among  other  things 
the  punishment  of  the 
parties  who  plotted  the 
death  of  the  Archduke, 
and  prescribing  that  their 
apprehension  be  accom¬ 
plished  with  the  collab¬ 
oration  of  Austrian  of¬ 
ficers;  24.  Servia  grants 
all  demands  except  that 
relative  to  the  employ 
ment  of  Austrian  officers; 
28.  Austria  declares  war 
on  Servia;  29.  Austria 
bombards  Belgrade;  Rus¬ 
sia  begins  mobilization 
of  troops  with  the  evi¬ 
dent  determination  of 
assisting  Servia. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1914 

May  5.  The  South  Ameri¬ 
can  mediators  announce 
that  a  peace  conference 
will  be  held  at  Niagara 
Falls,  Canada. 

May  13.  Mexico:  Rebels 
capture  Tampico. 

May  23.  Japan  ratifies 
the  new  arbitration 
treaty  with  the  U.  S. 


June  2.  Mexico:  The 
Mexican  delegates  at 
Niagara _  announce  that 
Huerta  is  willing  to  re¬ 
sign;  24.  The  rebels  cap¬ 
ture  Zacatecas. 


July  9.  Guadalajara 
taken  by  the  rebels;  15. 
Gen.  Huerta  resigns  the 
presidency  and  is  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  Senor  Fran¬ 
cisco  Carbajal. 


364 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1914  A.D 


A.D. 

Progress  of  Society,  etc. 

United  States. 

British  Empire. 

1914 

1914 

1914 

Aug.  3.  Pres.  Wilson 

offers  the  good  offices 
of  the  United  States 
in  mediating  the  differ¬ 
ences  between  the  Euro¬ 
pean  nations  at  war. 

Aug.  11.  Senate  passes 
the  emergency  ship  bill 
admitting  foreign-built 
vessels  to  the  k  United 
States  registry. 

Aug.  29.  House  of  Repre¬ 
sentatives  passes  bill 
providing  for  the  crea¬ 
tion  of  a  Federal  bureau 
for  war  risk  marine  in¬ 
surance. 

Aug.  — .  Many  conven¬ 

tions  held  in  Southern 
states  to  devise  means 
for  alleviation  of  condi¬ 
tions  incident  to  the  low 
price  of  cotton  due  to 
the  European  war. 

1914 

Aug.  4.  England  requests 
Germany  and  France  to 
give  pledges  that  each 
would  respect  the  neu¬ 
trality  and  territorial  in¬ 
tegrity  of  Belguim;  re¬ 
quirement  agreed  to  by 
France,  refused  by  Ger¬ 
many. 

Aug.  5.  England  declares 
war  on  Germany. 

Aug.  13.  England  declares 
a  state  of  war  exists  with 
Austria-Hungary. 

Aug.  28.  British  fleet  off 
Heligoland  sinks  five 
German  war  vessels. 

Deaths  in  1914: 

Amend,  E.  B. ;  Aoki,  Vis¬ 
count  S. ;  Bacon,  A.  0.; 
Baer,  G.F. ;  Bertillon,  A.; 
Buckner,  S.  B.;  Cham¬ 
berlain,  Joseph;  Collier, 
Price;  Couzins,  Phoebe; 
Cullom,  S.  M.;  Derou- 
lede,  Paul;  De  Vinne, 
Theodore;  Draper,  Eben 
S.;  Fels,  Joseph;  Gill,  Sir 
David;  Ginn,  Edward; 
Griswold,  Putnam; 
Heyse,  Paul;  Holland, 
J.  P.;  Ito,  Count;  Japan, 
Dowager  Empress  of; 
Keith,  B.  F.;  Kossuth, 
Francis;  McBurney, 
Charles;  Marches  i, 
Mme.;  Mercalli,  G.; 
Mistral,  Frederic;  Mit¬ 
chell,  S.  Weir;  Nordica, 
Mme.;  Pius  X.,  Pope; 
Riis,  Jacob;  Stevenson, 
Adlai  E.;  Strathcona, 
Lord;  von  Suttner,  Bar¬ 
oness:  Swan,  Sir  J.  W.; 
Tenmel,  Sir  John;  Wal¬ 
lace,  A.  R.;  Westing- 
house,  George. 

EUROPE 
I  914  A.D. 


-  -  ,  cflg  tiu 


>-■  tr 


1914  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


365 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1914 


1914 

Aug.  1.  Germany  declares 
war  on  Russia;  the  French 
government  orders  gen¬ 
eral  mobilization;  2.  Ger¬ 
many,  without  declara¬ 
tion  of  war  against 
France,  invades  Luxem¬ 
burg  and_  (on  the  3d) 
Belgium  in  order  to 
attack  France;  Ger¬ 
many  addresses  a  de¬ 
mand  to  Belgium  for  free 
passage  of  troops  through 
the  latter’s  territory;  3. 
France  declares  that  a 
state  of  war  exists  with 
Germany;  Germany  de¬ 
mands  an  avowal  of  neu¬ 
trality  from  Holland 
and  Sweden;  the  ambas¬ 
sador  to  France  leaves 
Paris;  4.  Germany  de¬ 
clines  to  pledge  ob¬ 
servance  of  Belgian  neu¬ 
trality,  stating  that  to 
do  so  would  reveal  im¬ 
portant  military  plans, 
but  declares  war  on 
Belgium;  engagements 
between  Germans  and 
French  are  reported  near 
Belfort;  German  forces 
enter  Belgium  and  at¬ 
tack  Li6ge,  and  other  di¬ 
visions  invade  France; 
7.  German  troops  enter 
Li6ge,  and  French  forces 
enter  Alsace;  10.  France 
announces  that  a  state  of 
war  exists  with  Austria; 
17.  After  fighting  five 
days  the  French  are 
driven  out  of  Alsace;  18. 
German  forces  advance 
on  Brussels  and  overrun 
a  large  part  of  Belgium; 
21.  Germans  occupy 
Brussels;  23.  Army  of 
the  Moselle  captures 
Lun6ville;  26.  French 
Cabinet  reorganized ; 
Germans  burn  Louvain; 
French  and  English  re¬ 
treat  from  Mons  toward 
Paris;  30.  After  taking 
St.  Quentin,  the  Ger¬ 
mans  approach  and  cap¬ 
ture  Amiens. 

Sept.  Germans  within 
twenty  miles  of  Paris; 
Germans  driven  back  at 
battle  of  the  Marne;  de¬ 
sperate  fighting  along 
the  Aisne  and  the  whole 
line. 


1914 

Aug.  1.  Austria:  Em- 
eror  Francis  Joseph  or¬ 
ders  general  mobilization 
of  the  army  and  navy; 
Russia:  Government  re¬ 
jects  the  German  ulti¬ 
matum. 

Aug.  3.  Belgium  appeals 
to  England  to  assist  her 
in  maintaining  neutral¬ 
ity. 

Aug.  6.  Italy  notifies 
Great  Britain  of  in¬ 
tention  to  remain  neu¬ 
tral;  Austria  declares 
war  on  Russia. 

Aug.  10.  Servian  troops 
are  reported  to  have 
invaded  Bosnia;  Mon¬ 
tenegro  declares  war  on 
Germany  and  Austria; 
Portugal  proffers  assist¬ 
ance  to  Great  Britain. 

Aug.  13.  Russian  forces  in¬ 
vade  Galicia. 

Aug.  17.  Belgium:  Gov¬ 
ernment  announces  re¬ 
moval  of  capital  from 
Brussels  to  Antwerp. 

Aug.  27.  Russia  begins 
invasion  of  East  Prussia, 
but  is  defeated  at  Oer- 
telsburg;  troops  advance 
upon  Lemberg  in 
Galicia. 

Sept.  1.  Russia:  The  Czar 
changes  name  of  capital 
from  St.  Petersburg  to 
Petrograd. 

Oct.  9.  Belgium:  Antwerp 
surrenders  to  the  Ger¬ 
mans. 

Oct.  16.  Ostend  surren¬ 
ders.  Belgian  govern¬ 
ment  moved  to  Boulogne. 

Oct.  23.  Russia:  Germans 
within  few  miles  of  War¬ 
saw  driven  back  along 
entire  front. 


1914 

Aug.  15.  Mexico:  Provi¬ 
sional  President  Carbajal 
resigns  after  appointing 
General  Carranza  as  Sec¬ 
retary  of  Foreign  Affairs; 
Japan  sends  Germany  an 
ultimatum,  demanding 
the  evacuat'on  and  sur¬ 
render  of  Kiao-chowand 
the  withdrawal  of  Ger¬ 
man  warships  from  east¬ 
ern  waters;  Japan  prom¬ 
ises  eventually  to  restore 
Kiao-chow  to  China. 

Aug.  21.  General  Carranza 
enters  Mexico  City,  and 
in  his  inaugural  address 
announces  a  programme 
of  justice  and  reform. 

Aug.  23.  Japan  declares 
war  on  Germany;  Japan 
blockades  Kiao-chow. 


366 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I9I5  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1914 


1914 


1914 


1914 


Dec.  8.  British  naval 
victory  off  Falkland 
Islands. 

Dec.  16.  German  cruisers 
bombard  Scarborough 
and  Hartlepool. 


1915 


1915 

Jan.  7.  Pres.  Poincar6 
signs  decree  establishing 
prohibition  in  France. 

Jan.  14.  Alabama  adopts 
prohibition. 

Jan.  25.  First  trans-con¬ 
tinental  telephonic  com¬ 
munication  under  direc¬ 
tion  of  Alexander  Bell. 

Jan.  30.  S.  Dakota  abol¬ 
ishes  the  death  penalty. 


1915 


1915 

Jan.  24.  Naval  battle  in 
North  Sea.  German 
cruiser  Blilchcr  sunk. 


Feb.  6.  Arkansas  adopts 
prohibition. 

Feb.  7.  Wireless  commu¬ 
nication  between  mov¬ 
ing  trains  established  by 
Lackawanna  R.  R. 

Feb.  12.  At  The  Hague, 
representatives  of  the 
United  States,  Holland, 
and  China  sign  anti¬ 
opium  protocol. 

Feb.  12.  Iowa  adopts  wo¬ 
man  suffrage. 

Feb.  12.  Iowa  adopts  pro¬ 
hibition. 

Mar.  2.  Idaho  adopts 
prohibition. 

Mar.  5.  No.  Dakota  abol¬ 
ishes  death  penalty. 


Feb.  10.  “Strict  account¬ 
ability”  note,  warning 
Germany  in  regard  to 
her  “war  zone”  decree. 


Feb.  18.  German  sub¬ 
marine  “blockade”  of 
Great  Britain  begins. 


April  30.  Satisfactory 
wireless  communication 
by  day  established  be¬ 
tween  Washington  and 
Panama  Canal  Zone. 


Apr.  14.  New  York  abol¬ 
ishes  the  office  of  coro¬ 
ner. 


May  23.  Thomas  A.  Edi¬ 
son  announces  invention 
of  the  telescribe,  an  ap¬ 
paratus  for  recording 
telephone  conversations. 


May  13.  Pres.  Wilson 
sends  first  Lusitania 
note  to  Germany. 


May  31.  First  Zeppelin 
raid  on  London. 


1915  a.d 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


367 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1914 


1914 

Nov.  1.  German  naval 
victory  off  the  coast  of 
Chili. 

Nov.  10-12.  Second  bat¬ 
tle  of  Ypres. 

Dec.  6.  Germans  occupy 
Lodz. 


1914 


Dec.  2.  Austrians  occupy 
Belgrade. 

Dec.  5.  Servians  defeat 
Austrians  in  three-day 
battle. 

Dec.  15.  Austrians  eva¬ 
cuate  Belgrade. 


1914 

Nov.  10.  The  Emden  de¬ 
stroyed. 


Dec.  18.  Egypt  declared 
a  British  protectorate. 


1 


1915 


1915 

Jan.  14.  French  driven 
across  Aisne  River,  after 
week’s  battle. 


1915 

Jan.  13.  Austria:  Count 
Berchtold  resigns  Aus¬ 
tro-Hungarian  Minister 
of  Foreign  Affairs  Office. 


1915 

Jan.  12.  Mexico:  Ex- 
President  Gutierrez  sur¬ 
renders  to  Carranza. 

Jan.  16.  Constitutional 
leaders  select  as  Presi¬ 
dent  Colonel  Garza. 


Mar.  10.  British  advance 
at  Neuve  Chapelle. 

Mar.  21.  First  bombard¬ 
ment  of  Paris  by  Zep¬ 
pelins. 


Mar.  6.  Greece:  Venize- 
los,  Greek  Premier,  re¬ 
signs. 

Mar.  22.  Surrender  of 
Przemysl  to  Russians, 
after  siege  of  201  days, 
longest  in  modern  war¬ 
fare. 


May  1-3.  Austro-Ger- 
mans  break  through 
Russian  lines  in  Galicia. 

May  17.  Jaago  Chagas, 
Premier  of  Portugal, 
severely  wounded  by  a 
Senator. 

May  23.  Italy  declares 
war  upon  Austria. 


Mar.  3.  China  extends 
for  99  years  to  Japan, 
Russia’s  lease  of  Dalny 
and  Port  Arthur. 

Mar.  18.  Three  allied 
battleships  sunk  at  Dar¬ 
danelles. 

Mar.  28.  Steamer  Falaba 
sunk  by  submarine. 

Apr.  25.  Allied  forces 
land  on  both  shores  of 
the  Dardanelles. 

Apr.  30.  American  tanker 
Guljlight  torpedoed  off 
Scilly  Islands. 

May  7.  Lusitania  sunk 
with  loss  of  nearly  1200 
lives. 

May  9.  China  accepts 
demands  made  in  Japan¬ 
ese  ultimatum. 


368 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


I915  A.D. 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States 


1915 


1915 


1915 


June  5.  New  Danish  Con¬ 
stitution  gives  suffrage 
to  women. 


June  7.  William  J.  Bryan, 
Secretary  of  State,  re¬ 
signs. 

June  19.  Superdread¬ 
nought  A  rizona  launched 
at  New  York  Navy  Yard. 

June  23.  Robert  Lansing 
appointed  Secretary  of 
State. 


July  21.  Prohibition  ad¬ 
opted  by  voters  of  Al¬ 
berta  Province,  Canada. 


July  3.  Frank  Holt,  a 
German  sympathizer 
seriously  wounds  J.  P. 
Morgan,  after  having  ex¬ 
ploded  a  bomb.  in  the 
Capitol  at  Washington. 


Aug.  24.  Eastman  Kodak 
Co.  dissolved  by  U.  S. 
District  Attorney  at 
Buffalo,  as  an  illegal 
combination  in  restraint 
of  trade. 


Sept.  4.  Discovery  of  ex¬ 
tracting  dyes  from  coal 
tar  announced. 

Sept.  14.  So.  Carolina 
adopts  prohibition  (to 
take  effect  Jan.  1,  1916). 

Sept.  17.  Vilhjalmar  Ste- 
fansson,  Arctic  explorer, 
after  an  absence  of  18 
months,  reports  discov¬ 
ery  of  new  arctic  land 
northwest  of  Prince  Pat¬ 
rick  Island. 

Sept.  29.  Wireless  tele¬ 
phonic  conversation  es¬ 
tablished  between  Vir¬ 
ginia  and  Honolulu,  a 
distance  of  nearly  5000 
miles. 

Oct.  19.  Woman  suffrage 
rejected  in  New  Jersey 
by  50,000  majority. 


Aug.  10.  Government  es¬ 
tablishes  national  camp 
at  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  for 
the  military  training  of 
citizens. 


Sept.  6.  Pres.  Wilson  de¬ 
mands  recall  of  Austrian 
Ambassador  at  Wash¬ 
ington,  Dr.  Dumba. 

Sept.  16.  Treaty  between 
U.  S.  and  Haiti,  signed 
at  Port  au  Prince,  pro¬ 
vides  for  American  su¬ 
pervision  over  Haitian 
finances  and  police. 


Oct.  6.  Von  Bernstorff 
presents  note  concern¬ 
ing.  disavowal  and  repa¬ 
ration  in  Arabic  case. 

Oct.  20.  U.  S.  declares  an 
embargo  on  arms  for 
Mexico,  except  those 
destined  for  Carranza 
forces. 


British  Empire. 


1915 


Sept.  28.  Sir  Edward 
Grey  pledges  armed  sup¬ 
port  to  Balkan  sympa¬ 
thizers  of  Allies. 


1915  A.D. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


369 


A.D. 


France  and  Germany. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1915 


1915 


1915 

May  26.  General  Sukhom- 
linoff,  Russian  Min¬ 
ister  of  War,  resigns. 

June  3.  Austro-Germans 
again  occupy  Przemysl. 

June  5.  Denmark:  New 
Danish  Constitution 
signed  by  King  Chris¬ 
tian,  giving  suffrage  to 
women  and  reducing  the 
political  power  of  land- 
owners. 

June  22.  Austrians  reen¬ 
ter  Lemberg. 

July  15.  Germans  cap¬ 
ture  Przasnysz. 


Sept.  24-25.  French  and 
English  attack  on  Cham¬ 
pagne  and  around  Lens, 
winning  about  50 .  sq. 
miles  and  25,000  prison¬ 
ers  and  many  guns. 


Aug.  5.  Germans  occupy 
Warsaw  and  Ivangorod. 

Aug.  6.  Portugal:  Ber¬ 
nardino  Machado  elec¬ 
ted  President  of  Portu¬ 
gal  re  Manuel  de  Arriaga 
resigned. 

Aug.  16-21.  German  naval 
defeat  in  Gulf  of  Riga. 

Aug.  20.  Italy  declares 
war  on  Turkey. 

Sep£.  7.  Czar  assumes 
command  of  Russian 
armies;  Grand  Duke 
Nicholas  transferred  to 
the  Caucasus. 

Sept.  19.  Germans  begin 
bombardment  of  Servi¬ 
an  frontier. 

Sept.  21.  Bulgaria  mobil¬ 
izes. 

Sept.  24.  Greece  mobil¬ 
izes. 


1915 


June  27.  Mexico:  Gene¬ 
rals  Huerta  and  Orozco, 
charged  with  planning 
revolt  for  Mexico,  ar¬ 
rested  by  U.  S.  officials 
near  the  border. 


July  8.  South  Africa:  Last 
German  forces  in  South 
Africa  surrender. 

July  21.  Chile:  Juan  Luis 
San  Fuentes  elected 
President  of  Chile. 

July  27.  Haiti:  Dr.  Rosal- 
bo  Bobo  leads  new  re¬ 
volution  in  Haiti;  ex- 
Pres.  Orestes  Zamor  and 
160  political  prisoners 
executed. 

Aug.  19.  The  Arabic  tor¬ 
pedoed  off  Fastnet. 

Aug.  19.  Mexico:  Gen. 
Villa  accepts  the  good 
offices  of  the  U.  S.  and 
other  American  repub¬ 
lics. 


Sept.  4.  Liner  Hesperian 
sunk. 


Oct.  Germany  makes  dis¬ 
avowal  with  promise  of 
reparation  in  A  rabic 
case. 

Oct.  13.  Foreign  Minister 
Delcass6,  of  France,  re¬ 
signs. 


Oct.  4.  Russia  presents 
ultimatum  to  Bulgaria. 

Oct.  5.  Allied  troops  land 
at  Salonica. 

Oct.  6.  Bulgaria  rejects 
Russian  ultimatum. 
Premier  Venizelos,  of 
Greece,  resigns. 

Oct.  9.  Austro-Germans 
capture  Belgrade. 

Oct.  12.  Edith  Cavell, 
English  nurse,  executed 
by  Germans  in  Belgium. 


370 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


1915  A.D 


A.D. 


Progress  of  Society,  etc. 


United  States. 


British  Empire. 


1915 


1915 


1915 


1915 


Nov.  2.  Woman  Suffrage 
rejected  in  New  York  by 
188,000;  in  Mass,  by 
133,000;  and  in  Pennsyl¬ 
vania  by  53,000. 

Ohio  rejects  prohibition 
by  35,000. 

Deaths  in  1915:  Aldrich, 
Nelson  W. ;  Alexander, 
John  W.;  Bitter,  Karl; 
Bullen,  Frank  T. ;  Crane, 
Walter;  Creelman, 

James  T. ;  Comstock, 
Anthony;  Diaz,  Porfirio; 
Ehrlich,  Dr.  Paul;  Fa- 
bre,  Jean  Henri;  Flint, 
Dr.  Austin;  Forman, 
Justus  Miles;  Frohman, 
Charles;  Fuller,  Frank; 
Fuller,  Paul;  Gregory, 
Eliot;  Gross,  Hans; 
Guild,  Curtis;  Hardie, 
James  K.;  Harper,  John 
Wesley;  Herreshoff, 
John  Brown;  Hervieu, 
Paul;  Hubbard,  Elbert; 
Ivins,  William;  Joseffy, 
Rafael; .  Klein,  Charles; 
Leschetizky,  Theodore; 
Long,  John  D.;  Ludlow, 
Rear-Admiral  Nicoll; 
“  Maartens  Maartens”; 
Phillips,  Stephen;  Pitou, 
August;  Putnam,  J. 
Bishop;  Ridder,  Her¬ 
man;  Robertson,  Mor¬ 
gan;  Rossa,  Jeremiah  O’ 
Donovan;  Rostand,  Eu¬ 
gene;  Schlechter,  Solo¬ 
mon;  Smith,  F.  Hopkin- 
son;  Story,  Thomas 
Waldo;  Tracy,  Benj.  F.; 
Tupper,  Sir  Charles; 
Vanderbilt,  Alfred  G.; 
Wilder,  Marshall  P.; 
Witte,  Count  Sergius; 
Woodruff,  Col.  Charles 
Edw. 


Dec.  2.  Four  officials  of 
the  Hamburg-American 
Line  convicted  in  court 
of  conspiring  to  furnish 
false  manifests  to  vessels 
engaged  in  supplying 
German  warships. 

Dec.  4.  Henry  Ford  and 
his  peace  party  sail  for 
Europe. 


Dec.  15.  General  Sir 
Douglas  Haig  succeeds 
Field  Marshal  Sir  John 
French  as  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  British  forces 
in  Belgium  and  France. 


1915  a.d. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY 


371 


A.D. 


1915 


France  and  Germany. 


1915 

Oct.  27.  Premier  Viviani, 
of  France,  resigns. 


Europe,  elsewhere. 


1915 

Oct.  14.  Bulgaria  declares 
war  on  Serbia. 

Oct.  15.  Greece  officially 
announces  her  decision 
not  to  support  Serbia. 

Oct.  24.  Bulgars  occupy 
Uskub. 

Nov.  3.  Zaimis  resigns 
Greek  Ministry. 

Nov.  5.  Bulgars  occupy 
Nish. 


The  World,  elsewhere. 


1915 

Oct.  19.  Mexico:  The  U. 
S.  and  eight  American 
republics  formally  recog¬ 
nize  General  Carranza 
as  leader  of  the  pre¬ 
vailing  power  in  Mexico. 

Nov.  9.  The  Ancona  tor¬ 
pedoed  in  the  Mediter- 
rs.  n  0  2.  n« 


Dec.  2.  General  Joffre 
made  supreme  comman¬ 
der  of  all  French  forces 
save  those  in  colonies. 


Dec.  10.  Allies  retire  from 
Serbia. 

Dec.  14.  Greek  army 
withdraws  from  Saloni- 
ca  hinterland,  leaving 
Franco- English  forces 

in  military  command. 

Dec.  30.  Austria  offers 
indemnity  in  Ancona 
case  and  promises  safety 
at  sea. 


372 


TABULAR  VIEWS  OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


PRESIDENTS  AND  VICE-PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Presidents  Vice-Presidents 


1789 

George  Washington 

John  Adams 

1792 

George  Washington 

John  Adams 

1796 

John  Adams 

Thomas  Jefferson 

1800 

Thomas  Jefferson 

Aaron  Burr 

1804 

Thomas  Jefferson 

George  Clinton 

1808 

James  Madison 

George  Clinton 

1812 

James  Madison 

Elbridge  Gerry 

1816 

James  Monroe 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins 

1820 

James  Monroe 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins 

1824 

John  Quincy  Adams 

John  C.  Calhoun 

1828 

Andrew  Jackson 

John  C.  Calhoun 

1832 

Andrew  Jackson 

Martin  Van  Buren 

1836 

Martin  Van  Buren 

R.  M.  Johnson 

1840 1 

[  W.  H.  Harrison 
!  John  Tyler 

John  Tyler 

1844 

James  K.  Polk 

George  M.  Dallas 

1848  j 

i  Zachary  Taylor 
!  Millard  Fillmore 

Millard  Fillmore 

1852 

Franklin  Pierce 

William  R.  King 

1856 

James  Buchanan 

J.  C.  Breckenridge 

i860 

Abraham  Lincoln 

Hannibal  Hamlin 

1864] 

1  Abraham  Lincoln 
!  Andrew  Johnson 

Andrew  Johnson 

1868 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

Schuyler  Colfax 

1872 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

Henry  Wilson 

1876 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes 

William  A.  Wheeler 

1880  j 

1  James  A.  Garfield 
'  Chester  A.  Arthur 

Chester  A.  Arthur 

1884 

Grover  Cleveland 

T.  A.  Hendricks 

1888 

Benjamin  Harrison 

Levi  P.  Morton 

1892 

Grover  Cleveland 

Adlai  E.  Stevenson 

1896 

William  McKinley 

Garret  A.  Hobart 

1900  - 

j  William  McKinley 

Theodore  Roosevelt 

(  Theodore  Roosevelt 

1904 

Theodore  Roosevelt 

Charles  W.  Fairbanks 

1908 

William  H.  Taft 

James  S.  Sherman 

1912 

Woodrow  Wilson 

Thomas  R.  Marshall 

GENEALOGICAL  TABLES 

NOTE. — The  dagger  (|)  attached  to  a  date  means  “  died.’5 


373 


GENEALOGICAL  TABLES 


375 


ENGLISH  SOVEREIGNS,  802-1916 

ANGLO-SAXON. 


Egbert. 

802-837. 


Charles  the  Bald. 
Emperor. 


FLANDERS. 


Ethelwulf  =  (1)  Judith,  who 


837-858. 


afterwards  m. 
(2)Ethelbald.  (3)- 


Ibald. 


Ethe: 

858-860. 


Ethelbert. 

860-866. 


Ethelred. 


Alfred.- 


866-871.  871-901. 


■NORMANDY. 


- Baldwin  I. 

|  1 879. 
-Baldwin  II. 
t  9i8. 


Edward  1  son,  2  dau.  Elfthryth  =  Rollo.  Arnulf  I. 

the  Elder.  901-925.  |  t  965. 

|  William  | 

Longsword.  Baldwin  (III.) 


Athelstan. 

925-940. 


Edmund. 

940-946. 


Edred. 

946-955 


Edwig.  955-959. 


Richard 

Edgar.  959-975.  the  Fearless. 


Edward  the  Martyr. 
975-978. 

I 

Godwin 


Ethelred 


U 


2  Emma.  Richard 


978-1016. 


Earl  of  Mercia. 


Edmund 

Ironsides. 

1016. 

Edward 


|  [  '  Edward 

Harold.  Edith  =  the  Confessor. 
1066.  1042-1066. 


the  Good. 


Robert 


t  962. 


Arnulf  II. 
t  988. 

i 

Baldwin  IV- 
t  1036. 


Baldwin  V. 


the  Magnificent  f  1067. 
or  the  Devil. 


William  the  Conqueror  =  Matilda. 
1066-1087. 


Edgar  Atheling.  Margaret  =  Malcolm 

king  of  Scots. 


Edgar 

king  of  Scots. 


Matilda 


Robert.  William  Rufus.  Henry  I.  Adela 

1087-1100.  1100-1135.  m.  Stephen 

-  :  c.  of  Blois. 


Matilda  =  Geoffrey  of  Anjou, 
Plantagenet. 


Henry  I 


Stephen 

1X35-1154 


.  1154-1189. 


Henry.  Ricliard 

Cceur-de-Lion. 

1189-1199. 


Geoffrey.  John  Lackland. 

|  1199-1216. 

Arthur. 

f  1203.  Henry  III.  1216-1272. 

Edward  I. 

b.  1239,  f  1307 
m.  1,  Eleanor  of  Castile 

Edward  II. 

b.  1284 

murdered  1327 
m.  Isabel  of  France 

Edward  III. 

b.  1312,  t  1377 
m.  Philippa  or  Hainault. 

*  I 

[See  next  page.] 


ENGLISH  SOVEREIGNS,  802-1916 

The  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York,  1377-1483 

EDWARD  III.  f  1377. 


376 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


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t  I7SI,  king  of  Prussia, 

m.  Augusta,  d. 
of  duke  of  Saxe- Coburg 
and  Gotha. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


37  9 


ENGLISH  SOVEREIGNS,  802-1916 


The  House  of  Hanover,  1760-1914 

George  III.  =  Charlotte  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 
1760-1820. 


George  IV., 

1820-1830. 
f  without  issue. 


William  IV., 

1830-1837. 

t  without  issue. 


Frederic,  Edward, 
d.  of  York.  d.  of  Kent, 
t  1827,  f  1820. 

without  issue. 


Ernest, 
d.  of  Cum¬ 
berland;  k. 
of  Hanover. 
1837-1851. 


Adolphus, 
d.  of  Cam¬ 
bridge, 
t  1850. 


Saxe-Coburg-  [ 

1837-1901. 

Gotha,  ti86i.  } 

Victoria, 
m.  Ger¬ 
man  Em¬ 
peror, 
figoi. 


Edward  VII. 

1901-1910 
m. Alexandra 
d.  of  k.  of 
Denmark. 


.1  [  1,1 
Alice,  Alfred,  Helena, 
m.  gr.  d.  of  Ed-  m.  pr.  m.  mar 
d.  of  inburgh,  of  quis  of  Con- 
Hesse,  f  1900,  Schleswig-  Lome,  naught 
|i878.  as  d.  Holstein, 
of  Saxe- 
Coburg- 
Gotha. 


Louise,  Arthur,  Leopold,  Beatrice, 
d.  of  d.  of  Al-  m.  pr. 

bany,  Henry  of 
fi884.  Batten- 
berg. 


Albert  Victor, 
d.  of  Clarence, 
fi892. 


I  I 

George  V.  Louise, 

1910-  m.  d.  of 

m.  Mary  of  Teck,  Fife, 

g.  g.  d.  of 
George  III 


Victoria. 


Maud, 
m.  Charles, 
pr.  of  Den¬ 
mark. 


Albert.  Albert. 

1  1 
Victoria.  Henry. 

„  1  ! 
George.  John. 

380 


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The  dates,  years  of  death.  French  kings,  in  black  type.  Descendants  of  Edward  I.,  in  italics. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


381 


THE  HOUSE  OF  VALOIS 

A  YOUNGER  BRANCH  OF  THE  CAPETS 


1223-1364. 

Louis  VIII.,  1223-1226. 


Louis  IX.,  St.  Louis, 
1226-1270. 


Charles,  count  of  Anjou  and  Provence, 
ancestor  of  the  kings  of  Naples. 


Philip  III.,  le  Hardi, 
1270-1285. 


Robert  (6th  son),  count  of  Clermont, 
ancestor  of  the  Bourbons. 


I 

Philip  IV.,  le  Bel, 
1285-1314. 


Charles,  count  of  Valois, 
ancestor  of  the  house  of 

Valois. 


Louis,  count  of  Ev- 
reux. 


Louis  X., 

le  Hutin, 
1314-1316. 


Philip  V.,  Charles  IV., 

le  Long,  le  Bel, 
1316-1322.  1322-1328. 

daughters.  daughter. 


Isabelle 
m.  Ed¬ 
ward  II. 
of  England. 

Edward  III., 

of  England. 


Jeanne, 
queen  of 
Navarre. 


John, 

1316. 

lived  seven  days. 


Philip  VI., 

1328-1350. 


John  II., 

le  Bon, 

13SO-1364. 


382 


TABULAR  VIEWS 


THE  HOUSES  OF  LORRAINE  AND  GUISE 


1435-1588. 


Margaret, 
m.  Henry  VI., 
k.  of  England. 


Ren6  le  Bon,  d.  of  Anjou 
and  titular  king  of  Naples 
and  Sicily,  1435-1442, 
m.  Isabella,  d.  of  Lorraine. 


John  II., 
d.  of 
Lorraine 
and  Bar. 

I 

Nicolas, 

d.  of  Lorraine  and  Bar. 
|i473. 

no  male  issue. 


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d.  of  Lorraine, 
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Vaudemont,  Guise,  etc. 

I 

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d.  of  Lorraine  and  Bar. 
c.  of  Vaudemont,  Guise,  etc. 
ti508. 


Antoine,  d.  of 
Lorraine  and 
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Claude  I.,  c.  ot 
Aum&le,  d.  of 
Guise  (1527). 


Francis  1., 
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and 


3ar. 


Francis,  d.  of 
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Lorraine. 


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of  Aumitle. 


Charles  II.,  d.  of 
Lorraine  and  Bar. 

fx6o8. 


I.  I 

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Guise.  James  V. 
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I 

Mary,  queen 
of  Scots. 


Henry,  d. 
of  Guise. 

fi588. 


Charles,  d.  of 
Mayenne. 


Louis,  Cardinal 
of  Guise. 
fiS88. 


THE  HOUSE  OF  BOURBON,  1270-1584 

Louis  IX.,  fi27o. 


OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 


333 


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THE  BONAPARTE  FAMILY 

1804-1879 


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This  table  of  royal  relations  is  to  be  connected  with  the  records  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 


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INDEX 


A 

Aahmes  I.,  King  of  Egypt,  3 

Abbassides,  the,  73 

Abderrhman,  73;  III.,  81 

Abdul  Aziz,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  223,  241 

Abdul  Hamid,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  175;  II., 

241,  325 

Abdul  Medjid,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  223 
Abdul  Rahman,  Ameer  of  Cabul,  247 
Abelard,  Peter,  94 
Aboukir,  naval  battle  of,  18 1 
Abruzzi,  Duke  of  the,  286 
Abubeker,  69 
Abydos,  siege  of,  33 
Abyssinia,  war  with  Italy,  27s 
Acadia,  colonized  at  Port  Royal,  142; 

ceded  to  France,  154;  restored  to 

French,  160;  given  to  English,  164 
Accident  insurance  law  for  workingmen,  251 
Achaean  League,  27,  31 
Acre,  battle  of,  93;  capture  of,  107 
Act  of  uniformities,  of  supremacy,  134;  of 
toleration,  150;  of  uniformity,  154; 

toleration,  158;  the  declaratory,  174; 

confiscation,  224;  elementary  education, 
234;  Irish  Land,  235;  tenure  of  office, 
252;  Sherman  Silver,  258,  266 
Actium,  battle  of,  45 
Adams,  John,  178,  180,  186,  188 
Adams,  Samuel,  174 
Adasa,  battle  of,  34 
Addison,  164 
Adeodatus,  Pope,  70 

Adolph  I.,  of  Nassau,  Emperor  of  Ger¬ 
many,  106 

Adolphus  Frederick,  King  of  Sweden,  171 

Adowa,  battle  of,  275 

Adrian  VI.,  Pope,  129 

Adrianople,  189,  .243,  245,  351 

Ailfric  Grammaticus,  84 

iElius  Donatus,  60 

.iEmilianus,  57 

^Emilius  Macer,  44 

oEschylus,  14 

iEtius,  63 

^Etolian  League,  35 

Afrhanistan,  war  with  England,  245 

Afiica,  explored  by  Portuguese,  116 

African  war,  43 

Agadir  affair,  339,  341 

Agapetus,  Pope,  66;  II.,  82 

Agatho,  Pope,  70 

Agathocles,  25 

Agesilaus,  18,  2 x 

Agincourt,  battle  of,  114,  115 

Agis  IV.,  King  of  Sparta,  31 


Agnadello,  battle  of,  127 
Agricola,  51 

Agriculture,  department  of,  created,  256 
Agrippa,  44,  46 
Agrippina,  51 

Aguinaldo,  279,  280,  281,  288 
Ahmed  Mirza,  Shah  of  Persia,  327 
Ahmed  II.,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  161;  III., 
163 

Air  pump  invented,  152 
Aisne,  battle  of  the,  365 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  synod  at,  76;  peace  of, 
154,  170;  congress  of,  186 
Alabama,  secedes,  222;  claims,  236 
Aladja  Dagh,  battle  of,  243 
Alamo,  massacre  of  the,  190 
Aland,  conquered  by  Russia,  165 
Alaric,  61,  63,  65 

Alaska  purchased,  230;  railway  bill,  358; 

first  legislature,  354 
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific  Exposition,  324 
Albania,  359;  rebellion  in,  361,  363 
Alberoni,  167 

Albert  I.,  King  of  Belgium,  329 
Alberti.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  io6;II.,n6 
Albert,  jPrince-Consort  of  Queen  Victoria, 
192,  222 

Alberta,  province  of,  created,  298 
Albigenses,  96 
Alboin,  67 

Albuera,  battle  of,  184 
Alcazarquivir,  battle  of,  138 
Alcibiades,  19 
Aldhelm,  70 

Aldrich,  Nelson  W.,  342 
Alemanni  the,  55 

Alexander.  Prince  of  Battenberg  (Prince 
of  Bulgaria),  24s 

Alexander  the  Great,  King  of  Macedonia, 
21;  22;  23,  25 

Alexander  Jannaeus,  38,  39 
Alexander,  Popes,  I.,  52;  II.,  88;  III.,  96; 
IV.,  102;  V.,  114;  VI.,  125;  VII.,  153; 
VIII.,  159 

Alexander  I.,  Czar  of  Russia,  183;  II.,  213, 
245,  247;  III.,  247,  249,  251,  271 
Alexander  I.,  King  of  Scotland,  93;  II., 
101;  III.,  103,  105 

Alexander  I.,  King  of  Servia,  257,  265, 

269,  293 

Alexander  II.,  King  of  Syria,  38 
Alexandra  of  Denmark,  Queen  of  England, 
224 

Alexandra,  Queen  of  Judaea,  40 
Alexandria,  museum  and  library,  25; 
centre  of  trade,  26;  taken  by  Caesar, 
43;  battle  of,  182 


391 


392 


INDEX 


Alexius  I.  (Comnenus)  Emperor,  91; 

11.,  99;  HI.,  99;  IV.,  ior 

Alfonso  I.,  of  Aragon,  94;  II.,  96;  III.,  106; 
V.,  114,  119  . 

Alfonso  VI.,  King  of  Leon  and  of  Castile, 
89,  90,  92;  VII.,  94;  IX.,  98;  XI.,  108 
Alfonso  V.,  king  of  Portugal,  117 
Alfonso  I.,  King  of  Spain,  92;  XII.,  239, 
241,  243,  24s,  253;  XIII.,  253.  333 
Alfred  the  Great,  79,  80 
Algeciras  conference,  305,  327 
Algiers,  bombardment  of,  186 
Alhambra  palace,  102 
Alien  and  Sedition  Laws,  180 
Allahabad,  treaty  of,  172 
Alliance,  Triple,  154,  249,  255,  261,  291, 
353!  Grand,  158;  of  Denmark,  Russia, 
/  Poland,  161;  Seven  Years’  Subsidiary, 
172;  French  and  American  colonies,  176; 
Holy,  185.  186,  187;  Quadruple,  191; 
between  England,  France,  and  Turkey, 
208;  Austria  and  Prussia,  209 
Alma,  battle  of  the,  21 1 
A1  Mansur,  caliph,  73 
Almanza,  battle  of,  162,  163 
Almoravides,  the,  90 

Alsace,  ceded  to  France  by  peace  of 
Westphalia,  150;  acquired  by  France, 
152;  seized  by  France,  159;  ceded  to 
Germany,  237;  Zabern  incident,  359; 
entered  by  France,  365 
Altranstadt,  peace  of,  163 
Alva,  Duke  of,  134 
Alvarez,  President  of  Mexico,  213 
Amadeus,  King  of  Spain,  239 
Amboise,  peace  of,  134 
Ambrones,  39 
Ambrose,  St.,  60 

Amenemhat  III.,  King  of  Egypt,  2 
Amenhotep  IV.  (Amenophis),  King  of 
Egypt,  3 

Amenophis  ( see  Amenhotep  IV.) 

America,  discovery  of,  124 
America,  yacht,  200 

“American  treaty”  between  England 
and  Spain,  156 

Amiens,  peace  of,  182,  183;  captured  by 
the  Germans,  365 
Ammianus  Marcellinus,  60 
Ammonius  Saccas,  54 
Amundsen,  explorer,  344 
Amurath  I.,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  113;  II., 
117;  III.,  137;  IV.,  145 
Anabaptists,  129,  131 
Anacletus,  I.,  Pope,  50;  II.,  94 
Anastasius,  II.,  Pope,  64;  IV.,  96,  Anasta- 
sius  I.,  Emperor,  65;  II.,  73 
Anaxagoras,  16 
Andrassy,  note,  241 
Andrde,  276 

Andronicus  I.,  Emperor,  99:  II.,  107,  109: 

111.,  hi 

Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  158 
Andrussovo,  peace  of,  155 
Anglia  East,  67 
Anglo-Japanese  treaty,  340 
Anglo-Saxon  monarchy,  80;  dynasty,  end 
of,  89 

Anglo-Tibetan  treaty,  307 
Anicetus,  Pope,  52 
Anna  Comnena,  94 
Annam,  French  protectorate,  249 


Anne  of  Austria,  Queen  of  France,  144, 
iso 

Anne  Boleyn,  130 

Anne  of  Cleves,  130 

Anne,  Empress  of  Russia,  169 

Anne,  Queen  of  England,  162,  164 

Anselm,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  92 

Ansgarius,  Pope,  76 

Antalcidas,  peace  of,  20 

Anterus,  Pope,  56 

Anthemius,  63,  65 

Antigonus,  44 

Antigonus  Doson,  33 

Antigonus  Gonatus,  King  of  Macedon,  29 
Antioch,  26 

Antiochus  I.,  King  of  Syria,  26;  II.,  30; 
III.,  30,  32,  34.  35;  IV.,  34;  V.,  34;  VII., 
36,  38;  VIII.,  40  _ 

Anti-Alien  Land  Bill  in  California,  354, 
355 

Anti-Japanese  demonstrations,  314 
Antipater,  42,  44 
Anti-Rentism,  192 

Anti-Slavery  Society,  New  England,  190 
Anti-trust  movement,  268,  298,  302,  328, 
332,  338,  342,  362 
Antofagasta,  battle  of,  245 
Antoninus,  Marcus,  43,  44,  45 
Antoninus  Pius,  53 

Antwerp,  sacked  by  Spain,  136;  taken  by 
the  French,  191;  surrenders  to  the  Ger¬ 
mans,  365 

Apion  of  Alexandria,  48 
Apollonius,  30 

Apollonius  of  Rhodes,  34;  of  Tyana,  50 

Apostles,  council  of  the,  48 

“Appellants,”  the,  166 

Appian,  52 

Appius,  Claudius,  29 

Aquae  Sextiae,  battle  of,  39 

Aquinas,  Thomas,  104 

Aquitaine,  wrested  from  the  Visigoths,  65: 

rises  against  English,  112 
Arabi  Pasha,  247,  249 

Aragon,  kingdom  of,  87;  annexes  Naples, 

125 

Aratus,  30,  31 
Arbela,  battle  of,  22 
Arbitration,  court  of,  282 
Arbogastes  the  Gaul,  61 
Arc,  Joan  of,  116,  117 
Arcadius,  61 

Archelaus,  King  of  Macedon,  19 
Archimedes,  30 

Architecture,  Corinthian,  16;  cathedrals 
in  England,  70;  Gothic,  92 
Arcole,  battle  of,  181 
Ardoin,  King  of  Italy,  84 
Argentine  Confederation,  219 
Argos  conquered  by  Sparta,  31 
Argyle,  rebellion  of,  158 
Ariarathes  II.,  King  of  Cappadocia,  20,  34 
Arica  bombarded,  247 
Ariobarzanes,  20,  28,  40 
Arista,  General  Mariana,  203,  207 
Aristarchus,  36 
Aristides,  15 
Aristobulus,  38 
Aristonicus,  39 
Aristophanes,  18,  32 
Aristotle,  22 
Arius,  58 


INDEX 


393 


Arizona  admitted,  344 

Arkansas  secedes,  222 
Armada,  Spanish,  138 

Armenia,  34,  46,  51,  52,  6i,  66;  reforms 
in  demanded,  271,  273;  massacres  in, 

27s  . 

Arminius,  49 
Arnobius  of  Africa,  58 
Arnold,  Benedict,  176 
Arnold  of  Brescia,  96 
Arnulf,  King  of  Germany,  80 
Arques,  battle  of,  138 
Arran,  Earl  of,  130 
Arras,  peace  of,  116 

Arriaga,  Manuel,  President  of  Portugal, 
341 

Arrian,  52 

Arsaces,  King  of  Parthia,  II.,  30;  III.,  32; 
IV..  32 

Artaxerxes  I..  King  of  Persia,  14;  III.,  20 
Artevelde,  King  of  Flanders,  no,  112 
Arthur,  Chester  A.,  President  of  United 
States,  246 

Arundelian  marbles,  5 
Ascalon,  battle  of,  93 
Ascham,  Roger,  130 
Asculum,  battle  of,  27 
Ashanti  War,  238,  272 
Asoka,  King  of  Magadha,  28 
Aspern,  battle  of,  183 
Aspromonte,  battle  of,  225 
Asquith,  H.  H.,  318,  358,  360,  362 
Assam,  annexed  to  England,  188 
Asshurnasirpal,  King  of  Assyria,  4, 

Assize  of  arms,  99 
Assouan  dam,  280 

Assyria,  under  priest-kings,  3;  beginning 
of  Assyrian  greatness.  4;  Sargon  con¬ 
quers  Samaria,  6;  attains  its  highest 
development,  6;  divided,  reunited,  8; 
conquers  Elam,  8;  conquers  Egypt,  9 
Asturias,  kingdom  of,  73,  81 
Athanasius,  58 

Athelstan,  King  of  Wessex,  81,  82 
Athens,  legislation  of  Draco,  9;  legislation 
of  Solon,  ix ;  burnt  by  Xerxes,  rebuilt, 
15;  joins  Achaean  League,  29,  31;  taken 
by  Rome,  41;  by  the  Turks,  189;  treaty 
of,  359 

Attalus  I.,  King  of  Pergamus,  30 
Attila,  63 

Audubon,  J.  J.,  200 

Auerstadt,  battle  of,  183 

Augsburg,  diet  of,  13 1;  peace  of,  133; 

league  of,  158;  diet  of,  161 
Augustine,  St.,  60,  68 
Augustus  (Octavius  Caesar),  45,  46,  47,  49 
Aurelian,  57 

Aurelius,  Marcus,  53,  54 
Aurelius,  Victor,  60 
Aurungzeb,  Emperor  of  India,  155 
Ausonius,  60 
Austerlitz,  battle  of,  183 
Australia,  Queensland  separated  from  New 
South  Wales,  218;  constitution,  278; 
commonwealth  of,  286 
Austrasia,  67 

Austria,  war  with  Switzerland,  1 13;  made 
an  archduchy,  118  ;  obtains  Sicily  in 
exchange  for  Sardinia,  169;  revolution 
of  1848,  195,  197;  Austrian  power  re¬ 
established  in  Northern  Italy,  197;  war 


against  France,  219;  war  with  Prussia 
and  Italy,  231;  see  Austria-Hungary. 
Austria-Hungary,  organization  of  the 
Dual  Monarchy,  233 ;  triple  alliance,  246, 
trouble  with  Servia,  321;  annexes  Bos¬ 
nia  and  Herzegovina,  321;  ultimatum  to 
Servia,  363;  declares  war,  363;  declares 
war  on  Russia  and  France,  365;  war 
with  Montenegro,  365 
Austrian  succession,  war  of  the,  17 1 
Austro-Turkish  convention,  21 1 
Avars,  the,  69,  76 

Aviation,  268,  286,  288,  290,  296,  302, 
308,  326,  334.  340 

Avignon,  popes  at,  108;  ceded  to  the 
pope,  175 
Avitus,  63 

Azores  discovered,  116 
B 

Baalbec,  52 

Babylonia,  2,  3,  6,  8,  10,  34 
Babylonian  captivity  of  the  papacy,  108, 
112 

Bach,  composer,  170 

Bacon’s  rebellion,  156 

Bacon,  Lord  Francis,  142,  144 

Bacon,  Roger,  of  Oxford,  104 

Bactria  conquered  by  Parthia,  34 

Badajos,  battle  of,  185 

Bagdad,  capital,  73;  peace  of,  169 

Bajazet  I.,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  115;  II.,  123 

Balaklava,  battle  of,  211 

Balas,  Alexander,  36 

Balbinus,  57 

Baldwin  I.,  Emperor,  101;  II.,  103 
Balfour,  A.  J.,  290,  302 
Baliol,  King  of  Scotland,  in 
Balkan  War,  349,  351.  353,  355 
Ballinger,  Secretary,  328,  334 
Baltimore  fire,  294 
Baltimore,  Lord,  146 
Baner,  Swedish  general,  149 
Bank  of  Venice,  96;  of  England,  160; 
First  United  States,  178;  of  France, 
183;  Second  United  States,  186,  190 
Banks,  N.  P.,  212,  224 
Bannockburn,  battle  of,  109 
Barbarossa,  Frederick  ( see  I.,  Emperor  of 
H.  R.  E„)  96 

Barcelona  taken  by  Berwick,  165 
Bardanes,  Philip,  71 
Barebone’s  Parliament,  152 
Barnet,  battle  of,  120 
Barometer  invented,  150 
Barra,  Francesco  de  la,  339 
Basel,  battle  of,  181 
Basil,  Bishop  of  Caesarea,  60 
Basil,  Emperor,  79;  II.,  83 
Basiliscus,  65 

Basle,  Council  of,  116;  Treaty  of,  152 

Bassorah,  battle  of,  143,  17s 

Bastile  at  Paris,  founded,  112;  storming 

of,  179 

Batavian  Republic,  18 1 

Bathori,  Stephen,  King  of  Poland,  137 

Baths  of  Diocletian,  58 

Batthyany,  199 

Bautzen,  battle  of,  185 

Bavarian  Succession,  Wars  of  the,  177 

Bavaria,  73 


394 


INDEX 


Bazaine,  General,  235,  239 
Beachy  Head,  naval  victory,  160 
Beaconsfield,  Lord  ( see  Disraeli) 

Becket,  Thomas  a,  97 
Bede,  the  Venerable,  70,  72 
Bedford,  battle  of,  67 
Beecher,  Henry  Ward,  238 
Beethoven,  178 
Behring  Sea  dispute,  262,  266 
Behring’s  Strait  discovered,  168 
Belfast,  262 

Belfort,  battles  near,  365 
Belgium,  and  the  Belgians,  conquered  by 
France,  18 1;  union  of,  with  Holland, 
185;  revolts  from  Holland,  declared 
independent,  189;  Congo  Free  State, 
253,  3i5;  invaded  by  Germany,  364, 
365;  capital  removed  to  Antwerp,  to 
Boulogne,  365 

Belgrade,  attacked  by  the  Turks,  121, 
225;  taken  by  Turks,  129;  battle  of, 
161;  recovered  by  Turks,  161;  peace  of, 
171;  bombarded,  363 
Belisarius,  67 
Belle-Isle,  capture  of,  173 
Belmont,  battle  of,  282 
Benedetti,  235 

Benedict  I.,  Pope,  68;  II.,  70;  III.,  78; 
IV.,  80;  V.,  82;  VI.,  84;  VII.,  84;  VIII., 
84;  IX.,  86,  88;  XI.,  106;  XII.,  no; 
XIII.,  114,  169;  XIV.,  171 
Benedictine  monks,  66 
Beneventum,  battle  of,  29,  81 
Benevolences,  144 

Bengal  ceded  to  East  India  Company, 
172 

Bennington,  battle  of,  176 
Benton,  Thomas  H.,  216 
Berber,  capture  of,  251 
Berchtold,  Count,  348,  349 
Berengar,  Emperor,  80;  of  Tours,  88 
Berenice,  Queen  of  Egypt,  43 
Berlin,  Treaty  of,  243 
Berlin,  University  of,  founded,  182 
Bernadotte  ( see  Charles  XIV.  of  Sweden), 
183,  187 

Bernhard  of  Saxe-Weimar,  146,  149 

Bernicia,  69 

Berosus,  28 

Berrhcea,  battle  of,  95 

Bessarabia,  part  of,  acquired  by  Russia, 

185 

Bessemer  process,  212 
Bethmann-Hpllweg,  327,  359 
Bible,  Gothic  version  of,  60;  English 
translation  of,  142;  the  Indian,  154; 
tercentenary,  336 

Bill,  of  Rights,  158;  Freedman’s  Bureau, 
230;  Civil  Rights,  230;  Tenure  of  Office, 
230;  Disestablishment,  232;  General 
Amnesty,  236;  Civil  Rights  (for  negroes), 
238;  Bland  Silver,  242;  Anti-Socialist, 
243;  Coercion,  246;  Irish  Land,  246,  274; 
Ferry  Educational,  247;  Inter-State 
Commerce  252;  Irish  Crimes,  254;  Re¬ 
organization,  in  United  States,  286; 
Cuban  Reciprocity,  290;  Old  Age  Pen¬ 
sions,  318;  Vreeland  Currency,  318; 
Canadian  Reciprocity,  336;  National 
Insurance,  338;  Workingmen’s  Insur¬ 
ance,  339;  Insurance,  342;  Minimum 
Wage,  344;  Canal  Tolls,  346;  Anti-Alien 


Land,  354;  Glass-Owen  Currency,  356, 
358;  Alaska  Railway,  358;  Emergency 
Ship,  364 
Biloxi  settled,  160 

Bismarck,  Prince  of  Prussia,  225,  247, 
259,  261,  266 
Bithynia,  20  _ 

Black  Death  in  England,  III 
Black  Friday,  232 
Blackstone,  172 
Blaine,  James  G.,  262 
Blake,  Admiral,  152 
B16neau,  battle  of,  152 
Bleriot,  326 

Blockade  of  southern  ports  of  United 
States,  222 
Bloemfontein,  282 
Blood,  circulation  of  the,  144 
Bloody  tribunal,  135 
Boadicea,  Queen  of  Britain,  51 
Bocanegra,  Simon,  first  doge  of  Genoa, 
hi 

Boccaccio,  112 
Boethius,  66 

Bohemia,  and  Bohemians,  embrace  Chris¬ 
tianity,  80;  tributary  to  Germany,  82; 
made  kingdom,  91 
Bohemond,  92 
Boileau,  154,  160 

Boleslav  I.,  King  of  Poland,  85;  II.,  91; 
HI.,  93 

Bolivar,  General,  185,  187 
Bologna,  University  of,  100 
Bomarsund  capitulates,  211 
Bombay,  mutiny  at,  158 
Bonaparte,  Jerome,  183 
Bonaparte,  Joseph,  183 
Bonaparte,  Louis,  King  of  Holland,  183 
Bonaparte,  Napoleon,  popular  insurrec¬ 
tion  suppressed  by,  181;  in  Italy,  181; 
in  Egypt,  18 1;  first  consul,  181;  presi¬ 
dent  of  Italian  republic,  183;  crowned 
emperor,  183;  see  Napoleon  I. 

Boniface  I.,  Pope,  62;  II.,  66;  III.,  68; 
IV.,  68;  V.,  68;  VI.,  80;  VIII.,  106; 
IX.,  114 

Boniface  of  Montferrat,  100 

Bonn,  University  of,  186 

Boone,  Daniel,  174 

Booth,  John  Wilkes,  228 

Bordeaux,  seat  of  government  of  France, 

235,  36s 

Borden,  Premier  of  Canada,  342 
Bosnia,  subjected  to  the  Turks,  119; 
annexed  to  Austria,  321;  invaded  by 
Servia,  365 
Bossuet,  160 

Boston  settled,  146;  Massacre,  174;  Tea- 
party,  174;  Port  Bill,  174;  evacuation 
of,  176;  great  fire,  236 
Bosworth  Field,  battle  of,  123 
Botha,  General,  288 
Bothwell,  Earl  of,  134 
Boufflers,  162 

Boundary,  disputes,  between  United 
States  and  Canada,  190,  192,  194; 

Texas,  196;  United  States  and  Mexico, 
198;  Brazil  and  Argentina,  270;  Vene¬ 
zuela  and  British  Guiana,  Alaska 
Canada,  276;  Venezuela  and  Great 
Britain,  28 2;  Alaskan,  292,  294;  United 
States  and  Canada,  312;  Abyssinia  and 


INDEX 


395 


Boundary. — Continued 

Italian  Somaliland,  319;  Turkey  and 
Persia,  321;  Argentine  and  Bolivia,  327: 
Bulgaria  and  Turkey,  357;  Mexico  and 
United  States,  339 
Bourbaki,  237 

Bourbon  family  compact,  173;  House  of, 
restored,  185 
Bovianum,  battle  of,  27 
Boxer,  uprising,  285,  287,  289;  indemnity, 
318 

Boyne,  battle  of  the,  160 
Braddock’s  defeat,  172 
Brahe,  Tycho,  astronomer,  138 
Brandenburg  invaded  by  the  Swedes,  157 
Brandywine,  battle  of,  176 
Branham  Moor,  battle  of,  115 
Brazil,  recovered  by  Portugal  from  the 
^Dutch,  152;  independent,  187;  revolu¬ 
tion  in,  191;  republic  established,  257; 
revolution,  261 

Breda,'  taken  by  Spinola,  14s;  peace  of, 
154 

Breisach,  battle  of,  149;  ceded  to  France, 
150 

Breitenfeld,  battle  of,  147 
Brennus,  19,  29 
Bretigny,  peace  of,  112 
Brian  Boru,  87 
Briand,  Aristide,  353 

Britain,  the  Britons,  invaded  by  Cassar, 
43;  invaded  by  Severus,  55;  subjected 
to  Rome,  usurped  by  Carausius,  re¬ 
gained  by  Constantius,  59;  invaded  by 
Piets  and  Scots,  61;  the  Jutes  in,  63; 
evacuated  by  the  Romans,  63;  East 
Anglia,  6 7 ;  Mercia,  69;  Northumbria, 
69,  71;  invaded  by  Danes,  75,  81;  in¬ 
vaded  by  Norse  and  Danes,  85 
Britannicus,  49 

British  Empire,  establishment  of,  173 
British  museum  founded,  172 
Bromsebro,  peace  of,  151 
Brooklyn  Bridge,  250 
Brown,  John,  218 

Brownsville  affair,  308,  310,  324,  330 
Bruce,  Robert,  King  of  Scotland,  109 
Brunanburh,  battle  of,  83 
Brussels,  bombarded  by  the  French,  16 1; 

occupied  by  the  Germans,  365 
B^-yan,  William  J.,  274,  286,  318,  356 
Bryce,  James,  310,  322,  336,  350 
Buchanan,  James,  President  of  United 
States,  214 

Bucharest,  peace  of,  185;  treaty  of,  357 
Buda  taken  by  Germany,  159 
Buda-Pesth,  revolution  in,  195 
Buddha  (Gautama),  born,  10 
Buena  Vista,  battle  of,  194 
Buenos  Ayres,  leaves  the  Argentine  Con¬ 
federation,  203;  rejoins,  2x9 
Bulgaria,  and  Bulgarians,  founded,  71; 
war  with  empire,  73;  war  with  Michael 
I.,  77;.  war  with  Saracens,  81;  Great 
Bulgarian  war,  85;  subdued,  87;  new 
kingdom,  99;  conquered  by  Byzantines, 
103;  Turks  subdue  risings  in,  241; 
annexes  Roumelia,  251;  war  with  Ser- 
via,  251;  treaty  of  peace,  253;  declara¬ 
tion  of  independence,  321;  war  with 
Turkey,  351;  with  Servia,  357;  with 
Greece,  357 


Buller,  General,  284 

Bulls,  papal,  106,  125,  164 

Bulow,  Prince  von,  287,  301,  327 

Bunker  Hill,  battle  of,  174 

Bunyan,  John,  156 

Burgoyne’s  surrender,  176 

Burgundy,  the  Burgundians,  63,  65; 

annexed  to  France,  86 
Burke  and  Cavendish,  assassinated,  248 
Burkersdorf,  battle  of,  173 
Burma,  war  with  England,  186;  annexed 
to  British  Empire,  204,  253 
Burns,  Robert,  176 
Burnside,  General,  222,  246 
Burr,  Aaron,  182 
Burton  and  Speke,  216 
Busaco,  battle  of,  184 
Byron,  Lord,  184,  187 

Byzantium  (Constantinople),  founded,  9; 
captured  by  Athenians,  19;  besieged  by 
Philip,  23;  besieged  by  Severus,  55; 
power  in  Italy,  67;  overwhelmed  by 
Turks,  97;  defeats  the  Bulgarians,  103 

C 

Cabal  Ministry,  156 
Cabira,  battle  of,  40 
Cabot,  John,  and  Sebastian,  124 
Cabul,  245 

Cade,  Jack,  insurrection  of,  119 
Cadesia,  battle  of,  71 
Cadiz  (Gadir),  founded,  5 
Caedmon,  70 

Caesar,  Caius  ( see  Caligula) 

Caesar,  Julius,  39,  43,  45 
Caesar,  Octavius,  45 
Caesarea  founded,  44 
Caillaux,  Mme.,  361,  363 
Caius,  Pope,  58 
Calais,  siege  of,  1 1 1 
Calcutta,  Black  Hole  of,  173 
Caldera  bombarded,  245 
Calendar,  42,  46,  138,  172 
Calhoun,  John  C.,  196 
California,  taken  possession  of  by  United 
States,  194;  admitted,  196;  Japanese 
school  children,  314 
California,  Lower,  13 1 
Caligula  (Caius  Caesar),  49 
Calixtus  I.,  Pope,  54;  II.,  94;  III.  (anti¬ 
pope),  96 

Callao  bombarded,  231,  247 

Calmette,  Gaston,  361 

Calvin,  John,  130 

Cambodia  annexed  to  France,  249 

Cambray,  Treaty  of,  130;  Congress  of,  169 

Cambridge  platform,  150 

Cambridge,  University  of,  founded,  100 

Cambyses,  King  of  Persia,  12 

Camden,  battle  of,  176 

Camillus,  19 

Camorrists,  trial  of,  337,  347 
Campaign  fund  investigation,  346,  350. 
352 

Campbell,  Sir  Colin,  214 
Campbell-Bannerman,  Sir  Henry,  280,  318 
Campo  Formio,  peace  of,  18 1 
Canada,  invasion  of,  172;  ceded  to  Great 
Britain,  172;  Dominion  of,  established, 
230 

Canal  Tolls  Bill,  348;  repeal  of,  362 


396 


INDEX 


Canalejas,  351 

Canls,  Languedoc,  154,  the  Erie,  186; 
Ganges,  209;  Suez  opened,  232;  Man¬ 
chester  ship,  260;  Baltic  ship,  254;  in 
Germany,  287 
Candia,  siege  of,  15 1 
Caney  El,  battle  of,  278 
Canossa,  90 
Canterbury,  68 

Canton,  taken  by  the  British,  193;  re¬ 
stored  to  China,  223 

Canute,  King  of  England,  87;  II.,  (the 
Great),  87;  IV.,  of  Denmark,  99 
Cape  Breton  taken  by  the  English,  170 
Capitolinus,  21 
Cappadocia,  20,  34,  40 
Capua  taken  by  the  Romans,  33 
Caracalla,  baths  of,  54;  Emperor,  55 
Caracas,  185 
Caractacus,  49 

Carbajal,  President  of  Mexico,  363,  365 
Cardinal,  first  American,  238 
Carlists,  190,  241 
Carloman,  Emperor,  73 
Carlos,  Don,  pretender  to  the  Spanish 
throne,  191,  213 

Carlos  I.,  King  of  Portugal,  257,  317 
Carlyle,  Thomas,  190,  246 
Carmelites,  Order  of  the,  96 
Carneades,  37 

Carnegie,  Andrew,  288,  300,  312,  324,  336 
Carnegie  Institute,  336 
Carnot,  President  of  France,  255,  269 
Carolina,  granted,  154;  separated,  168 
Caroline,  Queen  of  England,  186 
Caroline  Islands  bought  by  Germany,  283 
Carranza,  General,  365 
Carrera,  President  of  Mexico,  213 
Carrhae,  battle  of,  42 
Carson,  Sir  Edward,  358 
Carthage,  Carthaginians,  founded,  7; 
invade  Sicily,  and  defeated,  15;  defeat 
Regulus,  29;  defeated  by  Rome  and 
driven  out  of  Spain,  33;  conquest  and 
destruction  by  Rome,  37;  rebuilt,  39; 
taken  by  the  Vandals,  63;  taken  by 
Arabs,  71 

Carthagena  founded,  31;  239 
Carthusians,  Order  of  the,  90 
Cartier,  Jacques,  13 1 
Carus,  59 
Carver,  John,  144 

Casco,  Me.,  destroyed  by  the  French,  160 
Casimir  the  Just,  King  of  Poland,  97;  the 
Great,  111;  III.,  113;  IV.,  119;  John, 
I5i. 

Casimir-P6rier,  President  of  France,  270, 
271 

Cassano,  battle  of,  181 

Cassel,  battle  of,  no 

Cassiodorus,  66 

Cassius,  Dio,  54 

Castiglione,  battle  of,  18 1 

Castile,  87;  Leon  separated  from,  96 

Castor,  15 

Castro,  President  of  Venezuela,  283,  321 
Castruccio  of  Lucca  and  Pisa,  109 
Catalans  enter  Greece,  109 
Catalonia,  revolt  of,  159 
Cateau-Cambresis,  peace  of,  134 
Catherine  I.,  Empress  of  Russia,  169;  II., 
173 


Catherine  of  Portugal,  Queen  of  England, 
154  . 

Catholic  Church,  defection  from,  in  Ger¬ 
many,  192 

Catholic  emancipation,  188 

Catholicism  abolished  in  Scotland,  134 

Catiline’s  conspiracy,  43 

Catinat,  Marshal,  161 

Cato,  33,  35,  37 

Catullus,  42 

Caudine  Forks,  battle  of,  25 
Cavagnari,  Major,  245 
Cavour,  217,  219,  222,  223 
Cawnpore,  mutiny  at,  214 
Caxton,  printer,  122 

Celestine  I.,  Pope,  62;  II.,  94;  III.,  98; 
IV.,  102 

Celestines,  the  Order  of,  founded,  102 
Celsus,  48 
Celtiberians,  35 
Censorinus,  54 
Cerro  Gordo,  battle  of,  194 
Cervantes,  144 
Cervera,  Admiral,  278 
Cetewayo,  244,  249 
Chasronea,  battle  of,  23,  40 
Chalcedon,  Council  of,  66 
Chalgrove,  battle  of,  150 
Chamberlain,  Joseph,  262,  272,  292,  294 
Champlain  tercentenary,  326 
Chapultepec,  battle  of,  194 
Charford,  battle  of,  67 
Charity  Bazar  disaster,  277 
Charles  I.,  King  of  England,  144,  150;  II., 
152,  154.  156 

Charles  III.  (the  Simple),  King  of  France 
80;  IV.,  108;  V.,  112;  VI.,  112,  114,  116; 
VII.,  116;  VIII.,  122;  IX.,  134,  X.,  187, 
189 

Charles  the  Great  (Charlemagne),  Emper¬ 
or  of  H  R.  E.,  72,  73,  76;  the  Bald,  76; 
III.,  the  Fat,  78;  iV.,  no;  V.,  128,  129, 
130,  131,  132,  133;  VI.,  165,  169;  VII., 
171 

Charles  Martel,  73 

Charles  of  Anjou,  King  of  Naples,  104 
Charles  Albert,  King  of  Sardinia,  195,  197 
Charles  I.,  King  of  all  Spain  and  the 
Netherlands,  126;  II.,  of  Spain,  154, 

163;  HI.,  173;  IV.,  179 
Charles  VII.,  King  of  Sweden,  119;  IX., 
143;  X.,  153;  XI.,  15s;  XII.,  161,  163, 
165,  167;  XIII.,  183;  XIV.,  187;  XV., 
219,  237 

Charles  Edward,  pretender  to  the  English 
throne,  170 

Charles  Emmanuel,  Duke  of  Savoy,  139 
Charles  Robert  of  Anjou,  King  of  Hun¬ 
gary,  109 

Charleston  (S.  C.),  founded,  156;  taken  by 
British,  176;  occupied  by  Union  forces, 
228 

Charter  of  Liberties,  93 
Chartist  agitation,  192,  194 
Chataldja,_35i 
Chateaubriand,  184 
Chaucer,  Geoffrey,  112,  114 
Chaumont,  treaty  of,  184 
Chemnitz,  battle  of,  149 
Chemulpo,  battle  of,  295 
Cheops  (Khufu),  King  of  Egypt,  2 
Cherasco,  peace  of,  147 


INDEX 


397 


Cherokee  strip  opened,  266 
Chesterfield,  Lord,  168 
Chevy  Chase  ( see  Otterbourne) 

Chicago,  great  fire,  236;  University  of, 
264;  World’s  Fair,  266 
Childebert  II.,  King,  71 
Childeric  I.,  King  of  the  Franks,  65;  II., 
71;  III.,  73 

Chile,  independence  of,  187;  war  with 
Peru,  245,  247;  revolution  in,  261 
Chilperic  II.,  King,  73 
China,  Chow  dynasty,  5;  Tsin  dynasty, 
28;  dynasty  of  Han,  32;  paper  made  in, 
34;  Tang  dynasty,  69;  war  with  Tartars, 
83;  Pekin  made  capitol  of,  105;  last  of 
Mongol  emperors,  ill;  Ming  dynasty, 
1 13;  Portuguese  settlement  at  Macao, 
131;  invaded  by  the  Manchus,  145: 
Manchu  dynasty,  15 1;  opium  trade 
forbidden,  193;  Taiping  rebellion,  197; 
treaty  of  Tien  Tsin,  217;  war  with 
England  and  France,  221;  end  of  Tai¬ 
ping  rebellion,  227;  treaty  with  United 
States,  246;  immigration  from  United 
States  suspended,  248;  war  with  France, 
251;  Chinese  excluded  from  the  United 
States,  254,  262;  war  with  Japan,  269, 
271;  customs  and  post  established,  275; 
Kwang  Hsu,  285,  323;  “open  door’’  in. 
Boxer  uprising,  285;  Boxer  troubles, 
287;  massacre  of  missionaries,  “open 
door,”  287;  Boxer  indemnity,  289;  con¬ 
stitution,  327;  revolution,  343;  republic, 
345;  recognized  by  other  countries,  354, 
357;  first  parliament,  355 
Chios  taken  by  the  Venetians,  16 1 
Chippewa,  battle  of,  184 
Choate,  Rufus,  218 
Choiseul,  175 

Cholera,  190,  210,  231,  251 
Chorillos,  battle  of,  247 
Christian  I.,  of  Oldenburg,  King  of  Den¬ 
mark,  119;  II.,  129;  III.,  131;  IV.,  139, 
145,  147;  V.,  157;  VI.,  169;  VII.,  175; 
VIII.,  193;  IX.,  227;  X.,  347 
Christianity,  Christians,  first  persecution, 
second,  50;  third,  52;  fourth,  fifth,  54; 
sixth,  seventh,  eighth,  56;  ninth,  tenth. 
Edict  of  Toleration,  first  general  council, 
58;  second  general  council,  C.  in  Ethio¬ 
pia,  60;  conversion  of  Clovis,  64;  C. 
era  introduced,  C.  in  Scotland,  66;  in 
Britain,  68;  Nestorian  in  China,  70;  in¬ 
troduced  into  Denmark,  76;  in  Sweden, 
76;  in  Bohemia,  80;  in  Poland,  82;  in 
Russia,  85;  in  Norway,  87 
Christina,  Queen  of  Sweden,  147,  153 
Christopher  II.,  King  of  Denmark,  109 
Chrysippus,  30 
Chrysostom,  60 

Church  and  State,  separation  of,  in  France, 
293.  297,  305;  in  Portugal,  335 
Churches,  Eastern  and  Western,  final 
schism  between,  88 
Churchill,  Winston,  342,  354 
Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius,  42,  43,  45 
Cilicia,  34 
Cimabue,  106 
Cimbri,  39 
Cimon,  15 
Cincinnatus,  17 

Circassia  finally  conquered  by  Russia,  227 


Ciudad  Rodrigo,  battle  of,  184 
Civil  Rights  Bill,  230 

Civil  Service  Reform,  in  England,  212;  in 
United  States,  236,  248,  334 
Civil  War:  in  Rome  41,  43;  in  England, 
120,  148,  150;  in  France,  134,  136;  in 
Spain,  191,  239;  in  United  States,  222 
Civil  War  in  United  States,  battles  of  the. 
Big  Bethel,  Rich  Mountain,  Bull  Run, 
Wilson’s  Creek,  Ball’s  Bluff,  Belmont, 
Mill  Spring,  Roanoke  Island,  Pea 
Ridge,  Newbern,  Yorktown,  Shiloh, 
222;  Williamsburg,  Hanover  C.  H., 
Fair  Oaks,  Cross  Keys,  Mechanicsville, 
Savage  Station,  Frazier’s  Farm,  Mal¬ 
vern  Hill,  Cedar  Mountain,  Harrison’s 
Landing,  Bull  Run,  Chantilly,  South 
Mountain,  Antietam,  Iuka,  Corinth, 
Perryville,  Fredericksburg,  Murfrees¬ 
boro,  224;  Chancellorsville,  Winchester, 
Gettysburg,  Chickamauga,  Chatta¬ 
nooga,  Lookout  Mountain,  Missionary 
Ridge,  Sabine  Cross  Roads,  Wilderness, 
Dalton,  Spottsylvania,  Resaca,  Cold 
Harbor,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Monocacy, 
Atlanta,  Mobile  Bay,  Winchester,  226; 
Cedar  Creek,  Franklin,  Nashville, 
Bentonville,  N.  C.,  Five  Forks,  Sailors’ 
Creek,  228  . 

Clapp  Committee,  350 
Clarendon,  Assize  of,  97 
Clarendon,  Earl  of,  154 
Claudian,  poet,  60 
Claudius  I.,  49;  II.,  57 
Clay,  Henry,  204 
Clayton-Bulwer  treaty,  198,  284 
Clemens,  Pope,  so 

Clement,  of  Alexandria,  54;  II.,  Pope,  88; 
III.,  anti- Pope,  90;  III.,  Pope,  98;  IV., 
104;  V.,  108;  VI.,  no;  VII.,  112,  129; 
VIII.,  141;  IX.,  155;  X.,  157;  XI.,  163; 
XII.,  169;  XIII.,  173;  XIV.,  175 
Cleomenes,  King  of  Sparta,  31,  33 
Cleopatra,  Queen  of  Egypt,  38,  43,  44,  45 
Cleopatra’s  needle,  240 
Clepsydra  ( see  Water-clock) 

Clermont,  Council  of,  92 
Cleveland,  Grover,  President  of  United 
States,  250,  252,  254,  262,  264,  266,  272, 
302 

Clissow,  battle  of,  163 

Clive  in  India,  172 

Clontarf,  battle  of,  87 

Clotaire  II.,  67,  69;  III.,  71 

Clovis  I.,  King  of  the  Franks,  65;  III.,  71 

Cluny,  80 

Coalition,  first  against  France,  18 1 ;  second, 
181;  third,  182;  fourth,  182;  fifth,  182; 
sixth,  184 

Cochin  China,  six  provinces  ceded  to 
France,  223 

Code,  Hadrian’s  perpetual,  52;  Theodo- 
sian,  62;  Pandects,  and  Institutes,  Jus¬ 
tinian,  66;  the  Basilican,  79;  of  King 
Christian,  159;  the  Napoleon,  182 
Cceli,  Spanish  Minister,  159 
Coinage,  uniform  in  Germany,  in  Den¬ 
mark,  Sweden,  and  Norway,  237 
Coke,  Edward,  144 

Colbert,  controller-general  of  finance,  154 
Colenso,  battle  of,  284 
Coleridge,  poet,  184 


39§ 


INDEX 


Coligny,  13S 

Coloman,  King  of  Hungary,  93 
Colombia,  Republic  of,  187:  separated 
from  Venezuela,  189;  treaty  with  United 
States,  250,  360;  rejects  canal  treaty, 
295 

Colonna  family,  the,  no 
Colorado,  admitted,  240;  virtual  civil  war 
in,  360 

Colosseum  at  Rome,  50 
Columbia  College  founded,  172 
Columbus,  Christopher,  voyages  of,  124, 
125,  126 
Columella,  48 
Comines,  Philip  de,  120 
Commerce  and  Labor,  Department  of,  292 
Commodus,  55 

Commonwealth,  the,  in  England,  150 
Comonfort,  President  of  Mexico,  2x3, 
217 

Compass,  the,  106 
Conchas  Blancas,  battle  of,  245 
Concordat  of  Sienna,  118 
Cond6,  152,  156 

Confederate  States  of  America,  Congress, 
222 

Confederation,  Articles  of,  176 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  183 
Confirmatio  Carlarum,  107 
Conflans,  peace  of,  120 
Confucius,  12,  14 
Congo  Free  State,  251,  253,  315 
Congress,  Continental,  174 
Congress,  international,  on  laws  of  war, 
238 

Congressional  Library,  new,  276 
Connaught,  Duke  of,  336,  348 
Connecticut,  settled,  146;  Constitution, 
148;  chartered,  154 
Conon,  Pope,  70 

Conrad  I.,  Emperor  (of  Franconia),  80; 

II.  (the  Salic),  86;  III.,  94 
Conservation,  318,  326,  334,  338 
Constance,  peace  of,  98;  Council  of,  116 
Constantine  I.,  Pope,  70 
Constantine  II.,  King  of  Scotland,  81 
Constantine  IV.,  Emperor,  71;  V.  (Cop- 
ronymus),  72,  735  VI.,  75;  VII.,  81,  83; 
VIII.,  83;  IX.  (Monomachus),  87;  X. 
(Ducas),  89;  XIII.,  119 
Constantinople,  capital  of  the  Roman 
Empire,  58;  siege  of,  by  Saracens,  71; 
invested  by  Arabs,  73;  attacked  by 
Russians,  89;  captured  by  the  Turks, 
1 19;  revolution  in,  159;  treaty  of,  277, 
361 

Constitution  of  United  States,  adopted, 
178;  Thirteenth  Amendment,  228;  Four¬ 
teenth  Amendment,  230;  Fifteenth 
Amendment,  232;  Income  Tax  Amend¬ 
ment,  352 

Constitution  and  the  Guerriere,  184 
Conti,  152 

Convocation  of  States- General,  first,  in 
France,  106 

Cook,  Dr.  F.  A.,  326,  328 
Cook’s  voyages,  174,  176 
Coomassie,  239,  272 
Copenhagen,  peace  of,  155 
Copernicus,  130 

Copyright  law,  international,  260.  274 
Corday,  Charlotte,  18 1 


Cordova,  82 

Corea,  invaded  by  Japan,  141;  stormed 
by  United  States  and  France,  237; 
independence  of,  271;  invaded,  295; 
emperor  abdicates,  315;  formally  an¬ 
nexed  by  Japan, 333 
Corfu,  siege  of,  165 

Corinth,  Greece,  tyranny  overthrown,  11; 
united  with  Achaean  league,  31;  de¬ 
stroyed  by  Mummius,  37;  Paul  at,  48; 
taken  by  the  Turks,  165 
Corinth,  Mississippi,  occupied  by  Union 
forces,  224 
Coriolanus,  15 
Corneille,  148,  154 

Corn  Laws,  in  England,  184;  repealed,  192 
Cornwallis,  Lord,  surrender  of,  176; 

succeeds  Warren  Hastings,  178 
Coronado,  explorer,  131 
Coronea,  battle  of,  17,  19 
Correggio,  124 

Corsica,  revolt  of,  173;  ceded  to  France, 
175 

Cortes,  13 1 

Corunna,  battle  of,  182 

Cosmo  III.,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  157 

Costa  Rica,  Walker’s  invasion,  213,  215; 

revolution  in,  219 
Cotton-gin,  the,  180 

Council,  of  Nice,  58;  the  Quinisext,  70; 
great,  in  Venice,  107;  of  ten,  109;  of 
Pisa,  1 14;  of  Constance,  114;  of  Basle, 
116;  the  Aulic,  125;  of  Tours,  126;  of 
Trent,  131,  135 

Councils,  general,  first  at  Nice,  58;  second, 
Constantinople,  60;  third,  Ephesus, 
fourth,  Chalcedon,  62;  fifth,  Constan¬ 
tinople,  66;  sixth,  Constantinople,  70; 
seventh,  Nice,  74;  eighth,  Constan¬ 
tinople,  78;  eleventh,  98;  twelfth,  100; 
at  Lyons,  102,  104;  at  Vienne,  108 
Court  of  High  Commission  re-established, 
X58 

Courtrai,  battle  of,  106 
Courts  of  law,  separation  of  the,  in  Eng¬ 
land,  104 

Covenant,  solemn,  of  Ulster,  348 

Cowpens,  battle  of,  176 

Coxey’s  army,  268 

Cracow  annexed  to  Austria,  193 

Cranmer,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  130 

Crassus,  41,  42,  43 

Crecy,  battle  of,  no 

Crefeldt,  battle  of,  172 

Crespy,  peace  of,  130 

Crete,  Saracens  obtain  possession  of,  77; 
taken  by  Turks,  155;  Greeks  revolt 
against  Turks,  231;  evacuated  by 
Turkey,  281;  annexed  by  Greece,  359 
Crimea,  the,  subjugated  by  Turks,  121; 

united  to  Russia,  177 
Crimean  War,  211,  213 
Crispi,  Francesco,  289 
Croatia  subdued  by  Germany,  159 
Croesus,  King  of  Lydia,  10,  12 
Cromwell,  Oliver,  150,  152,  154 
Cromwell,  Richard,  154 
Cromwell,  Thomas,  130 
Cronje,  General,  284 
Croton  aqueduct,  192 
Crown  Point,  172 

Crusades,  the,  cause  of  91;  first,  92;  cap- 


INDEX 


399 


Crusades — Continued 

ture  of  Jerusalem,  93;  second,  94,  95; 
third,  98,  99;  fourth,  fifth,  100;  of 
Frederick  II.,  102;  of  Louis  IX.,  102, 
104;  general  influence  of,  106 
Crystal  Palace  exhibition,  198 
Cuba,  the  Lopez  expedition,  198;  final 
abolition  of  slavery,  252;  revolution  in, 
271,  273;  independence,  280;  end  of 
Spanish  sovereignty,  281;  evacuated  by 
United  States  troops,  325 
Culloden,  battle  of,  170 
Cumse,  19 

Cunaxa,  battle  of,  18 
Curzola,  battle  of,  107 
Curzon,  Lord,  302 
Custer  Massacre,  240 
Custozza,  battle  of,  195 
Cyaxares,  King  of  the  Medes,  8 
Cynoscephalae,  battle  of,  33 
Cypselus,  tyrant  of  Corinth,  9 
Cyprian,  56 

Cyprus,  kingdom  of,  99;  reduced  by  the 
Turks,  137;  ceded  to  Great  Britain,  242 
Cyrenaica  annexed  by  Italy,  343 
Cyrene,  41 

Cyril,  Bishop  of  Jerusalem,  60;  of  Alexan¬ 
dria,  62 

Cyrus,  King  of  Persia,  18 
Cyzicus,  battle  of,  19 

D 

Dacia,  53 

Dagobert  I.,  69,  71;  III.,  71 
Dahomey,  259,  265 
Dalmatia  and  the  Dalmatians,  49,  63 
Dalny,  309 

Damasus  I.,  Pope,  60;  II.,  88 
Damietta  surrenders,  249 
Dana,  R.  H.,  240 
Danes  invade  Britain,  75 
Dante,  poet,  106 
Danton,  181 
Daras,  battle  of,  67 
Darius,  King  of  Persia,  12;  II.,  16 
Darnley,  Lord,  134 
Darrow,  Clarence  S.,  344 
Darwin,  218,  248 
Dasymon,  battle  of,  77 
David,  King  of  the  Jews,  4;  I.,  King  of 
Scotland,  95;  III.,  in 
Davis,  Jefferson,  President  Confederacy, 
222;  captured,  228;  prosecution  ended 
232 

Daye,  Stephen,  first  printer  in  America, 
148 

Deane,  Silas,  176 
Debs,  Eugene  V.,  346 
Decemvirs,  17 
Decius,  57 

Declaration  of  Independence  in  United 
States,  176 

Decretals,  the  false,  78 
Deerfield  Massacre,  162 
“  Defender  of  the  Faith,”  128 
De  Foe,  Daniel,  164 
Deira,  kingdom  of,  67,  69 
Delaware,  settled,  148;  conquered  by 
Stuyvesant,  152 
Delhi,  115,171,  214 
Demetrius,  27;  Soter,  34;  II.,  36,  38 


Demirhissar,  battle  of,  87 
Demosthenes,  22 

Denmark,  Christianity  in,  76;  absolute 
monarchy,  established,  155 
Derby,  Lord,  216 

Dervishes,  the,  257,  261,  269,  274,  278, 
280 

Descartes,  152 
Desiderius,  King,  73 
De  Soto,  Hernando,  127,  131 
Dessau,  battle  of,  145 
D’Estaing,  Admiral,  176 
Dettingen,  battle  of,  17 1 
Deusdedit,  Pope,  68 
Devonshire,  Duke  of,  272 
Dewey,  Admiral,  278,  282 
Diaconus,  Paulus,  74 
Diamond  necklace,  affair  of,  179 
Diana,  Temple  of,  21 
Dias,  Bartholomew,  explorer,  122 
Diaz,  Felix,  351 

Diaz,  Porfirio,  President  of  Mexico,  241, 
251,  255.  262,  335,  337,  339 
Dickens,  Charles,  190 
Dickinson,  Jacob  M.,  338 
Dictionary  of  the  French  Academy,  160 
Dillon,  John,  272 
Dio  Chrysostom,  50 
Diogenes,  20,  37;  Laertius,  54 
Dion,  23 

Dionysius  the  younger,  21 
Dionysius,  historian,  44;  Pope,  56;  Bishop, 
56;  Exiguus,  66 
Directory  in  France,  18 1 
Disrasli,  Benjamin,  216,  232,  238,  246 
Djerbe,  battle  of,  135 
Dolores,  battle  of,  245 
Domitian,  51,  53 
Donabew,  battle  of,  207 
Donatists,  the,  59 
Donus,  Pope,  70 
Doomsday  Book,  the,  90 
Dorr  Insurrection,  192 
Dorystolum,  battle  of,  83 
Draco,  legislation  of,  in  Athens,  9 
Draft  riots,  226 
Draga,  Queen  of  Servia,  293 
Drake,  Sir  Francis,  136 
Dred  Scott  decision,  214 
Drepana,  battle  of,  31 
Dresden,  173;  battle  of,  185 
Dreux,  battle  of,  134 

Dreyfus,  affair,  271,  277,  279,  281,  283, 
285,  295.  309 
Drogheda,  sack  of,  150 
Druses,  the,  221,  259 
Drusus,  47 

Dryden,  poet,  156,  158 

DuBarry,  Madame,  175 

Ducas,  John,  Emperor  of  Nicaea,  103 

Duff,  King  of  Scotland,  83 

Dufferin,  Earl  of,  251 

Du  Guesclin,  112 

Duilius,  29 

Dulcigno  evacuated,  247 
Duma,  the,  307,  309 
Duncan,  King  of  Scotland,  87 
Dunkirk  sold  to  France,  154 
Dunraven,  Lord,  300 
Dunstan,  St.,  82 
Durazzo,  battle  of,  91 
Durbar,  Coronation,  342 


400 


INDEX 


D  urer,  Albrecht,  painter,  128 
Durham  Station,  N.  C.,  228 
Dutch  West  India  Company,  145 
Dyrrhachium,  battle  of,  43 

E 

Early,  General  Jubal  E.,  226 
Earth,  circumference  of,  first  measured,  30 
East  India  Company,  142,  216 
Eastern  Empire,  end  of,  119 
Eckmuhl,  battle  of,  183 
Edessa,  principality  of,  93;  retaken  by 
Turks,  95 

Edgehill,  battle  of,  148 
Edict,  of  the  Three  Chapters,  66;  the 
Perpetual,  136;  of  Restitution,  147; 
of  Nantes,  158 
Edictum  Perpetuum,  53  _ 

Edmund  I.,  King  of  Britain,  83 
Edmund,  St.,  of  Canterbury,  102 
Edred,  King  of  Britain,  83 
Education,  common  school,  in  France,  191 
Edward,  the  Black  Prince,  in,  113 
Edward  (the  Martyr),  King  of  England, 
85;  the  Confessor,  87;  I.,  105,  107,  109; 
II.,  109;  III.,  109;  IV.,  120;  V.,  122;  VI., 
132;  VII.,  285,  286,  290,  328,  332 
Edwin,  King  of  Northumbria,  69 
Edwy,  King  of  Britain,  83 
Egbert,  King,  77 
Eginhard,  76 

Egypt  and  Egyptians,  first  king  of,  2; 
under  the  Hyksos,  3;  plunders  Jerusa¬ 
lem,  4;  invaded  by  pirates,  5;  attempts 
to  connect  Nile  and  Red  Sea  by  canal, 
8;  conquered  by  Assyria,  9;  invaded  by 
Nebuchadrezzar,  11;  becomes  Persian 
province,  13;  revolts  against  Persia,  15; 
drives  out  Persians,  18;  conquered  by 
Artaxerxes,  22;  conquered  by  Persia, 
23,  conquered  by  Alexander,  23;  ex¬ 
pelled  from  Jerusalem,  32;  subdued,  59; 
conquered  by  Arabs,  71;  throws  off 
dependence  on  Caliphs,  79;  war  with 
Turkey,  193 

Elandslaagte,  battle  of,  282 
Elbe,  disaster,  271 
Eleanor,  Queen  of  France,  96 
Electric  railroad,  first,  244;  first  in  United 
States,  252 

Electro-magnetism  discovered,  186 
Eleutherus,  Pope,  54 
Elgin,  Lord,  266 
Eliot,  Charles  W.,  320 
Eliot,  George,  246 
Eliot,  John,  150,  154 
Elizabeth,  Empress  of  Austria,  281 
Elizabeth,  Empress  of  Russia,  17 1 
Elizabeth,  Queen  of  England,  132,  136, 
138 

El-Obeid,  battle  of,  249 
Embargo  on  American  ports,  182 
Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo,  192,  248 
Emin  Pasha,  255 
Emmett’s  insurrection,  182 
Empire,  of  Charlemagne,  division  of,  76; 
of  the  West,  the  new,  76;  Holy  Roman, 
beginning  of,  82 
Employers’  Liability  Law,  344 
Empress  of  Ireland  disaster,  362 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  174 


Endicott,  John,  146 
Enghien,  Duke  of,  150 
England,  divided  into  shires,  80;  given  to 
William,  Duke  of  Normandy,  88;  end  of 
Anglo-Saxon  dynasty,  89;  William  I., 
first  of  Norman  line,  89;  war  with 
France,  90,  107,  144;  feudal  system  in¬ 
troduced  91;  loses  Normandy,  Maine, 
Anjou,  101;  first  Parliament,  104;  Wales 
subjugated,  107;  loses  French  posses¬ 
sions,  retaining  only  Calais,  Bordeaux, 
Bayonne,  112;  House  of  Lancaster,  115; 
House  of  Tudor,  122;  invaded  by  Scots, 
126;  Church  of,  founded,  130;  Catho¬ 
licism  restored,  132;  Spanish  Armada, 
138;  English  and  Scottish  Crowns 
united,  142;  civil  war,  148;  the  com¬ 
monwealth,  15 1 ;  invaded  by  France, 
160;  treaty  of  union  with  Scotland,  162; 
first  united  Parliament,  162;  begin¬ 
ning  of  naval  and  colonial  supremacy, 
164;  House  of  Hanover,  164;  Scotch  re¬ 
bellion,  170;  British  Empire  established, 
173;  Burmese  War,  186;  Sikh  War,  war 
with  China,  in  Syria,  192;  Kaffir  War, 
198;  treaty  with  Japan,  210;  Crimean 
War,  211,  213;  war  with  China,  2215 
Ashanti  War,  238,  272;  annexes  the 
Transvaal,  240,  286;  Zulu  War,  244;  war 
with  Afghanistan,  24s;  troubles  in  Zulu- 
land,  246;  rising  in  Transvaal,  247;  war 
in  Egypt  and  Sudan,  249;  annexes 
Zululand,  252;  Burmah,  252;  acquires 
Zanzibar,  cedes  Heligoland,  258;  Home 
Rule,  266;  war  with  Transvaal,  282; 
treaty  with  Tibet,  296;  alliance  with 
Japan,  302;  declines  to  pledge  neutral- 
,  ,562;  declares  war  on  Germany,  364 
Engraving  on  wood,  120 
Ennius,  32 
Epaminondas,  21 
Ephesus,  21 
Epictetus,  50 
Epicurus,  26 

Episcopacy  introduced  in  New  York,  160 
Erasmus,  126 
Eratosthenes,  30 
Erfurt,  conference  at,  183 
Eric  VI.,  King  of  Denmark,  103,  107 
Eric  VII.,  of  Pomerania,  King  of  Denmark, 
Norway,  and  Sweden,  115 
Eric  Blodoxe,  King  of  Norway,  83;  II.,  105 
Eric  IX.,  King  of  Sweden,  97;  XIV.,  135 
Erie  Canal,  186 
Erigena,  Scotus,  76 
Erivan  taken  by  Russia,  189 
Esperanto  Congress,  308,  320,  332 
Essarhaddon,  King  of  Assyria,  8 
Essex,  Earl  of,  142 
Esthonia  ceded  to  Sweden,  155 
Estremoz,  battle  of,  155 
Ethandun,  battle  of,  79 
Ethelbert,  68,  69 
Ethelfrith,  69 

Ethelred,  King  of  Wessex,  79;  II.  (the 
Unready),  King  of  England,  85,  87 
Ethclwolf,  King,  77,  79 
Ether,  the  use  of,  192 
Etruria  and  Etrurians,  25,  183 
Eucharistic  Congress,  320 
Euclid,  26 
Eugenics,  346 


INDEX 


Eugenie,  Empress  of  France,  207 
Eugenius,  61;  I.,  Pope,  70;  II.,  76;  III., 
94;  IV.,  116 

Eumenes  II.,  King  of  Pergamus,  32 
Euric,  65 
Euripides,  16 

Europe,  political  reconstruction  of, 
effected,  185 

Eusebius,  Bishop  of  Caesarea,  56 
Eusebius,  Bishop  of  Dorylasum,  62 
Eusebius,  Pope,  58 

Eustathius,  Bishop  of  Thessalonica,  96 

Eutropius,  60 

Eutychianus,  Pope,  58 

Evagoras  of  Cyprus,  20 

Evagrius,  66 

Evaristus,  Pope,  52 

Evil-Merodach,  King  of  Babylonia,  10 

Exodus,  the,  4 

Eylau,  battle  of,  183 

Ezra,  16 

F 

Fabianus,  Pope,  56 

Fabius  Maximus,  25,  33 

Fabius  Pictor,  30 

Factory  Bill,  190 

Falaise,  treaty  of,  97 

Falk  Laws,  239 

Falkirk,  battle  of,  107 

Fallieres,  President  of  France,  305 

Famine  in  Ireland,  192 

Farini,  219 

Farragut,  Admiral,  224 
Fashoda  affair,  280 
Fatimites,  the,  83 

Faure,  President  of  France,  271,  277,  281 
Fehrbellin,  battle  of,  157 
Felix  I.,  Pope,  56;  III.,  64:  IV.,  66;  V., 
116, 118 

Felix,  Minucius,  54 
F6nelon,  160 
Fenian  troubles,  232 
Feodor  I.,  Emperor  of  Russia,  141 
Ferdinand  I.,  King  of  Aragon,  114 
Ferdinand  I.,  Emperor  of  Austria,  191,  197 
Ferdinand  I.,  King  of  Castile  and  Leon, 
87;  IV.,  106,  108 

Ferdinand  II.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  14s; 
III.,  149 

Ferdinand  I.,  Emperor  and  King  of  Hun¬ 
gary  and  Bohemia,  133 
Ferdinand  II.,  King  of  Naples,  219 
Ferdinand  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  elected 
King  of  Bulgaria,  255 
Ferdinand  VI.,  King  of  Spain,  17 1;  VII., 

187 

Ferdinand  II.,  King  of  Tuscany,  145;  II., 
179  . 

Ferdinand  I.  (IV.),  King  of  United  Naples 
and  Sicily,  187 
Ferrer,  Francisco,  327 
Ferry  ministry, _  247 
Feudal  system  in  England,  88 
“Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,’’  128 
Fillmore,  Millard,  President  of  United 
States,  196 

Finland,  conquered  by  Russia,  165; 
southern  part  ceded  to  Russia,  171; 
Russification  policy,  281 
Finnish  Diet,  women  elected  to,  313 

26 


401 


Fiji  Islands  annexed  by  Great  Britain, 
239 

Fisneries,  242,  246,  261,  300,  308,  322,  334 
Flagellants,  the,  102 
Flaminius,  battle  of,  33 
Flanders,  and  the  Flemings,  seat  of  western 
industry,  82;  defeated  by  France,  108; 
flourishing  period  of  trade,  118 
Flavian,  62 
Fleurus,  battle  of,  160 
Fleury,  Abbott  of,  84;  Cardinal,  169 
Flodden,  battle  of,  126 
Florence,  capital  of  Italy,  227 
Florianus,  Emperor  of  Eastern  Empire,  59 
Florida  discovered,  127;  invaded  by 
Indians  and  Spaniards,  170;  ceded  to 
United  States,  186;  secedes,  222 
Fontanet,  battle  of,  76 
Fontenoy,  battle  of,  171 
Force  bills,  266 

Formosa,  251;  ceded  to  Japan,  271 
Formosus,  Pope,  80 
Fornovo,  battle  of,  124 
Fort  du  Quesne,  172;  William  Henry,  172; 
St.  Nicholas,  209;  Sumter,  222;  Hat- 
teras,  222;  Henry,  222;  Donelson,  222; 
Pulaski,  224;  Wagner,  226;  Pillow,  226; 
McAllister,  228;  Fisher,  228;  Sumter, 
228 

Forum,  Trajan,  52 
Fox,  George,  150 

France,  set  apart  from  Germany  by 
treaty  of  Verdun,  70;  final  separation, 
80;  war  with  England,  90,  107;  fruitless 
attempt  to  invade  England,  112;  adds 
Burgundy  and  Artois,  122;  Brittany 
united  to  the  Crown,  124;  annexes 
Genoa,  i26;obtains  Metz,  Toul,  Verdun, 
132;  civil  wars  in,  134,  136,  138;  alliance 
with  Holland,  146;  receives  Metz,  Toul, 
Verdun,  Alsace,  Breisach,  150;  secures 
Alsace,  152;  war  with  Netherlands,  154; 
war  with  Germany,  157;  most  formid¬ 
able  Power  in  Europe,  156;  invades 
England,  160;  loses  Canada,  173; 
French  Revolution,  179,  181;  war  with 
Prussia  and  Austria,  179;  declared  a 
Republic,  179;  end  of  Reign  of  Terror, 
18 1 ;  acquires  all  German  territory  west 
of  Rhine,  183;  invades  Portugal,  183; 
monarchy  restored,  185;  Revolution  of 
1848,  Republic  proclaimed,  195;  Revolu¬ 
tion  of  1851,  national  assembly  dis¬ 
solved,  201;  second  empire,  205;  de¬ 
clares  war  against  Austria,  219;  annexes 
Nice  and  Savoy,  221;  war  with;China, 
221,  251;  Mexican  expedition,  227;  ac¬ 
quires  Venetia,  231;  Franco-Prussian 
War,  235,  237;  Republic  declared,  235; 
compulsory  education  act,  249;  separa¬ 
tion  of,  297;  declares  war  on  Austria 
and  Germany,  365 
Franche-Comtd  ceded  to  France,  156 
Francis  I.,  Emperor  of  H.  R.  E.,  171: 
II.,  179;  assumes  title  of  Francis  I.,  of 
Austria,  183 

Francis  I.,  King  of  France,  126;  II.,  134 
Francis  of  Lorraine,  Grand  Duke  of  Tus¬ 
cany,  169 

Francis  II.,  King  of  Naples,  219 
Francis  Ferdinand,  Archduke  of  Hungary, 
363 


402 


INDEX 


Francis  Joseph  I.,  Emperor  of  Austria, 
197,  251,  365 

Franciscan  Friars,  Order  of,  instituted,  100 
Franco-Prussian  war,  battles  of,  Nieder- 
bronn,  Saarbriick,  Weissenburg,  Woerth, 
Forbach,  Metz,  Courcelles,  Vionville, 
Gravelotte,  Rezonville,  Chalons,  Sedan, 
Orleans,  Soissons,  Mont  Valerien, 
Coulmiers,  Beaune-la-Rolande,  Pont- 
Noyelles,  235;  Bapaume,  Le  Mans, 
Belfort,  St.  Quentin,  237 
Frankfort,  Synod  of,  74;  Diet  of,  no; 
Congress  at,  227 

Frankish  Empire,  Burgundians  subjected, 
65;  separation  of  French  and  German 
languages,  70;  Frankish  kingdoms 
united,  71 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  172,  177 
Franklin,  Sir  John,  192,  198,  202,  206 
Frauenstaat,  battle  of,  163 
Frederick  I.,  King  of  Denmark  and  Nor¬ 
way,  129;  II.,  13S;  IV.,  161;  V.,  171; 
VI.,  183;  VII.,  195;  VIII.,  30s 
Frederick  I.,  Barbarossa,  Emperor  of  H.  R. 
E.,  96,  98,  99;  II.,  100,  102;  III.,  116, 
118 

Frederick,  Elector  Palatine  of  Germany, 
143  . 

Frederick  Augustus  I.,  King  of  Poland, 
161,  165;  II.,  169 

Frederick  William  I.,  King  of  Prussia,  165, 
II.,  179;  HI.,  181;  IV.,  223 
Frederick  Augustus  II.,  King  of  Saxony, 
209 

Frederick  I.,  King  of  Sweden,  169 
Frederick  William  the  Great,  Elector  of 
Brandenburg,  149,  153,  157 
Frederick  III.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  255 
Frederick  I.,  King  of  Prussia,  163;  II., 
(the  Great),  171,  179 

Frederick  III.,  Elector  of  Brandenburg 
(Frederick  I.,  King  of  Prussia),  159, 

163  . 

Fredericshall,  167 

Freemasons,  first  lodge  in  America,  168 

Free  Soil  Party,  194 

Fr6mont,  General  John  C.,  214 

French  Academy,  146 

Friedland,  battle  of,  183 

Froissart’s  Chronicles,  112 

Fuentes  del  Onoro,  battle  of,  184 

Fugitive  Slave  Law,  196,  212 

Fulton,  Robert,  182 

Funston,  General,  288 

Fiirstenbund,  the,  179 

Fushun,  301 

G 

Gabinius,  43 

Gadir  (Cadiz)  founded,  5 
Gadsden  Purchase,  206 
Gaeta,  221,  223 
Gainsborough,  painter,  178 
Galba,  37,  51 
Galen,  54 
Galerius,  59 

Galicia  invaded  by  Russia,  365 
Galileo,  146 
Gama,  Vasco  da,  124 
Gambetta,  235,  241,  247,  248 
Garcia  IV.,  King  of  Navarre,  94 


Garfield,  James  A.,  President  of  United 
States,  246 

Garibaldi,  197,  219,  221,  225,  226,  231, 
233,  314 

Garrison,  William  Lloyd,  188 
Gastein,  convention  of,  229 
Gatacre,  General,  284 
Gaul,  the  Gauls,  19,  21,  27,  28,  29,  31, 
43,  63,  65 

Gautama  (Buddha),  born,  10 
Gaynor,  Mayor,  332 
Geary  Law,  254,  262 
Geiza,  King  of  Hungary,  85 
Gelasius  I.,  Pope,  64;  II.,  94 
Gelo,  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  15 
Geneva  award,  236 

Genghis  Khan,  Emperor  of  the  Mongols, 
101,  103 

Genoa,  the  Genoese,  rise  to  power,  107; 

united  to  France,  126 
Genseric,  63 

Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  94 
Geok-Tepe  captured  by  the  Russians,  247 
George  I.,  King  of  England,  164,  168;  II., 
168;  III.,  172, 184;  IV.,  186;  V.,  3 32,  336, 
338,  342 

George  I.,  King  of  Schleswig-Holstein, 
King  of  Greece,  227 

George  Podiebrad,  King  of  Bohemia,  121 
Georgia,  secedes,  222 
Germanic  Confederation,  185 
Germanic  Diet,  201 
Germanicus,  49 
Germantown,  battle  of,  176 
Germany,  and  the  Germans,  defeated  by 
Caesar,  43;  invaded  by  Maximinus,  57; 
by  Northmen,  76;  by  Normans,  79; 
final  separation  of,  from  France,  80 ; 
nation,  beginning  of,  82;  war  with 
Hungary,  123;  war  with  Turkey,  141; 
Prussia  ceded  by  Poland,  153;  war  with 
France,  157;  war  with  Turkey,  159; 
Germanic  Confederation,  185,  187;  Ger¬ 
man  Union,  197;  Congress  at  Frankfort, 
227;  North  German  Confederation,  231; 
Triple  Alliance,  249;  colonial  policy, 
251;  acquires  Heligoland,  258;  buys 
Caroline,  Pelew,  Ladrone  Islands,  283; 
new  naval  program,  285;  Defence  Bill, 
347;  ultimatum  to  Russia,  363;  declares 
war  with  Russia,  365;  invades  Luxem¬ 
burg  and  Belgium,  365;  war  with 
France,  365;  declares  war  on  Belgium, 
365;  war  with  Japan,  365;  war  with 
Montenegro,  365 
Geronimo,  252 
Geta,  55 

Gettysburg,  battle  of,  226;  semi-cen¬ 
tennial,  356 

Ghazi  Muktar  Pasha,  347,  351 
Ghent,  pacification  of,  136;  peace  of,  184 
Ghuzni  taken  by  the  British,  193 
Gibbon,  historian,  176 
Gibraltar  taken  by  England,  162;  held 
against  Spanish  and  French,  177 
Gildas,  66 

Gilling,  monastery  of,  70 
Gingholova,  244 
Giotto,  artist,  no 
Girard  College  founded,  190 
Gizeh,  2 

Gladiators,  first,  28 


INDEX 


403 


Gladstone,  W.  E.,  ministry  out,  238;  de¬ 
nunciation  of  Turkish  atrocities,  240; 
government,  246;  ministry  defeated, 
250;  formation  of  Liberal  ministry,  252; 
Irish  Home  Rule  Bill,  264;  denounces 
House  of  Lords,  266;  resigns  office,  268; 
criticizes  action  of  European  Powers, 
276;  death,  278 

Glass-Owen  Currency  Bill,  356,  358 
Glastonbury  Abbey,  72 
Glencoe,  massacre,  160;  battle  of,  282 
Glendower,  Owen,  115 
Globe,  terrestrial  first,  122;  first  circum¬ 
navigated,  128 
Glycerius,  65 
Gobelin  tapestry,  154 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  92 
Godwin,  Earl,  rebellion  of,  89 
Goebel,  Senator,  284 
Goethals,  Geo.  W.,  310 
Goethe,  176 

Gold,  discovered  in  California,  194;  in 
Alaska,  274 
Golden  Bull,  the,  103 
Golden  Fleece,  Order  of,  116 
Goldsmith,  Oliver,  176 
Good  Hope,  Cape  of,  discovered,  122 
Gordian  I.  Emperor,  57;  II.,  57;  III.,  57 
Gordon,  “Chinese,”  227,  249 
Gordon,  “No  Popery”  riots,  176 
Gorm  the  Elder,  King,  79 
Goths,  invasion  of  Rome  by,  57;  sack 
Rome,  63;  extirpate  the  Alani,  63 
Gottschalk,  78 

Government,  Diocletian’s  Oriental  form, 
58 

Governors,  Board  of,  318 
Gower,  John,  112 
Gowrie  conspiracy,  142 
Gracchus,  Caius,  39 
Gramont,  Duke  of,  235 
Gran,  battle  of,  141 
Granada,  conquest  of,  124 
Granicus,  battle  of  the,  22 
Grant,  Ulysses  S.,  siege  at  Vicksburg,  226; 
commander-in-chief,  226;  general-in¬ 
chief,  230;  President,  232;  re-elected 
President,  236;  retired,  250;  death,  250 
Gratian,  61 

Gravelines,  battle  of,  132 
Great  Britain  ( see  England) 

Great  Eastern,  the,  216 
Greece,  Greeks,  Mycenean  art,  4;  Dor¬ 
ian  migration,  5 ;  lyric  poetry,  6;  connec¬ 
tion  with  Egypt,  xi ;  Ionian  revolt,  12, 
Greeks  in  Asia  Minor  subjected  by 
Persians,  Pisistratidas  expelled,  democ¬ 
racy  established  at  Athens,  13;  invasion 
and  defeat  of  Persians,  15;  war  with 
Boeotians,  17;  Peloponnesian  War,  17; 
peace  of  Nicias,  17;  invade  Persia,  23; 
invaded  by  Gauls,  29;  entered  by  the 
Catalans,  109;  declaration  of  indepen¬ 
dence  of,  187;  independence  accom¬ 
plished,  189;  kingdom  of,  19 1;  constitu- 
tipn,  193;  war  with  Turkey,  277,  351; 
with  Bulgaria,  357;  annexes  Crete, 
359 

Greek  Church  separated  from  Armenian, 
66 

Greeley,  Horace,  236 

Greely,  Lieutenant  A.  W.,  250 


Greenland  discovered,  84;  tributary  to 
Norway,  105 

Greenwich,  universal  prime  meridian,  250; 
time,  337 

Gregory  I.,  Pope,  68;  II.,  72;  III.,  72;  IV., 
76;  V.,  84;  VII.,  90;  VIII.,  98;  IX.,  102; 
X.,  104;  XI.,  1 12;  XII.,  1 14;  XIII.,  137 ; 
XV.,  145;  XVI.,  191 
Gregory  of  Nazianzus,  60 
Gregory  Thaumaturgus,  56 
Gregory  of  Tours,  68 

Grevy,  Jules,  President  of  France,  245, 
249 

Grey,  Earl,  336 

Grey,  Sir  Edward,  342,  362 

Grimoald,  Duke  of  Benevento,  71 

Grospan,  battle  of,  282 

Grossjagerndorf,  173 

Grotius,  150 

Guadaloupe  Hidalgo,  treaty  of,  194 
Guadaloupe  settled,  146 
Guam  ceded  to  United  States,  280 
Guasimas,  Las,  battle  of,  278 
Guatemala,  independent,  187 
Guaymas,  battle  of,  209 
Guilford  Court  House,  battle  of,  176 
Guiteau,  246 

Gunpowder,  first  use  of,  no 
Gunpowder  Plot,  142 

Gustavus  I.,  Vasa,  King  of  Sweden,  129; 
II.,  Adolphus,  143,  147;  III.,  175;  IV., 
179;  V.,  315 

H 

Habeas  Corpus  Act,  suspension  of,  186, 

194 

Haco  IV.,  King  of  Norway,  101 
Hadrian  I.,  Pope,  72;  II.,  78;  III.,  78;  IV., 
96;  V.,  104 

Hadrian,  Emperor,  53 
Hadrian’s  wall,  53 

Hague,  The,  arbitration  tribunal,  288,  290; 
second  peace  conference,  312;  Palace  of 
Peace,  314;  Court  of  Arbitration,  334 
Hague,  The  treaty  of,  157,  165 
Halidon  Hill,  battle  of,  111 
Halifax  founded,  170 
Halleck,  General,  224 
Halley,  astronomer,  168;  comet  of,  326 
Hall  of  Fame,  288 
Hamilcar  Barca,  14,  31 
Hamilton,  Patrick,  128 
Hancock,  John,  174 
Handel,  170 
Hannibal,  32,  33 
Hanover,  House  of,  164 
Hapsburg,  House  of,  founded,  104,  116; 
accession  of  Bohemia  and  Hungary  to, 
129 

Harden,  Maximilian,  315 
Hardicanute,  King,  87;  III.,  87 
Harold  Blue-Tooth,  King  of  Denmark,  83 
Harold  Haarfagr,  King,  79 
Harold  I.  (Harefoot),  King  of  England,  87; 
II.,  89 

Haroun  al  Raschid,  Caliph,  74,  75,  77 
Harper’s  Ferry,  218,  222,  224 
Harrison,  Benjamin,  President  of  United 
States,  254 

Harrison,  William  Henry,  184;  President 
of  United  States,  192 


404 


INDEX 


Hart,  Sir  Robert,  27s 

Hartford  Convention,  184 

Harvard  College  founded,  148 

Hasdrubal,  31,  33 

Hastenbeck,  battle  of,  172 

Hastings,  Warren,  174,  178 

Hatasu  (Hatshepset),  Queen  of  Egypt,  3 

Hatshepset  (Hatasu),  Queen  of  Egypt,  3 

Havana  taken  by  the  English,  172 

Hawaii,  American  protectorate  over,  264; 

revolution  in,  265;  republic,  269;  an¬ 
nexed  to  United  States,  276 
Hawthorne,  Nathaniel,  226 
Haydn,  musician,  178 
Hayes,  R.  B.,  President  of  United  States, 

240 

Haynau,  196,  197 
Hayne,  188 

Hay-Pauncefote  Treaty,  284,  286,  288 

Hayti,  freedom  for  negroes,  181 

Hecatompylos,  32 

Hedgley  Moor,  battle  of,  120 

Hegesippus,  54 

Hegira,  year  of  the,  68,  69 

Heidelberg,  University  of,  founded,  112 

Heilbronn,  Union  of,  147 

Heine,  Heinrich,  214 

Heliogabalus,  55 

Heligoland,  258,  364 

Helvetian  Republic,  18 1 

Helvoet  Sluys,  battle  of,  111 

Hengist,  63 

Hennersdorf,  battle  of,  17 1 

Henry,  Patrick,  174 

Henry  IV.,  King  of  Castile,  120 

Henry  I.,  King  of  England,  93;  II.,  96,  97; 

III.,  101,  103;  IV.,  115;  V.,  114,  115; 

VI.,  116,  1x7;  VII.,  123;  VIII.,  126,  128 
Henry  I.,  King  of  France,  86,  88;  II.,  132; 

III.,  136.  138;  IV.,  138,  140 
Henry  I.,  King  of  Germany,  80;  II.,  84,  86; 

III.,  86,  88;  IV.,  88,  90,  91,  92;  V.,  92, 

94;  VI.,  98;  of  Luxemburg,  108 
Henry  of  Huntingdon,  94 
Henry,  Duke  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 

287 

Henry  of  Valois,  King  of  Poland,  137 

Henry  I.,  King  of  Portugal,  138 

Henry,  Prince  of  Prussia,  290 

Henry  the  Lion,  King  of  Saxony,  96,  98 

Heptarchy,  seven  kingdoms  united,  77 

Heraclea  (Pandosia),  battle  of,  27 

Heracleonas,  71 

Heraclius,  69,  71 

Hercte,  battle  of,  31 

Herculaneum,  51 

Hermogenes,  52 

Hermogenianus,  58 

Herod  the  Great,  44 

Herodian,  54 

Herodotus,  16 

Herzegovina  annexed  to  Austria,  321 

Hesse-Cassel,  uprising  in,  199 

Hessians  hired,  176 

Hexham,  battle  of,  120 

Hezekiah,  King  of  Judah,  6 

Hicks  Pasha,  249 

Hiero  of  Syracuse,  29 

Hiero,  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  15 

Hieroglyphics  deciphered,  186 

Hilarus,  Pope,  64 

Hilary  of  Poitiers,  60 


Hildebrand,  88,  90 
Himera,  battle  of,  15 
Hincmar,  78 
Hipparchus,  13,  36 
Hippocrates,  18 
Hippolytus,  54 
Hittites,  3 

Hobbes,  Thomas,  148 
Hohenfriedberg,  battle  of,  171 
Hohenlinden,  battle  of,  18 x 
Hohenlohe-Schillingfurst,  269,  286 
Hohenstaufen,  last  of  the,  105 
Hohenzollern,  House  of,  136 
Holbein,  Hans,  painter,  128 
Holland,  beginning  of  Dutch  indepen¬ 
dence,  138;  alliance  with  France,  146; 
loses  Brazil,  153;  union  of,  with  Bel¬ 
gium,  185;  separated  from  Belgium,  189 
Holstein-Gottorp,  House  of,  17 1 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  end  of,  183 
Home  Rule  in  Ireland,  342,  346,  348,  350, 
352,  356,  358,  360,  362 
Homeric  poems,  beginning  of,  4 
Homildon  Hill,  battle  of,  115 
Hong-Kong  ceded  to  Great  Britain,  192 
Honorius  I.,  Pope,  68;  II.,  94;  III.,  100; 
IV.,  106 

Honorius,  Emperor,  61 

Hooker,  General  Joseph,  224 

Hookworm  disease,  326,  328 

Hophra  (Apries),  King  of  Egypt,  11 

Horace,  44 

Hormisdas,  Pope,  66 

Horsa,  63 

Hortensius,  law  of,  27 
House  of  Commons,  first  speaker  of,  113 
Houston,  General  Sam,  224 
Hroswitha,  82 
Hubertsburg,  peace  of,  173 
Hudson-Fulton  celebration,  326 
Hudson,  Hendrick,  142 
Hudson’s  Bay  Company,  232 
Huerta,  President  of  Mexico,  352,  353, 
355,  357,  361,  363 

Hugh  the  Great,  Duke  of  France,  82;  of 
Vermandois,  92 
Hugo,  King,  80 

Huguenots,  religious  liberty  granted  to, 
134;  colonize  Florida,  135;  destroyed  by 
Spaniards,  135;  routed  at  Jarnac,  136; 
end  of,  146 
Hull,  General,  184 

Humbert  I.,  King  of  Italy,  243,  251,  287 
Hundred  Days  in  France,  185 
Hundred  Years’  War,  no,  in 
Hungary,  Hungarians,  entered  by  the 
Magyars,  80,  81 ;  invaded  by  Turks,  129; 
Soliman,  master  of,  13 1;  declares  in¬ 
dependence,  197;  constitution  restored, 

231 

Hunneric,  King  of  the  Vandals,  64 

Huns,  the,  61 

Hunyady,  John,  119 

Huskisson’s  free  trade  system,  186 

Huss,  John,  1 14 

Hussite  War,  117 

Huygens,  astronomer,  154 

Hyacinthe,  Pere,  233 

Hyder  Ali,  176,  177 

Hyginus,  Pope,  52 

Hyksos,  kings  of  Egypt,  3 

Hypatia  of  Alexandria,  62 


INDEX 


405 


Hyppolite,  President  of  Hayti,  257 
Hyrcanus,  John,  I.,  38;  II.,  40,  42 

I 

Iamblichus,  58 
Ibrahim  Pasha,  193 
Iceland,  78,  79,  105 
Iconium,  battle  of,  99 
Idstedt,  battle  of,  199 
Ignatius,  St.,  52;  patriarch,  78 
Ilipa,  battle  of,  33 
Illinois  admitted,  186 
Image-worship,  76,  77_ 

Impeachment  of  President  Johnson,  232 
Income  tax  law,  270;  amendment,  352 
India,  invaded  by  Alexander,  22;  war 
against  Scythian  invaders,  42;  invaded 
by  Timur,  115;  Mogul  Empire  at  great¬ 
est  splendor,  133;  the  Mahratta  power, 
155;  height  of  Mogul  power  in,  159; 
Hyder  Ali  resists  English,  174,  175; 
Great  Mahratta  War,  183;  Mahratta 
power  overthrown,  187;  Sikh  War,  192, 
196;  Punjaub  annexed,  196;  Oudh  an¬ 
nexed,  212;  Sepoy  rebellion,  214,  216; 
Delhi  capital,  342 
India  Bill,  177 
Indiana  admitted,  186 
Indo-China,  273 
Indulf,  King  of  Scotland,  83 
Indulgence,  Declaration  of,  158 
Ine,  King,  71 

Ingogo  River,  battle  of,  247 
Initiative  and  referendum,  344 
Inkermann,  battle  of,  211 
Innocent  I.,  Pope,  62;  II.,  94;  III.,  98, 
100,  101;  IV.,  102;  V.,  104;  VI.,  no; 
VII.,  114;  VIII.,  123;  IX.,  141;  X.,  x 5 1 ; 
XI.,  157;  XII.,  161;  XIII.,  169 
Inoculation,  168,  248 
Inquisition,  the,  100,  102,  122,  190 
Institute  of  France,  180 
Insubres  defeated  by  the  Romans,  31 
Insurance,  Workingmen’s  Accident,  251; 
investigation,  302;  National  Bill,  338; 
Workingmen’s,  339;  Bill,  342 
Inter-State  Commerce  Bill,  252 
Ionian  Islands,  republic  of,  187,  given  to 
Greece,  227 
Ipsus,  battle  of,  26 
Iquique  bombarded,  245 
Ireland,  invaded  by  the  Northmen,  87; 

subdued  by  Cromwell,  150;  Fenian 
f  outbreaks,  228;  troubles  in,  246;  Home 
Rule  in  Belfast,  262 
Irenasus,  54 
Irene,  Empress,  75,  77 
Irving,  Washington,  188 
Isaac  I.  (Comnenus),  Emperor,  89;  II.,  99 
Isabella  II.,  Queen  of  Spain,  191,  193 
Isabella  of  Castile,  120 
Isauria,  65 

Isidorus  of  Seville,  68 
Islamism,  68 

Island  No.  10  taken  by  United  States,  224 
Ismail,  Khedive  of  Egypt,  245 
Israel,  kingdom  of,  separation  of,  from 
Judah,  4;  death  of  Ahab,  Jehu  seizes 
power,  end  of,  6 
Issus,  battle  of,  22 


Italy,  and  Italians,  Roman  franchise 
granted  to,  40;  conquered  by  Theodoric, 
65;  Byzantine  power  in,  67;  conquered 
by  Lombards,  67;  union  with  Germany, 
82;  invaded  by  Frederick  I.  of  Ger¬ 
many,  96;  war  with  Frederick  II.,  103; 
invaded  by  Louis  IV.,  109;  papal  power 
restored,  in;  invaded  by  France,  126, 
181;  revolution  in,  195;  republic  pro¬ 
claimed  197;  Austrian  power  re-estab¬ 
lished,  197;  end  of  Bourbon  rule,  223; 
war  with  Austria,  231;  Triple  Alliance, 
249;  war  in  Abyssinia,  275;  war  with 
Turkey,  341;  annexes  Tripoli  and 
Cyrenaica,  343;  declares  neutrality,  365 
Ito,  Marquis,  279,  327 
Iturbide,  Emperor  of  Mexico,  187 
Ivan  III.  (the  Great),  Emperor  of  Russia, 
121;  IV.  (the  Terrible),  131,  133;  VI., 
171 

Ivry,  battle  of,  138 

J 

Jackson,  Andrew,  184;  President  of  United 
States,  188,  190 
Jackson,  “Stonewall,”  226 
Jacobites,  insurrection  of,  164 
Jagello,  see  Vladislav 
James  II.,  King  of  Aragon,  106 
James  I.,  King  of  England  (VI.,  of  Scot¬ 
land),  142;  II.,  158,  160 
James  I.,  King  of  Scotland,  115;  II.,  117; 
III.,  120;  IV.,  122,  124;  V.,  126;  VI., 
(I.,  of  England),  134,  142 
Jameson,  Dr.,  272,  273,  274,  316 
Jameson  raid,  272,  273,  276 
Jamestown,  Va.,  settled,  142;  exposition, 
312 

Jannasus,  Alexander,  38 
Jansenists,  the,  148,  152,  154 
Jansenius,  Bishop  of  Ypres,  148 
Japan,  first  Mikado  Jimmu  Tenno,  9; 
rise  of  feudal  nobility,  70;  war  between 
the  Taira  and  Minamoto,  97;  the  Taira 
exterminated,  Minamoto  in  supreme 
control,  99;  the  fall  of  the  Minamoto, 
succeeded  by  the  Hojo  clan,  101; 
Shogunate  seized  by  the  Fujiwara,  103; 
fall  of  Hojo  family,  in;  feudalism 
perfected,  hi;  treaty  with  Portugal, 
130;  fall  of  Ashikaga  shoguns,  137; 
invades  Corea,  141;  treaty  with  United 
States,  208;  treaty  with  Great  Britain, 
210;  treaties  with  the  United  States, 
Great  Britain,  Russia,  217;  ports  opened 
to  trade,  219;  last  of  shoguns,  231; 
Mikado  assumes  sole  power,  233;  aboli¬ 
tion  of  _  feudalism,  237;  European 
calendar  introduced,  238;  constitution, 
257;  first  parliament,  259;  war  with 
China,  269,  271;  war  with  Russia,  302; 
alliance  with  England,  302;  annexes 
Corea,  333;  declares  war  on  Germany, 

36s 

Jarnac,  battle  of,  136 
Jason,  34 

Jassy,  battle  of,  145 
Jay ’s  treaty,  180 
Jeannette,  the,  244,  246 
Jeddah,  bombardment  of,  216 


406 


INDEX 


Jefferson,  Thomas,  Minister  to  France, 
178;  President  of  United  States,  182; 
re-elected,  182;  death,  188 
Jeffreys,  Judge,  158 
Jehosaphat,  King  of  Judah,  6 
Jehu,  King  of  Israel,  6 
Jena,  battle  of,  183 
Jeroboam  II.,  King  of  Israel,  6 
Jerome,  60;  of  Prague,  114 
Jerusalem,  plundered  by  Shashank,  4; 
taken  by  Babylonians,  10;  final  de¬ 
struction,  10;  the  second  temple,  12; 
walls  built  by  Nehemiah,  16;  submits 
to  Alexander  the  Great,  22;  Egyptians 
expelled  from,  32;  taken  by  Antiochus 
VII.,  36;  taken  by  Herod,  temple 
reconstructed,  44;  rebuilt,  52;  taken  by 
Persians,  69;  by  Arabs,  71;  captured  by 
Turks,  91;  taken  by  the  Crusaders,  93; 
taken  by  Saladin,  99 
Jesuits,  the,  founded,  130;  enter  Brazil, 
133;  colleges  established,  134;  banished 
from  France,  140;  strife  with  Jansenists, 
152;  influential  in  China,  159;  ex¬ 
pelled  from  France,  173;  suppressed  in 
France,  175;  expelled  from  Spain,  175; 
re-established,  184;  expelled  from  Ger¬ 
many,  237;  expelled  from  Rome,  239; 
expelled  from  religious  houses  in  France, 

247 

Jesus  Christ,  birth  of,  46;  baptism, 
crucifixion,  48 

Jews,  the,  Exodus,  Saul,  David,  Solomon, 
separation  of  Judah  and  Israel,  Jerusa¬ 
lem  plundered,  Asa,  Omri,  4;  end  of 
kingdom  of  Israel,  6;  end  of  kingdom  of 
Judah,  10;  edict  of  Cyrus  for  return  of 
the  Jews,  12;  first  treaty  with  Romans, 
34;  end  of  independence,  42;  banished 
from  Italy,  49;  their  end  as  a  nation,  50; 
their  revolt,  52;  persecuted  in  Spain,  70: 
expelled  from  England,  107;  persecuted 
in  France,  108;  expelled  from  Spain, 
124;  favorable  decree  in  Austria,  218; 
outrages  against,  in  Russia,  247;  anti- 
semitic  meetings  at  Berlin,  247;  per¬ 
secution  of,  in  Russia,  249;  edicts  against 
in  Russia,  259;  expelled  from  Moscow, 
261;  in  Roumania,  290;  Kishineff  mas¬ 
sacre,  293;  expelled  from  Kieff,  333; 
Beilsis  affair,  359 
Johannesburg,  273,  284 
John,  King  of  Abyssinia,  257 
John  of  Austria,  137 
John  IV.,  King  of  Braganza,  149 
John  II.,  King  of  Castile,  114 
John  II.,  Emperor  of  Eastern  Empire 
(Comnenus),  95;  of  Brienne,  103;  V., 
hi,  113;  VI.,  in;  VII.,  117 
John  Lackland,  King  of  England,  99,  101 
John  (the  Good),  King  of  France,  no 
John  Albert,  King  of  Poland,  125 
John  II.,  King  of  Portugal,  122;  V.,  163; 
VI.,  187 

John  III.,  King  of  Sweden,  137 
John  I.,  Pope,  66;  II.,  66;  III.,  66;  IV.,  70; 
V.,  70;  VI.,  70;  VII.,  70;  VIII.,  78;  IX., 
80;  X.,  80;  XI.,  82;  XII.,  82;  XIII.,  82; 
XIV.,  84;  XV.,  84;  XVI.,  84;  XVII., 
84;  XVIII.,  84;  XIX.,  86;  XXII.,  108, 
no;  XXIII.,  114 
John  of  Damascus,  72 


John  of  Leyden,  131 

Johnson,  Andrew,  President  of  United 
States,  228,  232,  240 
Johnson,  Samuel,  176 
Johnston,  General  A.  S.,  222 
Johnstown  flood,  256 
Jonathan,  36 

Jones,  Commodore  John  Paul,  176,  184, 
302 

Jonson,  Ben,  142 

Joseph  I.,  King  of  Germany,  161,  163;  II., 
173.  175.  177,  179 
Joseph  I.,  King  of  Hungary,  159 
Josephus,  50 

Josiah,  reformation  of,  in  Judah,  8 
Joubert,  Piet,  General,  284 
Juarez,  President  of  Mexico,  217,  219,  223, 
227,  237 

Judah,  kingdom  of,  separation  of,  from 
Israel,  4;  Jehosaphat,  King,  6;  Uzziah, 
King,  6;  Jeroboam  II.,  6;  Hezekiah,  6; 
reformation  of  Josiah,  8;  invaded  by 
Egyptians,  9;  conquered  by  Babylon¬ 
ians,  end  of,  10 
Judas  Maccabeus,  34,  36 
Judea,  dominated  by  Ptolemies,  26;  con¬ 
quered  by  Antiochus  the  Great,  32; 
becomes  Roman  province,  44;  Pontius 
Pilate,  procurator,  48;  conquest  of, 
completed,  50 
Jugurtha,  39 
Julianus,  Didius,  55 
Julius  Africanus,  54 
Julius  I.,  Pope,  58;  II.,  125;  III.,  133 
Junius,  letters  of,  174 
Justin  Martyr,  52 
Justin  I.,  66,  67;  II.,  67 
Justinian  I.,  66,  67 ;  II.,  70,  71 
Juvenal,  52 

K 

Kairwan  occupied  by  French,  247 
Kalakaua,  King  of  Hawaiian  Islands,  255 
Kaleidoscope,  invention  of,  186 
Kallimachus,  30 

Kandahar  relieved  by  Roberts,  247 
Kane’s  expedition,  206 
Kansas,  invaded  by  Missourians,  212; 
Topeka  constitution,  214;  message,  216; 
new  free-state  convention,  216;  bill,  the 
English,  216 

Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  208 
Kant,  176 

Kaou-Tsung,  Emperor  of  China,  95 
Kapolna,  battle  of,  197 
Kars,  battle  of,  2x3,  243 
Kassites,  3 

Kearsarge  and  Alabama,  226 

Keats,  poet,  184 

Kempis,  Thomas  a,  116 

Kentucky,  explored,  174;  admitted,  178 

Kentucky  and  Virginia  Resolutions,  180 

Keresztes,  battle  of,  141 

Kertch,  battle  of,  213 

Khafra  (Chefren),  King  of  Egypt,  2 

Khammurabi,  Code  of,  2 

Khartoum,  251 

Khiva  taken  by  Russia,  239 

Khokand  annexed  to  Russia,  241 

Khorassan,  77 

Khufu  (Cheops),  King  of  Egypt,  2 


INDEX 


407 


Kiau-chau,  occupied  by  Germany,  277; 

leased  to  Germany,  279,  365 
Kimberley,  siege  of,  282,  284 
Kin-Chow,  battle  of,  271,  295 
Kinderlen-Waechter,  341 
King  Philip’s  War,  156;  William’s  War, 
158 

King’s  Mountain,  battle  of,  176 
Kishineff  massacre,  293,  295 
Kissingen,  battle  of,  231 
Kitchener,  Lord,  274,  278,  280,  284 
Kneller,  Godfrey,  painter,  162 
Knights  of  St.  John,  108,  109 
Knights  Templars  founded,  94,  108 
Knox,  John,  130 

Knox,  Philander,  Secretary  of  State,  326, 
328,  336 

Kobad  of  Persia,  65 
Kollin,  battle  of,  173 
Korea,  see  Corea 
Korupedion,  battle  of,  26 
Kosciuszko,  18 1 
Kossovo,  battle  of,  115 
Kossuth,  199,  200,  201,  202,  204 
Koszta  affair,  206 
Kotzebue  assassination,  187 
Krotzka,  battle  of,  171 
Kruger,  President  of  Transvaal,  273,  279, 
282,  287 

Kuang  Hsu,  Emperor  of  China,  281, 
323  . 

Kublai  Khan,  Emperor  of  China,  founder 
of  the  Mongol  dynasty,  105 
Kulturkampf,  239 
Kundersdorf,  battle  of,  173 
Kuroki,  General,  297 
Kuropatkin,  General,  299,  301 
Kutchuk-Kainarji,  peace  of,  175 
Kwang-chau-wan  ceded  to  France,  278 

L 

Labor:  in  Belgium,  298,  299;  in  England, 
190,  258,  278,  308.  344,  346,  348;  in 
France,  190,  307.  313,  325.  34U  345:  in 
Germany,  190,  257,  259,  339;  .in  Italy, 
269;  in  Russia,  299,  303,  305;  in  Spain, 
259;  in  Switzerland,  348;  in  United 
States,  252,  262,  268,  270,  272,  276,  288, 
290,  292,  294,  298,  300,  302,  304,  306, 
310,  312,  316,  324,  354,  362 
La  Bruyere,  critic,  160 
Lactantius,  58 

Ladislas  I.  (the  Saint),  King  of  Hungary, 
91;  IV.,  105;  I.,  King  of  Poland,  91 
Ladrone  Islands  bought  by  Germany,  283 
Ladysmith,  siege  of,  282,  284 
Lafayette,  Marquis  de,  arrival  in  Ameri¬ 
ca,  176;  imprisoned  at  Olmutz,  179;  in 
America,  186;  commander  of  National 
Guard,  189;  death,  191,  286 
La  Fontaine,  154 
La  Hogue,  battle  of,  160 
Laing’s  Neck,  battle  of,  247 
Lake  Champlain,  battle  of,  184 
Lake  Erie,  battle  of,  184 
Lamartine,  188 
Lamoriciere,  229 
Lamsdorff,  Count,  285 
Lancaster,  House  of,  115 
Landshut,  battle  of,  173 
Lanfranc,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  90 


Langfanan,  battle  of,  89 
Langton,  Stephen,  Archbishop  of  Canter¬ 
bury,  101 

Languedoc,  canal  of,  154 
La  Rochefoucauld,  154 
La  Rochelle  reduced,  146 
Lascaris,  Theodore,  Emperor,  101 
Lateran  Councils,  First,  Second,  94 
Latin  language,  68 

Laud,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  146,  148 
Lauenburg  sold  to  Prussia,  229 
Laval-Montmorency,  Bishop  of  New 
France,  154 

Law,  employers’  Liability,  316,  344 
Law,  A.  Bonar,  342,  352 
Law,  John,  169 
Lawrence,  Kansas,  210,  212 
Laws,  and  Law,  Publilian,  15;  Gregorian 
code  of  civil,  58;  Burgundian,  64;  Salic, 
64,  108;  Canon,  establishment  of,  94; 
Alien  and  Sedition,  180;  Corn,  184; 
against  freedom  of  press,  187;  anti¬ 
socialist,  247;  education,  in  England, 
292;  Employers’  Liability,  316 
Lawton,  General,  284 
Layamon,  98 

Laybach,  congress  of,  monarchs  at,  187 
League,  of  the  Forest  Cantons,  107;  of  the 
Public  Weal,  120;  Holy  League,  126; 
of  Cambray,  127;  Catholic,  136.  138, 
146;  Catholic  and  Protestant,  153;  of 
Augsburg,  158;  of  Hanover,  168;  the 
Erfurt,  199;  National,  264 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  founded,  208 
Lechfeld,  the  battle  of,  82 
Lee,  General  Robert  E.,  224;  surrender  of, 
228 

Legion  of  Honor,  183 
Legnano,  battle  of,  96 
Leibnitz,  philosopher,  160 
Leicester,  Earl  of,  138 
Leipsic,  University  of,  114;  battle  of,  185 
Lemberg,  battle  of,  365 
Leo  I.,  Emperor,  65;  II.,  65;  IV.,  75;  V., 
77;  VI.,  81 

Leo  I.,  Pope,  62;  II.,  70;  III.,  74;  IV.,  78; 
V.,  80;  VI.,  80;  VII.,  82;  VIII.,  82;  IX., 
88;  X.,  127;  XI.,  143;  XII.,  187;  XIII., 
243,  293 

Leo  the  Isaurian,  72,  73 
Leontius,  71 

Leopold  III.,  of  Austria,  112;  IV.,  112 
Leopold  I.,  King  of  Belgium,  191;  II.  ,229, 
329 

Leopold  I.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  155, 
157;  II.,  179 
Leovigild,  King,  69 
Lepanto,  battle  of,  136,  137 
Lepidus,  45 
Le  Sage,  164 

Lesco  II.,  King  of  Poland,  105 
Lesseps,  Ferdinand  de,  264 
Leszczynski,  Stanislas,  King  of  Poland, 
163 

Leuthen,  battle  of,  173 
Levant  Company,  the,  138 
Lewis  and  Clark  expedition,  182;  exposi¬ 
tion,  302 

Lexington,  battle  of,  174 
Lexow  investigation,  270 
Leyden  University  of,  136 
I  Lhassa,  296 


408 


INDEX 


Liao-Tung  peninsula  returned  to  China, 
271 

Liao-Yang,  battle  of,  297 
Liberal  party  in  United  States,  192 
Liberator,  the,  190 
Liberius,  Pope,  60 
Liege,  siege  of,  365 
Liegnitz,  battle  of,  173 
Ligny,  battle  of,  185 
Li  Hung  Chang,  271,  274,  275 
Liliaiokalani,  Queen  of  Hawaii,  265 
Lima  surrenders,  247 
Limerick,  battle  of,  160 
Lincoln,  Abraham,  elected  President,  220; 
re-elected,  228;  assassination  and  death, 
228;  centenary,  322 
Lincoln,  battle  of,  101 
Lind,  John,  356 
Linevitch,  General,  301 
Linnaeus,  168 
Linus,  Pope,  50 

Lisbon,  great  seat  of  trade,  124;  peace  of, 
.  t55 

Lithosoria,  oattle  of,  73 
Little  Rock  taken  by  United  States, 
224 

Livius  Andronicus,  30 
Livonia  ceded  to  Sweden,  15s 
Livy,  33.  44 
Llewellyn  of  Wales,  107 
Lloyd-George,  David,  318,  324,  338 
Loa,  naval  battle  of,  245 
Lobositz,  battle  of,  173 
Locke,  John,  160 
Lockwood,  Lieutenant,  248 
Locomotive,  first  steam,  182 
Lodi,  peace  of,  12 1;  battle  of,  181 
Lollius,  47 

Lombardy  and  the  Lombards,  67,  69,  73 
London,  great  plague  and  fire,  154;  treaty 
of,  188;  conference,  190,  226,  236; 

treaty  of,  355 
Londonderry,  siege  of,  158 
Longfellow,  Henry  W.,  248 
Long  Island,  battle  of,  176 
Longinus,  56 
Longueville,  152 
Longwy  taken  by  Prance,  179 
Longjumeau,  treaty  of,  136 
Long  Parliament,  148,  152 
Lopez,  Narcisso,  198,  203 
Lorimer,  Senator,  336 
Lome,  Marquis  of,  243 
Lorraine,  partitioned,  78;  conquest  of,  by 
France,  169;  House  of,  171;  annexed  to 
France,  175;  ceded  to  Germany,  237 
Lorraine,  Claude,  painter,  148 
Lothair,  Emperor  of  Italy  and  Lorraine, 
76;  II.,  78;  II.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  94 
Loubet,  Emile,  President  of  France,  281, 
291 

Louis  II. .King  of  Bavaria,  227,  253 
Louis  II.,  King  of  France,  78;  III.,  80;  IV., 
82;  VI.,  94;  VII.,  94,  96;  IX.,  104;  X., 
108;  XI.,  116,  120;  XII.,  124;  XIV.,  150, 
154,  160;  XV.,  164,  169;  XVI.,  175,  181 ; 
XVIII.,  185 

Louis  Napoleon,  insurrection  attempted 
19 1 ;  second  insurrection,  193;  impris¬ 
oned,  193;  escapes,  193;  elected  presi¬ 
dent  of  France,  195;  coup  d'etat,  201; 
orders  confiscation  of  Orleans  property. 


203;  in  Southern  France,  203;  entry 
into  Paris,  203;  proclaimed  Emperor 
205  (see  Napoleon  III.) 

Louis  Philippe  I.,  King  of  France,  189,  195, 
197 

Louis  I.  (the  German),  King  of  Germany, 
76,  78;  II.,  78;  III.  (the  Child),  80;  IV., 
109,  no 

Louis  I.  (the  Pious),  Emperor,  76 
Louis  II.,  King  of  Bohemia  and  Hungary, 
127 

Louis  the  Great,  King  of  Hungary,  in 
Louisburg,  taken  by  the  English,  170; 
restored  to  France,  170;  captured  by 
Amherst,  172 

Louisiana,  settled,  160;  purchase,  182; 
admitted,  184;  secedes,  222;  Purchase 
Exposition,  292 
Lourdes,  237 

Louvain  destroyed  by  the  Germans,  365 

Louvain,  University  of,  founded,  116 

Lovatz,  battle  of,  243 

Lowell,  Abbott  L.,  322 

Lowell,  James  Russell,  194 

Loyola,  Ignatius,  130 

Lubeck,  Peace  of,  147 

Lublin,  Diet  of,  137 

Lucan,  51 

Luceria,  battle  of,  25 

Lu  Cheng-Nsieng,  Premier,  347 

Lucian,  52 

Lucilius,  38 

Lucius  Accius,  38 

Lucius  Afranius,  38 

Lucius  II.,  Pope,  94;  III.,  98 

Lucknow,  mutiny  at,  214;  siege  of,  216 

Lucretius,  42 

Lucullus,  40 

Ludwig  III.,  King  of  Bavaria,  359 

Luis  I.,  King  of  Portugal,  223,  257 

Luitprand,  82 

Lund,  battle  of  the,  157 

Lundy’s  Lane,  battle  of,  184 

Lun6ville,  Peace  of,  183;  captured,  365 

Luther,  Martin,  126,  127,  128 

Lutzen,  battle  of,  147,  185 

Luxembourg,  Marshall,  160 

Luxemburg,  made  neutral  territory,  230; 

invaded  by  Germany,  365 
Luxemburg,  house  of,  108,  117 
Luzzara,  battle  of,  163 
Lycophron,  30 

Lyon,  General  Nathaniel,  222 

Lyons,  General  Council  of,  102,  104; 

united  with  France,  108 
Lysander,  19 
Lysimachus,  26,  27 
Lytton,  Lord,  188 

M 

Macaulay,  218 

Macbeth,  King  of  Scotland,  87,  89 
Macdonald,  Sir  John  A.,  243 
Macedonia,  19,  27,  29,  33,  37,  277 
Maceo,  Antonio,  275 
Machiavelli,  Niccolo,  124 
MacMahon,  Marshal,  235,  237,  239,  241, 
24S 

Macrobius,  62 

Madagascar  subject  to  France,  273 


INDEX 


409 


Madero,  Francesco  I.,  President  of  Mexico, 

335,  337,. 343,  353,  355 
Madeira,  discovered,  117 
Madison,  James,  President  of  United 
States,  182 

Madras,  founded,  149;  taken  by  English, 
171 

Mascenas,  44 

Mafeking,  siege  of,  282;  relieved,  284 
“  Mafia,  ”  the,  260 
Magdala,  capture  of,  233 
Magdeburg,  sack  of,  147 
Magenta,  battle  of,  219 
Magersfontein,  battle  of,  284 
Magna  Charta  signed,  101 
Magnesia,  battle  of,  34 
Magnus  I.  (the  Good),  King  of  Norway, 
87;  II.,  105 

Magnus  I.,  King  of  Sweden,  105;  Smek, 
109 

Mahdi,  the,  247,  251,  253 
Mahmud  of  Ghazni,  85 
Mahmud  II.,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  183 
Mail,  first  overland,  216 
Maine,  battleship,  278 
Maine,  settled,  144;  part  of,  joined  to 
Massachusetts,  152;  bought  by  Massa¬ 
chusetts,  156;  ravaged  by  French  and 
Indians,  162;  admitted,  186 
Mainz,  taken  by  France,  179 
Majuba  Hill,  battle  of,  247 
Makaroff,  Admiral,  295 
Malcolm  I.,  King  of  Scotland,  83;  II.,  85; 

III.,  89,  91,  93 
Maldon,  battle  of,  85 
Malplaquet,  battle  of,  164 
Malta,  given  to  Knights  of  Rhodes,  13 1; 

besieged  by  Turks,  135 
Mamelukes,  the  rulers  of  Egypt,  103,  107 
Manchuria,  269,  287,  291 
Manchus,  invade  China,  145 
Mandalay,  252 
Manes,  56 

Manhattan  Island  settled,  144 
Manila,  taken  by  the  English,  172;  battle 
of,  278 

Mansfeld,  145 
Mantinea,  battle  of,  21,  33 
Manuel  Comnenus,  Emperor,  95;  II.,  115 
Manuel  II.,  King  of  Portugal,  317,  319, 
335 

Manumission  of  slaves.  Law  against,  220 
Manzikert,  battle  of,  91 
Marat  assassinated,  18 1 
Marathon,  battle  of,  15 
Marozia,  80 

Marbles,  Arundelian,  144 
Marcel,  Etienne,  leader  of  Paris,  112 
Marcellinus,  Pope,  58 
Marcellus  II.,  Pope,  133 
Marchand,  Major,  281,  283 
Marcian,  62 

Marcionites,  rise  of  the,  52 
Marconi,  William,  292 
Marco  Polo,  104,  105 
Marcomanni,  53 
Mardonius,  15 
Marengo,  battle  of,  181 
Margaret,  maid  of  Norway,  107;  Queen 
of  Norway,  1x3 

Margaret  of  Anjou,  Queen  of  Henry  VI., 
of  England,  119 


Margaret  of  Parma,  Regent  of  the  Nether¬ 
lands,  134 

Maria,'  Queen  of  Portugal,  177;  II.,  209 
Maria  Christina,  Regent  of  Spain,  209 
Maria  da  Gloria,  Queen  of  Portugal,  189 
Maria  Theresa,  Empress  of  Austria,  17 1 
Maria  Theresa  of  Spain,  Queen  of  France, 
!54 

Marie  Antoinette,  Queen  of  France,  175 
Marie  Christina,  Queen  of  Spain,  245; 

Regent  of  Spain,  253 
Marietta,  Ohio,  settled,  178 
Marignano,  battle  of,  126 
Marius,  39 

Marlborough,  Duke  of,  162 
Marne,  battle  of  the,  365 
Marsaglia,  battle  of,  161 
Marseilles  (Massalia)  founded,  9 
Marshall  Islands,  annexed  by  Germany, 
253 

Marsilius  of  Padua,  108 

Marston  Moor,  battle  of,  150 

Martinique  settled,  146 

Mary,  Queen  of  England,  132;  II.,  160; 

(wife  of  George  V.),  338 
Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  130,  134,  136, 
138 

Maryland,  settled,  146;  a  royal  province, 
160 

Matabeles,  the,  274 
Matanzas,  bombardment  of,  278 
Mather,  Cotton,  162 

Matthias  Corvinus,  King  of  Hungary,  121 
Martial,  50 

Martin  I.,  Pope,  70;  II.,  78;  III.,  82;  IV., 
106;  V.,  116 
Martin  of  Tours,  60 
Masaniello,  15 1 
Mason  and  Dixon’s  line,  154 
Mason  and  Slidell  incident,  222 
Massachusetts,  adds  Maine,  152;  buys 
Maine,  156;  deprived  of  Charter,  158 
Massalia  (Marseilles)  founded,  9 
Massinissa,  King  of  Numidia,  35,  37 
Mather,  Increase,  158 

Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry  I.,  of  England, 
95 

Mattathias,  the  Hasmonean,  34 
Matteo  Visconti,  master  of  Milan,  107, 

109 

Matthias,  Emperor  of  Germany,  143 
Mauretania,  49 

Maurice,  the  Cappadocian,  69;  elector  of 
Saxony,  133 

Maximilian  of  Austria,  Emperor  of 
Mexico,  227,  231 

Maximilian  II.,  King  of  Bavaria,  195 
Maximilian  I.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  123, 
125,  127;  II.,  135,  137 
Maximinus,  57 
Maypu,  battle  of,  187 
Mazarin,  Cardinal,  150,  152,  154 
Mazeppa,  revolt  of,  163 
Mazet,  investigation,  282 
McCarthy,  Justin,  272 
McClellan,  General  George  B.,  222,  224 
McKenna,  Reginald,  342 
McKinley,  William,  President  of  United 
States,  274,  280,  284,  286,  288 
McNamara  brothers,  342 
Meade,  General,  226 
Medical  School,  first  in  America,  172 


4io 


INDEX 


Medici,  Catherine  de.  Queen  of  France, 
133 

Medici,  the,  121,  123,  129,  131,  137 
Medina,  Duke  of,  159 
Megabyzus,  16,  17 
Mehemet  Ali,  ruler  of  Egypt,  193 
Melanchthon,  126 
Melazzo,  battle  of,  221 
Melikoff,  General,  247 
Mellen,  Chas,  S.,  362 
Menander.  25 

Menelek,  King  of  Abyssinia,  273 
Menes,  King  of  Egypt,  2 
Menephthah,  Pharaoh  of  the  Exodus,  5 
Mencius,  22 
Menelaus,  34 

Menkaura  (Mycerinus),  King  of  Egypt,  2 
Mentana,  battle  of,  233 
Mercedes,  Queen  of  Spain,  253 
Mercia,  kingdom  of,  69 
Merovingian  Line,  end  of,  73 
Merrimac,  the,  224 
Merseburg,  battle  of,  82 
Merv,  annexed  to  Russia,  251 
Mery-sur-Seine,  63 
Messana,  battle  of,  29 
Messenian  wars,  first,  7;  second,  9;  third, 
15  . 

Messina,  revolt  of,  157;  bombarded,  195 
Metaurus,  the,  battle  of,  33 
Metellus,  General,  31 
Metellus  Numidicus,  39,  41 
Methuen,  Lord,  282 
Methuen  treaty,  162 
Metternich,  195,  218 

Metz,  a  French  possession,  132;  ceded  to 
France,  130;  surrender  of,  235 
Mexico,  conquest  of,  128;  declares  its  in¬ 
dependence,  185;  defeated  by  Texans, 
190;  war  with  France,  191;  war  with 
United  States,  192,  194;  revolution  in, 
207;  new  constitution,  215;  intervention 
in,  proposed  by  England,  France,  and 
Spain,  223;  crown  offered  to  Maximil¬ 
ian,  227;  Republicans  defeat  Imperial¬ 
ists,  229;  fall  and  execution  of  Maximil¬ 
ian,  231;  railways,  315;  revolution 
335,  337;  Madero,  President,  343; 

revolution,  351,  353;  mediation,  360 
Michael  I.,  Emperor,  77;  II.,  77;  III.,  77; 

IV.,  87;  V.,  87;  VI.,  89;  VII.,  91 
Michael,  Emperor  of  Nicasa,  105 
Michael  Angelo,  124 
Michel,  Louise,  249 
Micipsa,  King  of  Numidia,  39 
Miecislas  II.,  King  of  Poland,  87,  97 
Miguel,  Dom,  King  of  Portugal,  189 
Mikado,  the,  233 
Milan,  King  of  Servia,  249,  257 
Milan,  acquired  by  Spain,  130 
Miles,  General,  278 
Mill,  John  Stuart,  194 
Miltiades,  General,  15 
Miltiades,  Pope,  58 
Milton,  John,  150,  152 
Miluna  Pass,  battle  of,  277 
Minden,  battle  of,  173 
Minimum  Wage  Bill,  344 
Minnesota  State  government  organized, 
216 

Minorca  captured  by  the  English,  162 
Mint,  United  States,  established,  178 


Minto,  Earl  of,  302 
Mirabeau,  death  of,  179 
Miraflores,  battle  of,  247 
Mississippi  River  discovered,  13 1;  ascen¬ 
ded  by  Farragut,  224 
Mississippi,  admitted,  186;  secedes,  222 
Missolonghi,  187,  189 

Missouri,  Compromise,  186;  admitted, 
186 

Mithridates  I.,  King  of  Pontus,  20;  I., 
King  of  Parthia;  34;  IV.,  King  of 
Pontus,  36;  V.,  King  of  Pontus,  38 
Mithradatic  wars,  40 
Mobile  taken  by  Union  forces,  228 
Modder  River,  battle  of  the,  282 
Modoc  war,  236,  238 
Mohacz,  battle  of,  159 
Mohammed,  68,  69 

Mohammed  I.,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  115; 

II.,  119;  HI.,  141;  IV.,  15 1 ;  V.,  32S 
Moldavia,  part  of,  acquired  by  Russia, 
185;  united  with  Wallachia  into  Rou- 
mania,  223 
Moliere,  154 

Molinos  de  Rey,  battle  of,  194 
Monastic  Life,  beginning  of,  56 
Monastir,  331 

Monetary  Union,  Latin,  251;  United 
States  National  Commission,  342 
Money  Trust  investigation,  346 
Monitor  and  Merrimac,  222 
Monk,  General,  154 

Monmouth,  rebellion  of,  158;  battle  of, 
176 

Monroe  Doctrine,  186,  348 
Monroe,  James,  186 
Montaigne,  essayist,  132 
Montana  admitted,  256 
Montanus,  52 

Mont-Cassel,  battle  of,  156 
Montcontour,  battle  of,  136 
Montebello,  battle  of,  219 
Montecuculi,  155,  157 

Montenegro,  war  against  Turkey,  241; 
becomes  a  kingdom,  333;  declares  war 
with  Turkey,  351;  on  Germany  and 
Austria,  365 

Monterey,  capture  of,  194 
Monte  Rojondo,  battle  of,  233 
Montesquieu,  168 
Montez,  Lola,  195 
Montfort,  Simon  de,  105 
Mont  Pel6e  disaster,  291 
Montreal  founded,  148 
Moody  and  Sankey,  238,  240,  284 
Moorish  power,  end  of,  in  Spain,  124 
Moors,  the,  expelled  from  Tuscany,  143 
More,  Sir  Thomas,  126,  130 
Morea,  the,  conquered  by  Venice,  159 
Morgan,  J.  P.,  290 
Morgarten,  battle  of,  108 
Morocco,  war  with  Spain,  219;  open  door 
in,  301;  convention,  307;  agreement, 
with  France  and  Germany,  323;  Agadir 
affair,  339,  341;  French  protectorate, 
345 

Morse,  S.  F.  B.,  190,  236 
Mortemer,  battle  of,  88 
Moscow,  rises  to  rank  of  city,  95 ;  becomes 
paramount  in  Russia,  ill;  burnt,  137; 
entered  by  Napoleon’s  army,  185; 
burnt,  185 


INDEX 


411 


Moselle,  army  of  the,  365 
Mosquito  Coast,  267 
Motley,  John  Lothrop,  234 
Mount  Badon,  battle  of,  67 
Mt.  McKinley,  346 
Mozart,  musician,  178 
Muhlberg,  battle  of,  133 
Mukden,  297.  299,  301 
Mullah,  the  mad,  290,  292,  331 
Mummius,  37 
Munich,  treaty  of,  197 
Murad  V.,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  241 
Murat,  King  of  Naples,  183 
Muravieff,  285. 

Murena,  conspiracy  of,  45 
Murillo,  painter,  154 
Musset,  Alfred  de,  214 
Mustapha  I.,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  145;  II., 
161;  III.,  173;  IV.,  183 
Mutiny  Bill,  158 

Mutsuhito,  Emperor  of  Japan,  347 
Mycale,  battle  of,  15 

Mycerinus  (Menkaura),  King  of  Egypt,  2 
Mylas,  battle  of,  29 
Mylius  affair,  336 
Mysore,  kingdom  of,  173 

N 

Nabonassar,  King  of  Babylon,  6 
Nabonidus,  King  of  Babylon,  10 
Nabopolassar,  King  of  Babylonia,  8 
Nasfels,- battle  of,  112 
Naevius,  30 

Nagasaki,  insurrection  at,  239 
Najera,  battle  of,  112 
Nansen,  266,  270,  274 
Nanshan,  battle  of,  295 
Nantes,  Edict  of,  140 
Napier,  mathematician,  142 
Naples,  partition  of,  between  France  and 
Spain,  125 ;  annexed  to  Aragon,  125; 
revolt  of,  15 1 ;  union  with  Sicily,  187 
Napoleon  I.,  Emperor  of  the  French  ( see 
Bonaparte,  Napoleon),  crowned,  183; 
at  Conference  of  Erfurt,  183;  marries 
Maria  Louisa,  185;  birth  of  king  of 
Rome,  185;  abdicates,  185;  retires  to 
Elba,  185;  return,  185;  Waterloo,  185; 
banished  to  St.  Helena,  185;  death,  187; 
entombment  in  Paris,  193 
Napoleon  III.,  Emperor  of  France  ( see 
Louis  Napoleon),  proclaimed  Emperor, 
205;  marriage,  207;  heir  born,  213; 
attempted  assassination,  217;  New 
Year’s  speech,  217;  war  with  Italy,  219; 
returns  to  St.  Cloud,  219;  concedes 
greater  freedom  of  press,  221,  231;  war 
with  Mexico,  223;  visit  to  Algeria,  229; 
meets  Bismarck,  229;  Franco-Prussian 
war,  233;  defeated  at  Sedan,  235;  death 
of  heir,  245. 

Nares,  Captain,  240 
N arses,  67 

Narva,  battle  of,  163 
Naseby,  battle  of,  150 
Nashville  taken  by  United  States  troops, 
222 

Nasir-ed-din,  Shah  of  Persia,  275 
Natal,  taken  by  the  British,  193;  invaded 
by  Zulus,  244 

National  debt  of  United  States,  190 


National  Guard  in  France,  189 
National  Insurance  Bill,  338 
Nationalism,  new,  332 
Naucratis  founded,  9 
Naval  warfare,  new  code  for,  322 
Navarino,  battle  of,  189 
Navigation  Act,  152 
Naxos,  battle  of,  21 
Nebraska  admitted,  230 
Nebuchadrezzar  II.,  King  of  Babylonia,  8- 
10 

Necho  II.,  King  of  Egypt,  8,  9 
Necker,  director  of  finance,  177 
Nectanebus  I.,  King  of  Egypt,  21 
Neerwinden,  battle  of,  160 
Nehavend,  battle  of,  71 
Nelson,  Lord,  Admiral,  181,  183 
Nepos,  Cornelius,  42;  Julius,  65 
Neptune,  planet,  discovered,  192 
Nero,  Emperor,  33,  49 
Nerva,  53 
Nestor,  62 
Nestorius,  62 

Netherlands,  received  by  Philip  of  Spain, 
134;  declared  independent,  151;  in¬ 
vaded  by  France,  154;  war  with  Eng¬ 
land,  154;  transformed  into  Batavian 
Republic,  181;  united,  185 
Neufchdtel,  215 
Neustria,  67 

Neville’s  Cross,  battle  of,  111 
New  Amsterdam  occupied  by  the  Eng¬ 
lish,  154 

Newbury,  battle  of,  150 
New  England  Colonies,  Confederation  of, 
150 

New  Hampshire  settled,  144 
New  Mexico,  332,.  344 
New  Netherlands  ceded  to  England,  154 
New  Orleans,  settled,  166;  battle  of,  184; 

taken  by  United  States,  224 
Newspaper,  first  American  daily,  176 
Newton,  Sir  Isaac,  154,  158,  160 
New  York,  Greater,  276,  278 
Ney,  Marshal,  207 

Niagara  Falls,  peace  conference  at,  363 
Nicanor,  34 

Nicaragua,  Walker’s  invasion,  212,  213, 
215;  dispute  with  England,  270 
Nice,  Council  at,  58;  truce  of,  130; 
Congress  of,  13 1;  annexed  to  France, 
221 

Nicephorus,  Emperor,  77,  83;  III.,  91 
Nicholas,  King  of  Montenegro,  333,  341 
Nicholas  I.,  Emperor  of  Russia,  187,  213; 
II.,  27  I,  275 

Nicholas  I.,  Pope,  78;  II.,  88;  III.,  104; 

IV.,  106;  V.,  anti-pope,  no;  Pope,  118 
Nicholson’s  Neck,  battle  of,  282 
Nicias,  peace  of,  17 
Nicomedes  III.,  King  of  Bithynia,  41 
Nicopolis,  battle  of,  40;  115;  taken,  241 
Nicsic,  battle  of,  243 
Nieszawa,  Statute  of,  12 1 
Niger  River,  188 
Nigeria,  278 
Nihilists,  the,  247,  253 
Nile,  exploration  of  the,  174 
Nimeguen,  peace  of,  156 
Nineveh,  capital,  6;  destroyed,  8 
Nissa,  battle  of,  119;  161 
Nithard,  the  Jesuit,  157 


412 


INDEX 


Niu-chwang,  271,  297 
Noailles,  Cardinal  de,  166 
Nogi,  General,  301 
Non-Intercourse  Act,  182 
Nordlingen,  battle  of,  147,  150 
Norfolk  taken  by  United  States,  224 
Noricum,  62 
Normans,  the,  77,  79 
North,  Lord,  174 

Northampton,  assize  of,  97;  battle  of,  120 
North  Carolina,  settled,  152;  secedes,  222 
North  Dakota  admitted,  256 
Northern  Powers,  war  of  the,  163 
Northern  Securities  Company,  292 
Northumberland,  Earl  of,  132 
Northumbria,  kingdom  of,  69 
Northwest  Passage,  discovered,  198;  made, 
244 

North-West  Territory,  176 
Norway,  beginning  of  founding  of  the 
monarchy,  77;  completed,  79;  Chris¬ 
tianity  established  in,  87;  united  with 
Sweden,  185;  1000th  anniversary  of 
kingdom,  237;  separated  from  Sweden, 

303 

Novara,  battle  of,  197 
Novgorod  captured  by  Ivan  III.,  123 
Novi,  battle  of,  181 
Nullification,  190 
Numa,  35 

Nystadt,  peace  of,  169 

O 

Oceanographic  Institute,  336 
O’Connell,  Daniel,  192 
Odenatus,  56,  57 
Odessa  bombarded,  21 1 
Odo,  Abbot,  80;  Count,  80;  of  Bayeaux, 
9i 

Odoacer,  64 

Oertelsburg,  battle  of,  365 

Ohio  admitted,  182 

Oil  discovered  in  Pennsylvania,  218 

Oil  painting,  invention  of,  112 

Oklahoma,  256,  308 

Okuma,  Premier,  279;  Count,  361 

Olaf,  King  of  Sweden,  85 

Olaf  II.,  King  of  Norway,  87 

Olga,  Regent  of  Russia,  82 

Oliva,  peace  of,  155 

Olmutz,  conference  of,  199;  congress  at, 
209 

Oltenitza,  battle  of,  209 
Olybrius,  65 
Olympiad,  first,  7 
Olympic  games,  274 
Olympiodorus,  62 
Olynthus,  battle  of,  23 
Omar,  69 
Omdurman,  280 
Omri,  King  of  Israel,  4 
O’Neil’s  rebellion,  134 
“Open  door”  in  China,  287,  in  Morocco, 
301 

Orange  Free  State,  277,  284 
Ordono  III.,  King  of  Leon,  83 
Oregon  Treaty,  194 
Orellana,  explorer,  131 
Orleans,  city,  116;  House  of,  189 
Orosius,  62 


Orsini  family,  the,  no 
Oscar  I.,  King  of  Sweden,  219;  II.,  237, 
3*5 

Osman  Digna,  251,  261 

Ostend,  Company,  169;  Manifesto,  210; 

captured  by  Germans,  365 
Ostrogoths,  67 
Ostrolenka,  battle  of,  191 
Oswego  taken  by  the  French,  172 
Othman,  Emir  of  the  Turks,  107,  109;  II., 
145; IIL,  173 

Otho,  Emperor  of  Rome,  51;  bishop  of 
Freising,  94 

Otho  I.  (the  Great),  Emperor  of  Germany, 
82;  IV.,  98,  100 

Otho  I.,  King  of  Greece,  191,  193,  225 
Otterbourne  (Chevy  Chase),  battle  of,  113 
Otto  I.,  King  of  Bavaria,  253 
Ottokar  II.,  King  of  Bohemia,  105 
Ouchy,  treaty  of,  351 
Oudenarde,  battle  of,  162 
Ourique,  battle  of,  94 
Ovid,  48,  49 

Oxford,  the  Provisions  of,  103 
Oxford  University  established,  96 
Oxygen  discovered,  174 


P 


Paardeberg,  battle  of,  284 
Pacuvius,  36 

Padua,  University  of,  102 
Pagasse,  battle  of,  23 
Paine,  Tom,  178 

Palatinate,  the,  ravaged  by  Turenne,  156; 

desolated  by  the  French,  159 
Palermo  taken  by  Garibaldi,  221 
Palestine,  5,  6,  32 
Palestrina,  musician,  132 
Palma,  T.  E.,  first  President  of  Cuba,  291 
Palmerston,  Lord,  192,  201,  226 
Palmyra,  52 
Palo  Alto,  battle  of,  192 
Panama,  Congress,  188;  railroad,  212; 
canal,  246,  292,  298,  304;  treaty  be¬ 
tween  Colombia  and  United  States,  250; 
French  Company,  255;  frauds,  265; 
Hay-Pauncefote  treaty,  284;  treaty 
with,  294;  republic  of,  295;  Canal  Tolls. 
Bill,  346,  348,  362;  Gamboa  Dike 
destroyed, 356 

Panama-Pacific  Exposition,  356 
Pan-American,  Conference,  256;  Exposi¬ 
tion,  288;  Congress,  309,  332 
Pandosia  (Heraclea),  battle  of,  27 
Pankhurst,  Mrs.  Emmeline,  354 
Pannonia,  47,  63 
Panormus,  31 
Pantheon,  44,  68 
Paoli,  173,  175 

Papacy,  origin,  68;  height  of  power  of,  88 
fiftieth  anniversary  of  episcopate,  241 
Paper,  made  in  China,  34;  art  of  making, 
72 

Paper  money,  first,  in  New  York,  164 
Papias,  martyrdom  of,  52 
Papinian,  54,  55 
Pappus,  60 

Parcorus  the  Parthian,  44 
Pardo,  peace  of-  168 


INDEX 


413 


Paris,  made  capital  of  Clovis,  65;  be¬ 
sieged  by  Northmen,  78;  revolt  of,  138; 
peace  of,  172;  entrance  of  allies,  185; 
siege  of,  195,  235;  Congress  at,  215; 
capitulation,  237;  German  troops  enter, 
237;  insurrection  at,  237 
Park,  Mungo,  180 
Parker,  Alton  B.,  296 

Parliament,  first,  in  England,  104;  first 
united,  of  Great  Britain,  162 
Parnell,  Charles  Stuart,  246,  254,  258 
Parr,  Catherine,  130 
Parthians,  28,  30,  32,  42,  44,  52,  55 
Partition  treaty,  first,  160 
Pascal,  150,  154 

Paschal  I.,  Pope,  76;  II.,  92,  94;  III., 
anti-pope,  96 
Paschasius  Radbertus,  76 
Passarowitz,  peace  of,  167 
Passau,  treaty  of,  133 
Patricians,  15 
Patrick,  St.,  62 
Paul  the  Apostle,  48,  50 
Paul  I.,  Pope,  72;  II.,  121;  III.,  131;  IV., 
133;  V.,  143 

Paul  I.,  Czar  of  Russia,  181 
Paul  of  Samosata,  56 
Pausanias,  23,  52 
Pavia,  67;  battle  of,  129 
Peabody,  George,  2x4,  226 
Peace  Conferences,  280,  282,  296,  356; 
palace,  356 

Peace  Jubilee  in  Boston,  236 
Peary,  Robert  E.,  264,  266,  306,  318,  326, 
328,  332 

Peasant  Revolt,  129 

Pedro  II.,  King  of  Portugal,  155;  V.,  209, 
223 

Pedro  II.,  Emperor  of  Brazil,  *91 
Peel,  Sir  Robert,  190 

Pelagius,  62;  I.,  Pope,  66;  II.,  Pope,  68; 

King  of  Asturias,  73 
Pelopidas,  21 

Peloponnesian  War,  17,  19 

Pelusium,  battle  of,  21 

Penda  of  Mercia,  69 

Penn,  William,  158 

Pensacola  seized  by  Jackson,  186 

Pentaur,  poet,  3 

Pepin  the  Younger,  71;  the  Short,  72,  73 
Percys,  the,  rebellion  of,  115 
Pergamus,  26,  39 

Periander,  tyrant  of  Corinth,  9,  11 
Pericles,  15,  17 

Periodical,  first  American,  162 
Perry,  Oliver  Hazard,  184,  206,  216 
Perseus,  King  of  Macedonia,  35 
Persian  Empire,  founded,  12;  conquers 
Thrace,  12;  Ionian  revolt,  12;  conquers 
Egypt,  13;  invasion  of  Greece,  defeat, 
14;  conquest  of  the  Persian  Empire,  22; 
invaded  by  Alexander,  23;  conquered 
by  Parthia,  34;  new  kingdom,  55;  re¬ 
volution  in,  315,  327;  constitution,  325; 
dismisses  Shuster,  343 
Persius,  50 
Pertinax,  55 
Perugia  sacked,  219 
Perugino,  painter,  1x8 
Pescadores  ceded  to  Japan,  271 
Pestalozzi,  educator,  180 
Peter,  the  Hermit,  92;  the  Lombard,  94; 


of  Aragon,  107;  the  Cruel  of  Castile, 

1 12 

Peter  Leopold,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany, 
173  / 

Peter  I.  (the  Great),  Czar  of  Russia,  159, 
163,  169;  II.,  169;. III.,  173 
Peter,  King  of  Servia,  293 
Peterloo  Massacre,  186 
Petersburg  occupied  by  Union  forces,  228 
Peterwardein,  165 
Petrarch,  112 

Petrograd  ( see  St.  Petersburg),  365 
Petronius  Maximus,  63 
Phaedrus,  48 
Pharnabazus,  21 

Pharnaces,  King  of  Pontus,  I.,  34,  42;  II., 
42 

Pharos  at  Alexandria,  26 
Pharsalia,  43 
Pharsalos,  battle  of,  277 
Phidias,  16 

Philadelphia,  founded,  158;  taken  by  the 
English,  176 
Philetasrus,  26 

Philip  I.,  King  of  France,  88,  90;  II.,  98; 

III. ,  104;  IV.,  106;  V.,  108;  VI.,  no 
Philip  of  Macedon,  20;  II.,  21;  V.,  33 
Philip  II.,  King  of  Spain,  132;  III.,  140; 

IV. ,  145;  V.,  163,  169 

Philip  (the  Arabian),  57;  of  Suabia,  98, 
100 

Philippines,  occupied  by  Spain,  134; 
insurrection  in,  275;  rising  in,  279; 
ceded  to  United  States,  280 
Philo,  48 

Philopcemen,  33,  35 
Philosophy,  Greek  schools  of,  18 
Phipps,  Sir  William,  160 
Phocas,  69 
Phcebidas,  21 

Phoenicians,  Phoenicia,  manufactures,  4; 

found  Cadiz,  5;  found  Carthage,  7 
Phonograph,  240 
Phosphorus  discovered,  156 
Phraates  I.,  King  of  Parthia,  34 
Piets,  the,  61 

Pierce,  Franklin,  President  of  United 
States,  206 
Pilgrims,  the,  144 
Pilnitz,  Conference  of,  179 
Pinchot,  Gifford,  328 
Pinkie,  battle  of,  132 
Pisagua  captured,  245 
Pisistratus,  tyrant  of  Athens,  II,  13 
Pitt,  William,  the  Elder,  172;  the  Younger, 
176,  177,  182 

Pius  I.,  Pope,  52;  II.,  121 ;  III.,  125;  IV., 
135;  V.,  135;  VI.,  175;  VII.,  181;  VIII., 
189;  IX.,  193.  242,  243;  X.,  295.  314  _ 
Pizarro,  13 1 
Plague  in  London,  154 
Plassey,  battle  of,  172 
Platea,  battle  of,  15 
Platinus,  56 
Plato,  18 

Platt  Amendment,  288 
Plautius,  49 
Plautus,  32 

Plebeians  and  Patricians,  equality  be¬ 
tween,  26 

Plebs,  succession  of,  15 
Plevna,  battle  of,  241.  243 


414 


INDEX 


Pliny,  the  Elder,  so;  the  Younger,  52; 

propraetor,  52 
Plotinus,  56 
Plutarch,  52 
Plymouth  founded,  144 
Poincar6,  Raymond,  President  of  France, 
345,  351.  353 
Poitiers,  battle  of,  no 
Poland,  the  Poles,  adopts  Christianity, 
82;  crown  of,  becomes  elective,  137; 
expelled  from  Russia,  143;  war  with 
Russia,  147;  defeated  by  Cossacks,  15 1; 
defeats  the  Tartars,  155;  invaded  by 
Turkey,  157;  first  partition  of,  175; 
second  partition,  181;  final  partition, 
extinction  of  kingdom,  18 1;  struggle  for 
nationality,  189;  insurrection  crushed, 
191;  incorporated  with  Russia,  191 
Polaris  expedition,  236 
Polemon  of  Pontus,  46 
Polish  Succession,  War  of  the,  169 
Polk,  James  K.,  President  of  United 
States,  192 
Pollux,  15 
Polybius,  34 

Polycarp,  martyrdom  of,  52 
Polycrates,  tyrant  of  Samos,  13 
Polygamy,  248.  258 

Pomerania  regained  by  Brandenburg,  157 

Pompeii,  51 

Pompeiius,  Sextus,  45 

Pompey,  41,  42,  43 

Pondicherry,  173,  174 

Poniatowski,  Stanislaus,  King  of  Poland, 

173 

Pontianus,  Pope,  54 
Pontifex  Maximus  ( see  Augustus). 
Pontius,  Pilate,  48 
Pontus,  20,  40 
Pony  express,  220 
Pope,  Alexander,  poet,  164,  168 
Popes,  the,  separation  of,  from  Eastern 
Empire,  76;  election  of  the,  transferred 
to  College  of  Cardinals,  88;  seat  of,  at 
Avignon,  108;  lose  right  of  confirming 
election  of  German  Emperor,  no 
Popish  Plot,  156 
Porphyry,  58 

Port  Arthur,  271,  295,  297,  299 
Port  Hudson  taken,  226 
Porto  Rico,  278;  ceded  to  United  States, 
280 

Port  Royal,  colony  at,  13s 
Port  Royal,  N.  S.,  reduced,  160 
Portsmouth,  treaty  of,  302 
Portugal,  made  a  county,  92;  becomes  a 
kingdom,  94;  treaty  with  Japan,  130; 
under  Spain,  138;  regains  independence, 
149;  recovers  Brazil,  153;  independence 
of,  155;  invaded  by  France,  183;  con¬ 
stitutional .  monarchy  restored,  191; 
revolution  in,  335 ;  offers  aid  to  England, 

36s 

Posidonius,  40 

Post,  penny,  in  London,  158;  penny  post¬ 
age  in  England,  192;  convention  be¬ 
tween  United  States  and  Great  Britain, 
194;  International  Congress,  238; 
reduced,  250;  between  United  States 
and  Great  Britain,  320;  first  aerial 
service,  340;  parcel  post  in  United 
States,  352 


Potash  supplies,  325 

Potchefstroom  occupied  by  the  Boers,  247 

Powder,  smokeless,  260 

Powers,  Caleb,  286 

Poynings’  Law,  124 

Prade,  President  of  Peru,  245 

Pragmatic  Sanction,  104;  of  Bourges,  116, 

165 

Prague,  peace  of,  147;  taken  by  Swedes, 
15 1 ;  battle  of,  171;  treaty  of,  231 
Praguerie,  the,  116 
Praxiteles,  20 

Prayer  Book,  the  first,  in  England,  132 

Presburg,  peace  of,  183 

Prescott,  William  H.,  218 

Press,  the  freedom  of,  laws  against,  187; 

in  Spain,  209 
Prestlava,  battle  of,  83 
Preston,  battle  of,  164 
Pretoria,  284 

Princeton,  College,  founded,  170;  battle 
of,  176;  University,  274 
Printing,  by  marble  blocks,  first,  82;  from 
movable  type,  116;  printing-press,  first, 
in  United  States,  148 
Proclus,  62 
Procopius,  66 

Progressive  party,  346,  348 
Prohibition  in  Kansas,  246 
Propertius,  44 

Protectorate,  British  East  Africa,  272 
Protestants,  first  so-called,  13 1;  persecu¬ 
tion  of,  132;  secure  religious  liberty,  133; 
secure  toleration,  140;  Protestant  Union, 
143;  first  in  Spain,  232 
Prudentius,  60 

Prusias  II.,  King  of  Bithynia,  36 
Prussia,  duchy  of,  137;  ceded  to  Frederick 
William,  153;  East,  independence  of, 
155;  a  kingdom,  163;  defeated  by 
French,  183;  war  with  Denmark,  195; 
war  with  Austria,  231;  Franco-Prussian 
War,  235,  237;  invaded  by  Russia,  365 
Psammetichus  I.,  King  of  Egypt,  9;  III., 

13 

Ptolemies,  I.,  24,  27;  II.,  27,  29;  III.,  31; 
IV.,  31;  V.,  33;  VI.,  35,  37;  VII.,  37; 
VIII.,  38,  39;  IX.,  41;  X.,  41;  XI.,  41 
Ptolemy,  astronomer,  52 
Pulcheria,  63 
Pultowa,  battle  of,  165 
Pultusk,  battle  of,  163 
Punic  War,  first,  29,  31;  second,  33 
Puritans,  the,  134 
Pyramid,  Great,  2 
Pyrenees,  peace  of  the,  154 
Pyrrho,  26 
Pyrrhus,  27,  29 
Pythagoras,  12 


Q 


Quay,  Senator,  280,  284 
Quebec,  founded,  142;  taken  by  the  Eng¬ 
lish,  146,  160,  172 
Queen  Anne’s  War,  162,  164 
Queretaro,  231 
Quintilian,  50 
Quintus  Hortensius,  40 
Quitman,  General,  198 


INDEX 


415 


R 

Rabanus,  Maurus,  78 
Rabelais,  130 
Racine,  154 
Radagaisus,  63 
Radetsky,  197,  201,  207,  216 
Radium,  discovery  of,  280 
Radstadt,  peace  of,  164 
Ragotsky,  163 

Railways,  first  in  America,  188;  between 
St.  Petersburg,  and  Moscow,  200;  Erie, 
opened,  200;  first,  in  Norway,  206;  first, 
in  Brazil,  208;  the  Suez,  217;  Boulogne 
to  Calais,  231;  complete  from  Atlantic 
to  Pacific,  232;  Union  Pacific,  232; 
Calcutta  to  Bombay,  234;  Northern 
Pacific,  248;  Equatorial,  258;  Trans- 
Siberian,  261;  Jaffa  to  Jerusalem,  264; 
first  in  Siam,  264;  from  Cape  town  to 
Buluwayo,  276;  Cairo  and  Khartum, 
284;  in.  Mexico,  315 
Rain,  artificial,  260 
Rakoczy,  151 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  138,  144 
Rameses  II.,  King  of  Egypt,  3 
Ramillies,  battle  of,  162 
Ramiro  II.,  King  of  Leon,  83;  I.,  King  of 
Aragon,  87;  II.,  94 
Raphael,  124 
Raphia,  battle  of,  32 
Ratisbon,  Diet  of,  147,  155;  truce  of,  158 
Ravenna,  67;  battle  of,  126 
Raymond  of  Toulouse,  92 
Reciprocity,  with  Canada,  238,  336,  338; 

with  Newfoundland,  290 
Reconstruction  Act,  230 
Reddersburg,  battle  of,  284 
Redmond,  John,  338 
Reed,  Thomas  B.,  282 
Reformation,  the,  127 
Reform  Bill,  190 
Regillus,  battle  of,  15 
Regulus,  29 
Reichstag,  first,  237 
Reign  of  Terror,  end  of,  181 
Religious  Conformity,  Act  for,  140 
Rembrandt,  painter,  148 
Renaissance,  the,  118 
Repeal  Agitation,  192 
Republic,  the  Dutch,  139;  Orange  River, 
210 

Resaca  de  la  Palma,  192 
Retz,  Cardinal  de,  150 
Revolution,  in  America,  174,  176;  in 

Belgium,  189;  in  Brazil,  191;  in  Eng¬ 
land,  148,  150,  158;  in  France,  179,  181; 
in  Germany,  195;  in  Greece,  187;  in 
Poland,  189;  in  Sicily,  195 ;  in  Spain,  233; 
Three  Days’  189,  195,  201;  in  Vienna, 
IQS 

Rhaetians,  47 
Rhazes,  80 
Rhegium,  fall  of,  29 
Rheims,  116 
Rheinfeld,  battle  of,  149 
Rhine,  passage  of,  Hoche  and  Moreau,  181 
Rhode  Island  settled,  148 
Rhodes,  Cecil,  272,  274,  281,  290;  scholar¬ 
ships,  290 

Rhodes,  colossus  of,  26 

Ribault  at  Port  Royal,  135 


Richard  I.  (Coeur  de  Lion),  King  of 
England,  98,  99;  II.,  113;  III.,  122 
Richard,  Duke  of  York,  protector,  120 
Richelieu,  Cardinal,  144 
Richmond,  Va.,  occupied  by  United 
States  forces,  228 
Riel’s. insurrection,  250 
Rienzi,  last  of  the  Tribunes,  no 
Riga,  battle  of,  163 
Roanoke  Island  taken,  222 
Robert  II.,  King  of  Scotland,  113;  III., 
US 

Robert  of  Paris,  80;  the  Devil,  Duke  of 
Normandy,  86;  Duke  of  Apulia,  88;  of 
Flanders,  92;  of  Normandy,  92,  93; 
Emperor,  103;  the  Wise,  King  of  Naples, 
109 

Roberts,  Lord,  245,  284,  286,  302 
Robespierre,  death  of,  181 
Rochambeau,  177 
Rochefort,  233,  235 
Rochelle,  peace  of,  136 
Rockefeller,  John  D.,  292,  302,  310,  326 
Rocroi,  battle  of,  150 
Roderic,  King,  71 
Roentgen  rays,  272 
Rogations,  Licinian,  21 
Roger,  King  of  Sicily,  94,  95;  the  Norman, 
91 

Roister  Doister,  Ralph,  132 
Roland,  Song  of,  75 
Rollo,  80 

Roman  Empire:  Numantine  War,  37; 
Caius  Gracchus,  tribune,  39;  Cyrene,  a 
Roman  province,  Syria  and  Bithynia, 
Social  War,  Civil  War,  41;  first  Trium¬ 
virate,  Cassar  defeats  Germans,  invades 
Britain,  conquers  Gaul,  master  of  Italy, 
crushes  Pompey,  43;  trade  with  India, 
manufactures  of  silk  and  linen,  44; 
second  Triumvirate,  Octavius,  45; 
Tiberius,  Caligula,  Claudius,  Nero, 
Mauretania,  and  Thrace  added  to 
Empire,  49;  Galba,  Otho,  Vitellius, 
Vespasian,  Titus,  Domitian,  51;  Nerva, 
Trojan,  Hadrian,  Antoninus  Pius, 
Marcus  Aurelius,  53;  .  Commodus, 
Didius  Julianus,  Septimius  Severus, 
Caracalla  and  Geta,  Macrinus,  Helio- 
gabalus,  Alexander  Severus,  55;  Maxi¬ 
minus,  Gordian  I.  and  II.,  Philip, 
Decius  Gallus,  ASmilianus,  Valerian, 
Gallienus,  Claudius  II., .  Aurelian,  57; 
Tacitus,  Probus,  Florianus,  Carus, 
Carinus,  Numerianus,  Diocletian,  Car- 
ausius,  Maximian,  Constantine  the 
Great,  Constantinople  capital,  59; 
Constantius,  Constans  and  Constan¬ 
tine,  Julian,  Jovian,  Valentinian  and 
Valens,  division  into  Eastern  and 
Western  Empires,  61 ;  end  of  the  West¬ 
ern  Empire,  65 

Romanoff  family  founded,  143 
Romanoff,  Michael,  Czar  of  Russia,  143 
Romanus,  Emperor,  I.,  81,  83;  II.,  83;  III., 
87;  IV.,  91 

Rome,  foundation  of  (legendary),  7; 
Servius  Tullius,  11;  establishment  of 
Republic,  12;  Tarquins  e-xpelled,  first 
Consulate,  13;  Tarquinian  War,  13; 
Publilian  Laws,  15;  taken  and  burnt  by 
Gauls  under  Brennus,  19;  Italy  sub- 


416 


INDEX 


Rome — Continued 

jugated,  29;  Sicily  and  Sardinia  Roman 
provinces,  31;  allied  with  HStolians, 
joined  by  Achasans  and  Spartans  for 
defeat  of  Macedonians,  Romans  de¬ 
feated  by  Hannibal,  33;  final  victory 
over  Carthage,  33;  war  with  Mace¬ 
donia,  35;  conquest  of  Carthage  and 
Corinth,  defeat  of  Lusitanians,  37; 
sacked  by  Genseric,  63;  sacked  by  the 
Goths,  under  Alaric,  63;  taken  by  Ger¬ 
mans,  80;  sacked  by  Normans,  90; 
taken  by  Frederick  Barbarossa,  96; 
sacked  by  Ladislas,  115;  capital  of  Italy, 
237 

Romulus  Augustulus,  65 
Roncesvalles,  75 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  284,  288,  290,  292, 
294.  296,  298,  308,  310,  312,  314.  322, 
331,  333,  344.  346,  348,  350 
Root,  Elihu,  Senator,  322 
Rosbecq,  battle  of,  112 
Rosebery,  Lord,  272,  290 
Roses,  Wars  of  the,  120 
Roskilde,  peace  of,  155 
Rossbach,  battle  of,  172 
Rouen,  77 

Roumania,  formed  from  Moldavia  and 
Wallachia,  223;  invaded  by  Russia,  241 ; 
declares  independence,  241;  declared  a 
kingdom,  247 

Roumelia,  eastern,  annexed  to  Bulgaria, 

251 

Rousseau,  J.  J.,  172 
Royal  Society  at  London  founded,  154 
Rozhestvenski,  Admiral,  299 
Rubens,  Peter  Paul,  painter,  144 
Rubicon,  the,  43 

Rudolph,  Crown  Prince  of  Austria,  257 
Rudolph,  King  of  France,  80 
Rudolph,  King  of  Germany,  90;  I., 

founder  of  House  of  Hapsburg,  104,  106; 
II..  137 

Rump  Parliament,  150,  154 
Runnymede,  101 

Rupert,  Emperor  of  Germany,  114 
Ruskin,  John,  200 
Russell,  Lord  John,  190 
Russia,  Rurik,  first  grand  prince  of,  79; 
invaded  by  Mongols,  103;  expulsion  of 
Poles,  143;  war  with  Poland,  147;  war 
with  Turkey,  157.  159,  165,  I7S.  209, 
241;  alliance  with  Austria,  169;  war  with 
Sweden,  171;  outrages  against  Jews, 
247;  war  with  Japan,  295;  religious 
freedom,  301;  reforms,  309;  treaty  with 
United  States,  342;  mobilization,  363; 
war  with  Germany,  365 ;  with  Austria, 
365;  invades  Prussia,  365 
Russo-Japanese  Treaty,  305 
Rutschuk,  battle  of,  211 
Ruysdael,  painter,  156 
Ruyter,  Admiral  de,  153,  157 
Ryehouse  Plot,  158 
Ryswick,  treaty  of,  160 

S 

Sabinian,  Pope,  68 
Sadowa,  battle  of,  231 
Safety  lamp  invented,  184 
Sage,  Mrs.  Russell,  312 


Saghalien,  239,  303 
Saguntum,  battle  of,  33 
Said  Pasha,  347 
St.  Albans,  battles  of,  120 
St.  Andrews,  University  of,  114 
St.  Augustine  founded,  135 
St.  Bartholomew,  battle  of,  136 
St.  Denis,  battle  of,  134 
St.  Gotthard,  battle  of,  155 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  Knights  of,  92 
St.  Paul’s  Cathedral,  156 
St.  Peter,  Cathedral  of,  begun,  126 
St.  Petersburg  (now  Petrograd),  founded, 
162;  treaty  of,  349;  name  changed,  365 
St.  Quentin,  battle  of,  132;  taken  by 
Germany,  365 

Saints,  first  canonization  of,  84 
Saladin,  97,  99 

Salamanca,  University  of,  102;  battle  of, 
184 

Salamis,  in  Greece,  battle  of,  15;  in  Cy¬ 
prus,  16 

Salem  settled,  146 
Salic  Law,  108 
Salisbury,  Lord,  250,  274 
Sallentines,  conquest  of,  29 
Sallust,  42,  43 

Salmon  Falls,  N.  H.,  destroyed  by  the 
French,  160 
Salonika,  351 
Salvation  Army,  the,  274 
Salvator  Rosa,  painter,  154 
Samarcand,  113,  233 
Samaria,  taken  by  Sargon,  6;  rebuilt,  44 
Samaritans,  16 

Samnite  War,  first,  23;  second,  25;  third, 
27 

Samnites,  25 

Samoan  Islands,  251,  283 
Sancho  I.,  King  of  Leon,  83;  III.,  King  of 
Navarre,  85;  III.,  87;  I.,  King  of  Portu¬ 
gal,  99 

Sandwich  Islands  discovered,  176 
San  Francisco  disaster,  306 
San  Jacinto,  battle  of,  190 
Sanjar,  King  of  Persia,  95 
San  Juan,  Island  of,  236 
Sankhhara,  King  of  Egypt,  2 
San  Pedro,  battle  of,  229 
San  Pedro  de  Acatama,  battle  of,  245 
San  Stefano,  treaty  of,  243 
Santa  Anna,  President  of  Mexico,  19 1; 
enters  City  of  Mexico,  193;  re-elected 
President,  207;  abdicates,  213 
Santiago,  battle  of,  278 
Santo  Domingo,  annexed  to  Spain,  223; 

intervention  by  United  States,  348 
Santos-Dumont,  288 
Sapaudia  (see  Savoy) 

Sapienza,  battle  of,  125 
Sapor,  King  of  Persia,  57 
Saracens,  73.  77.  79.  81 
Saragossa,  battle  of,  94 
Saratoga,  battle  of,  176 
Sardica,  battle  of,  65 

Sardinia,  seized  by  Rome,  31;  subdued  by 
Rome,  35 ;  captured  by  the  English,  162 
Sardis,  12;  battle  of,  28 
Sargon  I.,  King  of  Akkad,  2 
Sarto,  Cardinal  Giuseppe  ( see  Pius  X., 
Pope) 

Saskatchewan,  province  of,  created,  299 


INDEX 


417 


Saul,  King  of  the  Jews,  4 
Savannah,  founded,  168;  taken  by  the 
English,  176;  occupied  by  Sherman,  228 
Savoy,  Duke  of,  159 

Savoy,  entered  by  the  Burgundians,  63; 

annexed  to  France,  221 
Saxe,  Marshal,  17 1 
Saxons,  the,  68,  69,  74,  76,  149,  173 
Saybrook,  Connecticut,  founded,  148; 
platform,  162 

Scanderbeg,  insurrection  of,  119 
Schamyl,  219 
Scheldt,  River,  177 

Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  destroyed  by  the 
French,  160 
Schiller,  218 

Schleswig-Holstein,  revolt  of,  195;  war 
with  Denmark,  199;  yields  to  Germanic 
Confederation,  199;  disputed  with 
Denmark,  227 
Schley,  Admiral,  288 

Scinde,  captured  by  the  British,  192; 

annexed  to  British  Empire,  193 
Scipio,_  Africanus,  33,  35;  Asiaticus,  34; 

Nasica,  36;  Publius,  33 
Scotland,  and  Scots,  invade  Britain,  61; 
defeat  the  Piets,  79;  rebellion  against 
England,  107;  subdued  by  England,  107; 
invaded  by  Edward  II.,  109;  uprising 
under  Bruce,  109;  independence  of, 
in;  Catholicism  abolished  by  Parlia¬ 
ment,  134;  first  Bishops’  War,  148; 
Episcopacy  established,  154;  treaty  of 
union  with  England,  162 
Scott,  Captain  R.  F.,  352 
Scott,  Sir  Walter,  184 
Scott,  General  Winfield,  230 
Scripture,  Canon  of,  52 
Sealing  industry,  276 
Search,  Right  of,  177 
Sebastian,  King  of  Portugal,  132 
Sebastopol,  siege  of,  211,  213 
Sebcastopolis,  battle  of,  17 1 
Secession,  immediate  cause  of,  220 
Sejanus,  49 

Seleucidae,  era  of,  24,  40 
Seleucus,  26;  II.,  30;  IV.,  34;  V.,  40 
Selim  I.,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  127;  II.,  135; 
III.,  179 

Sellasia,  battle  of,  33 

Selma,  Alabama,  occupied  by  Union 
forces,  228 

Seminole  wars,  186,  190,  192 

Sempach,  battle  of,  112,  113 

Seneca,  48,  51 

Seneffe,  battle  of,  156 

Sennacherib,  6 

Sepoy  Rebellion,  214,  216 

Serfs,  emancipation  of,  222 

Sergius  I.,  Pope,  70;  II.,  78;  III.,  80;  IV., 

84  • 

Sertonus,  41 

Servia,  and  Servians,  defeated  by  the 
Turks,  1 15 ;  subjected  to  the  Turks,  1 19 ; 
war  with  Turkey,  187,  225,  241;  treaty 
with  Bulgaria,  253;  constitution  sus¬ 
pended,  293;  trouble  with  Austria,  321; 
declare  war  on  Turkey,  351;  war  with 
Bulgaria,  357;  ultimatum  from  Austria, 
363;  war  with  Austria,  363;  invades 
Bosnia,  365 

Servius  Tullius,  King  of  Rome,  11 
27 


“Seven  Governors”  episode,  344 
Seven  Years’  War,  172,  173 
Severinus,  Pope,  70 

Severus,  Septimius,  Emperor,  55;  Alex¬ 
ander,  Emperor,  55,  57 
S6vign6,  Madame  de,  154 
Seville,  treaty  of,  168 
Seward,  Wm.  H.,  228 
Seymour,  Jane,  130 
Sfax  taken  by  French,  247 
Shackleton,  Lieutenant,  324 
Shafter,  General,  278 
Sha-ho,  battle  of  the,  297 
Shakespeare,  William,  134,  142 
Shalmaneser  I.,  King  of  Assyria,  3;  II.,  6; 
IV.,  6 

Shamashshumukin,  King  of  Babylonia,  8 
Shashank  I.,  King  of  Egypt,  4 
Shays’s  Rebellion,  178 
Shelley,  poet,  184 
Sheridan,  General,  248,  254 
Sheriffmuir,  battle  of,  164 
Sherman,  General  William  T.,  226,  228, 
230,  260 

Shimonoseki,  bombarded,  227;  treaty  of, 
271 

Shipka  Pass,  assault  on,  243 
Shirpur,  battle  of,  24s 
Shogun,  the  first  of  Japan,  99 
Shrewsbury,  battle  of,  115 
Shun-te,  Emperor  of  China,  in 
Shuster,  W.  Morgan,  339,  341,  343 
Shutargardan,  battle  of,  245 
Sicily,  Pyrrhus  invades,  29;  first  Roman 
province,  31;  Saracens  invade,  77; 
Union  with  Naples,  187;  declares  in¬ 
dependence,  195;  revolution  in,  221; 
evacuated  by  Naples,  221 
Siculus,  42 

Sidney,  Lord  Algernon,  158 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip,  138 

Sidonius  Apollinaris,  62 

Sigismund,  Emperor  of  Germany,  116 

Sigismund,  King  of  Hungary,  114,  115 

Sigismund  I.  (the  Great),  King  of  Poland, 

127;  II.,  133;  HI-,  139 

Sigismund  III.,  King  of  Sweden,  141 
Sigurd,  the  Jerusalemite,  King  of  Norway, 
'  95 

Sikh  War,  the,  192 
Silesian  wars,  17 1 

Silistria,  battle  of,  175;  siege  of,  21 1 
Silverius,  Pope,  66 
Simancas,  battle  of,  83 
Simplicius,  Pope,  64 

Sinope,  founded,  7;  conquered  by  Pontus, 
34;  plundered  by  Cossacks,  143;  battle 
of,  209 

Sinsheim,  battle  of,  156 
Sisinnius,  Pope,  70 
Sitting  Bull,  246,  258 
Six  Acts,  the,  186 

Sixtus,  Pope,  I.,  52;  III.,  62;  IV.,  121;  V., 
J39 

Slavery,  negro,  introduced  into  Virginia, 
144;  importation  of  slaves  into  United 
States  abolished,  182;  abolished  by 
Congress  of  Vienna,  186;  abolished  in 
British  Colonies,  190;  trade  abolished 
in  District  of  Columbia,  196;  emancipa¬ 
tion  in  Venezuela,  209;  trade  suppressed 
between  United  States  and  England, 


418 


INDEX 


Slavery — Continued 

22  2;  slavery  abolished  in  District  of 
Columbia,  224;  emancipation  proclama¬ 
tion,  224;  abolished  in  United  States, 
228 \  Emancipation  Law  in  Brazil,  236; 
Spain  prepares  to  free  slaves  in  Porto 
Rico  and  Cuba,  236;  abolished  in  Porto 
Rico,  238;  suppressed  by  Zanzibar,  239; 
treaty  between  England  and  Germany, 
244;  abolished  in  Cuba,  246,  252; 
abolition  in  Brazil,  256;  abolition  in 
Zanzibar,  276 

Slavs,  69;  defeated  by  Otho,  82 
Slocum  disaster,  296 
Smalkaldic  League,  the,  13 1 
Smalkalds,  the,  133 
Smith,  Adam,  176 
Smith,  General  Kirby,  228 
Smithsonian  Institution,  190 
Smolensk,  siege  of,  147;  taken  by  the 
Russians,  153 

Sobieski,  Marshal  John,  155,  157,  159, 
161 

Social  Wars,  33,  41 
Socialists  in  Germany,  269,  345 
Socrates,  16 

Soissons,  battle  of,  65,  80;  conquest  of, 
169 

Solebay,  naval  victory  of,  154 
Solemn  League  and  Covenant,  150 
Solferino,  battle  of,  219 
Soliman  (the  Magnificent),  Sultan  of 
Ottoman  Empire,  129,  131,  135 
Solomon,  King  of  the  Jews,  4 
Solon,  10,  11 

Solyman  II.,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  159 
Somaliland,  290 
Sophia  captured,  243 
Sophia,  St.,  Church  of,  66 
Sophocles,  14 

Sorbonne,  at  Paris,  founded,  102 
Soter,  Pope,  52 

South  America,  revolt  of  the  Spanish 
colonies,  185 

South  Carolina  secedes,  220 
South  Pole  discovered,  344 
South  Sea,  first  reached,  127;  scheme,  166, 
168 

Southern  Rights  Association,  200;  Con¬ 
vention,  202 
Southey,  poet,  188 
Sozomen,  62 
Spa-Fields  riots,  186 

Spain,  conquest,  by  Rome,  47;  invaded  by 
Franks,  57;  subjected  to  Rome,  59; 
entered  by  the  Vandals,  63;  by  the 
Visigoths,  65;  Catholicism  established 
in,  68;  conquered  by  the  Arabs,  70; 
union  of  Castile  and  Aragon  122;  sub¬ 
dues  Oran,  Algiers,  Tripoli,  126;  ac¬ 
quires  Milan,  130;  acquires  Portugal, 
138;  loses  all  Italian  possessions,  163; 
cedes  Florida  to  United  States,  186;  con¬ 
stitution  of  1812  adopted,  191;  war  with 
Morocco,  219;  revolution  in,  233; 
Carlist  troubles,  237;  declared  a  re¬ 
public,  239;  end  of  rule  in  Cuba,  281 
Spanish  Succession,  War  of  the,  162. 
Sparta,  Spartans,  Lycurgan  legislation,  4; 
First  Messenian  War,  7;  overthrow  the 
Argives,  13;  Peloponnesian  War,  17; 
peace  of  Nicias,  17;  war  with  Persia,  18 ; 


war  with  Thebes,  19;  besieged  by 
Pyrrhus,  29 
Spartacus,  41 
Spartianus,  58 

Specie  payments  resumed,  244 
Spencer,  Herbert,  224 
Spenser,  Edmund,  138 
Spinning-wheel,  invented,  130;  frame, 
jenny,  174 
Spinola,  145 

Spion  Kop,  battle  of,  284 
Spires,  Diet  of,  13 1;  taken  by  France,  179 
Spoils  System,  188 
Spurius  Cassius,  is 
Spurius  Maelius,  17 
Stael,  Madame  de,  184 
Stamp  Act,  172;  Congress,  172;  repealed, 
174 

Standard,  battle  of  the,  95 
Stanislas,  Bishop  of  Cracow,  91 
Stanley  Committee,  338,  348 
Stanley,  Henry  M.,  240,  249,  255,  258 
Star  Chamber,  122,  148 
Star  Route  frauds,  248 
States-General,  last  assembly  before  the 
Revolution,  144 
States  Rights,  188 
Statius,  52 

Statius  Caecillius,  34  , 

Statute,  of  Mortmain,  105;  of  Westmin¬ 
ster,  105,  107;  of  Quia  Emptores,  107; 
of  Provisors,  111;  of  Praemunire,  1 14, 
US 

Steamboat,  first,  182;  transatlantic,  first, 
186 

Steenkirk,  battle  of,  160 
Stefansson,  explorer,  348 
Stephen  II.,  Pope;  III.,  72;  V.,  76,  78; 

VI.,  80;  VII.,  80;  VIII.,  82;  IX.,  88 
Stephen  of  Blois,  92,  95 
Stephen,  St.,  King  of  Hungary,  84;  V.,  105 
Stephenson,  Senator,  344 
Stethoscope,  invention  of,  186 
Stettin,  peace  of,  137 
Stillwater,  battle  of,  176 
Stimson,  Henry  L.,  338 
Stirling,  battle  of,  107 
Stockholm,  Diet  of,  159 
Stoessel,  General,  299,  317 
Stoics,  30 
Stolypin,  341 

Stony  Point  recovered,  176 
Stormberg,  battle  of,  284 
Stowe,  Mrs.  H.  B.,  206 
Strabo,  44 

Strafford,  impeachment  of,  148 
Strassburg,  seized  by  France,  158;  capi¬ 
tulation  of,  235 
Stuart,  the  House  of,  113 
Stuyvesant,  Peter,  150 
Subway,  New  York  City,  296 
Sudan,  war  in  the,  251 
Suetonius,  51 
Suez  Canal,  238,  254,  255 
Suffrage  Male,  Fifteenth  Amendment,  232; 
in  Belgium,  267;  in  Russia,  305;  in 
Germany,  317 

Suffrage,  Woman,  Conventions,  196,  254; 
in  Wyoming,  232;  in  Kansas,  252;  in 
Colorado,  266;  in  Utah  and  Idaho,  274; 
in  Washington,  334;  in  California, 
Arizona,  Kansas,  Oregon,  350;  in 


INDEX 


419 


Suffrage — Continued 

Alaska  and  Illinois,  356;  in  Norway, 
289,  313;  in  England,  306,  310,  312, 
334.  338,  344.  350,  3S2,  3545  in  Finland, 
313;  in  Hungary,  355;  in  France,  359; 
in  United  States,  360 
Suidas,  82 

Suleiman  Pasha,  243 
Sulla,  40,  41 
Sulzer,  William,  356 
Sumner,  Charles,  212 
Sun,  Temple  of  the,  52 
Sunday  Schools  established  in  England, 
176 

Sun-dial,  first,  26 
Sun  Yat  Sen,  34s 
Surat,  sack  of,  155 
Surrey,  Earl  of,  132 
Susiana  conquered  by  Parthia,  34 
Sussex,  kingdom  of,  65 
Sverker  I.,  King  of  Sweden,  95 
Sweden,  and  the  Swedes,  Christianity  in, 
76;  invaded  by  Denmark,  129;  Luther¬ 
anism  established,  13 1;  predominant  in 
North,  14s;  defeat  the  Saxons,  149; 
invade  Brandenburg,  157;  an  absolute 
monarchy,  16 1;  war  with  Russia,  17 1; 
united  with  Norway,  185;  separated 
from  Norway,  303 
Swedenborg,  170 
Swift,  Dean,  168 

Switzerland,  declared  independent,  151; 

revised  constitution  of,  239 
Sylvester  I.,  Pope,  58;  II.,  84;  III.,  88 
Symmachus,  orator,  60;  Pope,  64 
Synod  of  Dort,  the,  14s 
Syracuse,  founded,  7;  democracy  in,  15; 
besieged  by  Athenians,  19;  taken  by 
Marcellus,  33;  taken  by  Arabs,  79 
Syria,  31,  34-  44.  192 
Szelankemen,  battle  of,  161 
Szigeth,  battle  of,  135 

T 

Tabriz  taken  by  Russia,  189 
Tacfarinas,  49 
Tachos,  King  of  Egypt,  21 
Tacitus,  52  ^ 

Tacna  captured,  247 

Taft,  William  H.,  President  of  United 
States,  318,  320,  324,  326,  328,  334, 
336,  346 

Taharka,  King  of  Egypt,  9 
Taherites,  the,  dynasty  of,  77 
Tahiti  annexed  to  France,  247 
Talavera,  battle  of,  182 
Talleyrand,  19 1 

Tampico,  occupation  of,  194;  incident 
with  United  States,  360,  361 
Tancred,  92 

Taney,  Chief  Justice,  214 
Tang-Shao-yi,  Premier,  345,  347 
Tannenberg,  battle  of,  115 
Tarapaca,  battle  of,  245 
Tarentum,  27,  29 

Tariff,  high  protective  (Tariff  of  Abomi¬ 
nations),  188;  the  Compromise,  190; 
bill  establishing  ad  valorem  duties,  194; 
new,  234;  McKinley  Bill,  258;  Wilson 
Bill,  268;  Dingley  Bill,  276;  Payne  Bill, 
324,  326;  agreement  between  United 


States  and  Germany,  331;  Board  creat¬ 
ed,  336;  Underwood  Bill,  354,  356 
Tarquinius  Superbus,  King  of  Rome,  13 
Tarquins,  war  with,  13 
Tartars  defeated  by  the  Poles,  155 
Tasso,  poet,  136 
Tatsu  Maru,  affair,  317 
Tax,  Federal  Corporation,  336 
Tax,  first,  on  movables  (Saladin  Tithe), 
99 

Taylor,  General  Richard,  228 
Taylor,  General  Zachary,  President  of 
United  States,  196 
Tchernaya,  battle  of  the,  213 
Tecumseh  killed,  184 

Tejada,  Lerdo  de,  President  of  Mexico, 
237 

Telamon,  battle  of,  31 
Telegraph,  158,  190,  192,  200,  202,  212, 
214,  2x6,  222,  230,  232,  280,  292,  314 
Telephone,  240 

Telescope,  invented,  142;  reflecting,  154 

Telesphorus,  Pope,  52 

Tell-el-Amarna  Letters,  3 

Temesvar,  battle  of,  197 

Temporal  power  of  the  Pope,  no 

Tennessee  secedes,  222 

Tennyson,  Alfred,  198,  264 

Terence,  34 

Tertullian,  54 

Teschen,  peace  of,  177 

Test  Act,  156 

Testament,  New,  Wickliffe’s  translation, 
112;  Tyndale’s  translation,  128;  re¬ 
vised,  246 

Testament,  Old,  Septuagint  translation  of, 
26;  revised,  250 
Testry,  battle  of,  71 
Teutones,  39 

Tewfik  Pasha,  Khedive  of  Egypt,  245, 
263 

Tewkesbury,  battle  of,  120 
Texas,  independence  of,  190;  annexed  to 
United  States,  192;  secedes,  222 
Thames,  battle  of  the,  184 
Thapsus,  battle  of,  43 
Thebes,  19,  21,  41 
Themistocles,  15 
Theocritus,  26 
Theodora,  87,  88 
Theodoret,  62 
Theodoric,  63,  64,  65 
Theodorus,  Pope,  70 

Theodosius  the  Great,  61;  II.,  63;  III.,  73 
Theophilus,  54;  Emperor,  77 
Thermometers  invented,  144 
Thermopylas,  battle  of,  15,  35 
Thespis,  first  tragedian,  12 
Thessalonica,  117 
Thessaly,  43 

Theuderic  III.,  King  of  France,  71;  IV., 
73 

Thiers,  227,  237,  239,  241 
Thirty  Years’  War,  145 
Thomas  of  Lancaster,  109 
Thorn,  peace  of,  12 1 
Thothmes  III.,  King  of  Egypt,  3 
Thrace,  49 
Thrasybulus,  19 
Thucydides,  16,  17 
Tiberias,  47,  49;  II.,  69 
Tiberius  Gracchus,  35,  37 


420 


INDEX 


Tibet,  treaty  with  England,  296 
Tibullus,  44 
Tichborne  trial,  238 
Ticino,  the,  battle  of,  33 
Ticonderoga,  172,  176 
Tien-Tsin,  treaty  of,  216;  taken  by  Allies, 
287 

Tiglathpileser,  King  of  Assyria,  I.,  3;  II., 
4;  III.,  6 

Tigranes,  King  of  Armenia,  40 

Tigranocerta,  battle  of,  40 

Tilden,  Samuel  J.,  240 

Tilly,  14s,  147 

Tilsit,  peace  of,  183 

Time,  standard,  in  United  States,  248 

Timur  the  Tartar,  in,  113,  115 

Tinchebrai,  battle  of,  93 

Tippecanoe,  184 

Tippoo,  Sultan  of  Mysore,  177 

Tirhaka  ( see  Taharka) 

Tiridates,  51 
Tissaphernes,  19 
Titanic  disaster,  346 
Tithe,  Saladin,  99 
Tithes,  imposition  of,  72 
Titian,  124,  132 
Titus,  51 

Tobacco  in  England,  138;  introduced  into 
Virginia,  142 
Tokio  made  capital,  233 
Tokolyi,  revolt  under,  157 
Toleration,  Edict  of,  58 
Tolstoy,  Count  Leo,  289 
Topeka  Constitution,  214 
Torgau,  battle  of,  173 
Tories,  156 

Torreon,  battle  of,  361 
Torricelli,  150 
Torstenson,  General,  149 
Totila,  67 

Toul  ceded  to  France,  150 
Towton,  battle  of,  120 
Tragedian,  first,  12 
Trajan,  53;  pillar  of,  52 
Tramways,  first,  158 

Transvaal,  annexed  to  England,  240; 
Boers  declare  independence,  247;  allied 
with  Orange  Free  State,  277;  part  of 
British  Empire,  286 

Transylvania,  subject  to  Turkey,  155; 

subdued  by  Germany,  159 
Trasimene,  battle  of,  33 
Trebbia,  the,  battle  of,  33 
Trebellius  Pollio,  58 
Trebizond,  273 

Trent,  Council  of,  second  session,  133 
Trenton,  battle  of,  176 
Trigonometry,  foundation  of,  36 
Trinidad  taken  by  the  English,  172 
Tripoli,  95;  annexed  by  Italy,  343 
Triumvirate,  First,  43 
Trochu,  235 

Troppau,  Congress  of,  187 
Troubadours,  the,  101 
Troyes,  treaty  of,  116 
Tsin  dynasty,  China,  28 
Tudor,  House  of,  122 
Tuileries,  storming  of,  179 
Tunis,  247,  275 

Tunnels,  Mont  Cenis,  234;  Mt.  St.  Goth- 
ard,  246;  Hudson  River,  294;  Simplon, 

299 


Turenne,  152,  156,  157 
Turin,  treaty  of,  221 

Turkey,  the  Turks,  Empire  divided,  115; 
subdues  the  Critnea,  12 1;  obtains  Lem¬ 
nos  and  Albania,  123;  Georgia  and  Hur- 
distan  added  to,  127;  Syria  and  Egypt 
conquered  by,  127;  invades  Germany, 
131;  invade  Persia,  133;  take  Tripoli, 
133;  invade  Hungary,  133;  besiege 
Malta,  135;  first  trade  with  England, 
139;  war  with  Persians,  143;  invade 
Hungary,  155;  war  with  Russia,  157, 
159,  165,  175,  209;  invades  Poland, 
157;  war  with  Germany,  159;  recover 
Belgrade,  161;  loses  Hungary,  167;  in 
vasion  of  Persia,  169;  war  with  Servia, 
187;  war  with  Egypt,  193 ;  war  with  Ser- 
via,  225;  war  with  Servia,  Montenegro, 
and  Russia,  241;  constitution,  241;  Ar¬ 
menian  Massacres,  273,  275;  war  with 
Greece,  277;  constitution  restored,  319; 
indemnity  for  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina, 
324;  the  Young  Turks,  325;  war  with 
Italy,  341;  war  with  Montenegro,  Bul¬ 
garia,  Servia,  and  Greece,  341 
Turkmantchai,  peace  of,  189 
Tuscany,  Grand  Duchy  of,  133;  Moors 
expelled  from,  143;  votes  for  annexation 
to  Sardinia,  221 
Tweed  Ring,  236 

Tyler,  John,  President  of  United  States, 
192 

Tyler,  Wat,  113 

Tyrants,  period  of  the  thirty,  57 
Tyre,  3,  10,  22,  95 
Tyrel,  Sir  Walter,  93 
Tyrlavos,  battle  of,  277 

U 

Uganda,  British  Protectorate,  268 
Ulegh  Beg,  ruler  of  Samarcand,  116 
Ulloa,  San  Juan  de,  191 
Ulrica,  Eleanora,  Queen  of  Sweden,  167 
Ulster  in  Ireland  colonized,  143;  Home 
Rule  question  in,  342,  346,  348,  356, 358, 
360,  362 
Ulundi,  244 

Uncle  Tom’s  Cabin,  204 
Underwood,  Oscar  W.,  354;  Tariff  Bill, 
356 

United  States  of  America,  independence 
proclaimed,  176;  adoption  of  Articles 
of  Confederation,  176;  independence 
acknowledged  by  Great  Britain,  176; 
Federal  Constitution  adopted,  178; 
neutrality  in  regard  to  France,  180; 
Jay’s  Treaty,  180;  war  with  France,  180; 
Washington,  capital  of,  180;  Louisiana 
Purchase,  182;  Tripolitan  War,.  1825 
war  with  Great  Britain,  184;  Missouri 
Compromise,  186;  Mexican  War,  192, 
194;  Gadsden  Purchase,  206;  Kansas- 
Nebraska  Bill,  208;  Alaska  Purchase, 
230;  Centennial  celebration,  240;  specie 
payments  resumed,  244;  treaty  with 
China,  246;  treaty  with  Colombia,  250, 
360;  warwithSpain,  278, 280;  Philippine 
War,  280;  Hay-Pauncefote  Treaty,  284; 
Gold  standard,  284;  abrogation  of  treaty 
with  Russia,  342;  trouble  in  Mexico, 


INDEX 


421 


United  States — Continued 

Vera  Cruz  occupied,  mediation  by 
A.B.C.  Powers,  360 
Upsala,  Archbishopric  of,  97 
Ur,  Kings  of,  2 

Urban  I.,  Pope,  54;  II.,  90;  III.,  98;  IV., 
104;  V.,  112;  VI.,  112;  VIII.,  145 
Utica,  33 

Utrecht,  Union  of,  138;  treaty  of,  164 
Uzziah,  King  of  Judah,  6 

V 

Vaal  River  Colony  ( see  Transvaal) 
Vaccination,  180,  332 
Vadimonian  Lake,  battle  of,  25 
Valdemar  I.,  King  of  Denmark,  97;  II., 
101 

Valencia,  92 
Valens,  61 
Valentine,  Pope,  76 
Valentinian  I.,  61;  II.,  61;  III.,  63 
Valerianus,  57 
Valerius  Flaccus,  so 
Val-es-dunes,  battle  of,  88 
Valmy,  cannonade  of,  179 
Valparaiso  bombarded,  231 
Van  Buren,  Martin,  President  of  United 
States,  190,  224  , 

Vandals,  the,  63 
Van  Dyke,  painter,  148 
Van  Eyck,  Jan,  inventor  of  oil  painting, 
1 12 

Van  Tromp,  Admiral,  149,  152,  153 
Varna,  battle  of,  119,  175 
Varro,  42 
Varus,  49 

Vasvar,  treaty  of,  155 
Vatican  Council,  233 
Vaudois,  the,  159 
Velasquez,  painter,  154 
Velestino,  battle  of,  277 
Velleius  Paterculus,  48 
Venetia,  231 

Venezuela,  separated  from  Colombia,  189; 
civil  war  in,  219;  message,  272;  revolu¬ 
tion,  283;  blockade  by  England,  293 
Venice,  and  Venetians,  origin  of,  63; 
Paulucio,  first  doge,  71;  Byzantine 
Empire  recognizes  independence  of,  77; 
great  maritime  power,  97;  treaty  with 
Turks.  107;  subjugate  Padua  and 
Verona,  115;  Republic  ended,  18 1 
Vera  Cruz,  surrender  of,  194;  captured  by 
United  States,  360 
Vercellae,  battle  of,  39 
Verdun,  treaty  of,  77;  acquired  by  France, 
132;  ceded  to  France,  150 
Verona,  Congress  of,  187 
Veronese,  Paolo,  134 
Versailles,  peace  of,  176 
Vervins,  peace  of,  140 
Vesalius,  130 
Vespasian,  50,  51 
Vespucius,  Amerigo,  124,  125 
Vesuvius,  Mt.,  51 
Vicksburg,  siege  of,  226 
Victor  I.,  Pope,  54;  II.,  88;  III.,  90;  IV., 
anti-pope,  96 

Victor  Emmanuel  I.,  King  of  Sardinia, 
197;  King  of  Italy,  221,  223,  231,  243; 
III.,  287 


Victoria,  Queen  of  England,  190;  married, 
192;  Empress  of  India,  240;  attempted 
assassination,  246;  jubilee  celebration, 
254,  276;  death,  286  _ 

Victoria-Camper  down  disaster,  266 
Vienna,  insurrection  in,  121;  taken  by 
Hungarians,  123;  besieged  by  the  Turks, 
131;  siege  of,  159;  treaty  of,  168;  peace, 
of,  169,  183;  Congress  of,  185,  186; 
Conference  of,  209;  treaty  of,  231 
Vigilance  Committee,  200 
Vigilius,  Pope,  66 
Villafranca,  peace  of,  219 
Villa,  General,  361 
Villa  Viciosa,  battle  of,  155,  164 
Villeroi,  162 
Vimeiro,  battle  of,  182 
Vinci,  Leonardo  da,  painter,  122 
Vindelicians,  47 
Virgil,  44 

Virginia,  Raleigh’s  colony  in,  139;  secedes, 
222 

Virqinius  affair,  238 
Visigoths,  the,  61,  62,  67,  71 
Vitalian,  rebellion  of,  67 
Vitalian,  Pope,  70 
Vitellius,  51 
Vitruvius,  42 
Vittoria,  battle  of,  184 
Viviani  Rene,  363 

Vladimir  the  Great,  King  of  Russia,  85 
Vladislav  I.,  King  of  Poland,  91;  the 
Dwarf,  107;  II.,  112;  III.,  117;  chosen. 
King  of  Hungary,  117;  son  of  Casimir 
IV.,  of  Poland  becomes  King  of  Bo¬ 
hemia,  12 1 ;  chosen  King  of  Hungary, 
123;  IV.,  147 
Vladivostock,  295,  303 
Volapiik  invented,  244 
Voltaic  battery,  188 
Voltaire,  176 
Von  Capri vi,  259,  269 
Vopiscus,  58 

W 

Wace,  Robert,  poet,  98 
Wagner,  Richard,  198,  248 
Wagram,  battle  of,  183 
Wakefield,  battle  of,  120 
Waldemar  III.,  King  of  Denmark,  111 
Waldenses,  the,  96,  98 
Waldersee,  Count  von,  287 
Wales,  Prince  of,  visit  to  United  States, 
220,  224  ( see  Edward  VII.,  King  of 
England) 

Wales  subjugated  by  England,  107 
Walid  I.,  Caliph,  71 
Walker,  William,  212,  213,  221 
Wall,  Great  Chinese,  28,  32 
Wallace  betrayed,  109 
Wallachia,  revolt  of,  141;  united  with 
Moldavia  into  Roumania,  223 
Wallenstein,  145,  146,  147 
Wallingford,  treaty  of,  97 
Walpole,  Sir  Robert,  168 
Walton,  Isaac,  152 
Wamba,  King  of  Visigoths,  71 
Warbeck,  Perkin,  124 
Warsaw,  taken  by  the  Swedes,  163; 
stormed  by  Suvoroff,  181;  Duchy  of, 
183;  capitulation,  191 
Warwick,  Earl  of,  124 


422 


INDEX 


Washington,  George,  birth,  168;  mission 
to  the  French,  172;  commander-in¬ 
chief,  174;  first  President,  178;  re¬ 
elected,  declines  a  third  election, 
commander-in-chief,  death,  180 
Washington,  city  burnt  by  the  British, 
184;  treaty  of,  236;  monument,  250; 
State  of,  admitted,  256 
“Watchful  waiting,”  338 
Water-clock,  36 
Waterloo,  battle  of,  184,  185 
Watts,  Isaac,  162 
Webster- Ashburton  Treaty,  192 
Webster,  Daniel,  reply  to  Hayne,  188; 

reply  to  Hulsemann,  198;  death,  204 
Webster,  Noah,  188 
Wehlau,  treaty  of,  153 
Wei-hai-wei,  battle  of,  271;  leased  to 
Great  Britain,  278 
Wellesley,  Sir  Arthur,  181 
Wellington,  Duke  of,  204 
Wellman,  Walter,  334 
Welsh  Disestablishment  Bill,  338 
Wenceslas  III.,  King  of  Bohemia,  107; 

IV.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  112 
Wesley,  Charles,  172 
Wessex,  third  Saxon  kingdom,  67 
Western  Empire,  end  of,  65 
Westminster,  peace  of,  152 
Westphalia,  peace  of,  150;  kingdom  of, 
183 

West  Virginia  admitted,  224 
Wet,  Christian  de,  286 
Weyler,  General,  273,  277 
Whigs,  156,  158 

Whiskey  Insurrection,  180;  women’s  war, 
238 

Whitby,  Abbey  of,  70 
White,  Edward  D.,  Chief  Justice,  334 
Whitefield,  George,  172,  174 
White  Mountain,  battle  of  the,  14s 
White  Plains,  battle  of,  176 
Whitman,  Walt.,  264 
Whittier,  John  G.,  264 
Wiasma,  peace  of,  147 
Wickersham,  Geo.  W.,  328 
Wicklifites,  the,  115 
Widdin,  battle  of,  161 
Wight,  Isle  of,  67 

Wilhelmina,  Queen  of  Holland,  258,  287 
Wilkes  agitation,  175 

William,  Duke  of  Normandy,  I.,  King  of 
England  (the  Conqueror),  88,  89;  II., 
90;  III.,  158,  160;  IV.,  188 
William  I.,  of  Orange,  the  Silent,  139 
William  I.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  237, 
243;  II.,  255,  269,  347 
William  III.,  of  Holland,  Stadtholder, 
156,  157.  158  ( see  William  III.,  of 
England) 

William  II.,  of  the  Netherlands,  15 1;  III., 
259 

William  IV.,  of  the  Netherlands,  Stadt¬ 
holder,  1715  V.,  17 1 

William  I.,  King  of  the  United  Nether¬ 
lands,  185;  King  of  Holland,  193;  II., 
193 

William  I.,  King  of  Prussia,  223 
William  II.,  King  of  Wurttemberg,  261 
William,  Prince  of  Wied,  King  of  Albania, 
359,  363 

William  of  Poitiers,  92;  of  Malmesbury, 


94;  of  Occam,  no;  Duke  of  Bavaria, 
138 

William  and  Mary’s  College  founded,  160 
Wilmington  occupied  by  Union  forces, 
228 

Wilson,  Woodrow,  President  of  United 
States,  346,  350,  354,  356,  358,  364 
Windischgratz,  195,  197 
Winthrop,  John,  146 
Witchcraft  superstition,  160 
Witiges,  67. 

Witt,  Admiral  de,  157 
Witte,  Count,  307 
Wittenberg,  University  of,  125 
Wittstock,  battle  of,  149 
Wolseley,  Sir  G.,  239,  249,  251 
Wolsey,  Chancellor  and  Cardinal,  126, 
130 

W.  C.  T.  U.  organized,  258 
Worcester,  battle  of,  152 
Wordsworth,  William,  188 
Workingmen’s  Insurance  Bill,  339 
Worms,  Council  of,  90;  Diet  of,  129 
Wren,  Christopher,  156 
Wyoming,  massacre  of,  176 

X 

Xantippus,  29 
Xavier;  130 
Xenophon,  18 

Xerxes,  King  of  Persia,  14;  II.,  16 
Ximenes,  Cardinal,  126 
X-Rays  ( see  Roentgen  rays) 

X  Y  Z  papers,  180 

Xystus,  Pope  (see  Pope  Sixtus  I.,  and 
Pope  Sixtus  III.) 

Y 

Yale  College  founded,  162 
Yalu,  battle  of  the,  269 
Yaroslaff  the  Great,  King  of  Russia,  87 
Yermu,  battle  of,  69 
Yezid  I.,  71 
Yorktown,  176,  246 
Yoshihito,  Emperor  of  Japan,  347 
Younghusband,  Colonel,  296 
Ypsilanti,  Alexander,  187 
Yuan  Shih-kai,  President  of  China,  323, 
343.  345.  357 

Yussuf  III.,  King  of  Granada,  114 
Z 

Zabern  incident,  359 
Zachary,  Pope,  72 
Zallaca,  battle  of,  90 
Zama,  battle  of,  33 
Zanzibar,  258 
Zela,  battle  of,  42 
Zelaya,  327 

Zemstvo,  Congress,  303 
Zenger,  printer,  168 
Zeno,  Emperor,  64 
Zeno,  philosopher,  16,  26 
Zenobia,  Queen  of  Palmyra,  56 
Zenodotus,  32 
Zenta,  battle  of,  161 
Zepherinus,  Pope,  54 
Zeppelin,  Count,  286 
Zimisces,  John,  Emperor,  83 


INDEX 


423 


Zoe,  Empress,  87 

Zola,  Emil,  279 

Zollverein,  the,  247 

Zosimus,  Pope,  62;  historian,  62 

Zuloaga,  President  of  Mexico,  217,  219 


Zululand  annexed  to  England,  253 

Zurawno,  peace  of,  157 

Zurich,  battle  of,  181;  conference  at,  219 

Zutphen,  battle  of,  139 

Zweibrucken,  House  of,  153 


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